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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26302.
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2022 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 982 Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Donald W. Christensen Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC Kearneysville, WV Nam Tran National Center for Asphalt Technology Auburn, AL Subscriber Categories Materials • Planning and Forecasting Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 982 Project 09-59 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-09433-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2021951045 © 2022 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 982 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Associate Program Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Edward T. Harrigan, Senior Program Officer Anthony P. Avery, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications NCHRP PROJECT 09-59 PANEL Field of Materials and Construction—Area of Bituminous Materials Kenneth R. Hobson, Oklahoma City, OK (Chair) Wade L. McClay, Maine DOT, Scarborough, ME Eric R. Biehl, Ohio DOT, Columbus, OH Dale S. Decker, Dale S. Decker, LLC, Eagle, CO Robert Q. Kluttz, Kraton Polymers U.S., LLC, Houston, TX Tanya M. Nash, Asphalt Testing Solutions & Engineering, Jacksonville, FL Hamid R. Sadraie, California DOT, Oakland, CA Mena I. Souliman, University of Texas—Tyler, Tyler, TX Sheri A. Strpko, Rieth-Riley Construction Company, Big Rapids, MI Jack Youtcheff, FHWA Liaison Matthew Corrigan, FHWA Liaison

This research report will improve the ability to determine the effect of asphalt binder properties on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. Thus, the report will be of immediate interest to engineers in state and local transportation agencies and in industry with responsibility for asphalt binder selection, mix design, and quality control. The primary factor affecting the fatigue performance of asphalt pavements is the thickness of the various layers composing the pavement system. However, other factors, including the binder content, binder aging, and the chemical and physical characteristics of the asphalt binders used in the asphalt pavement layers, can significantly affect fatigue performance. There is consensus that the current Superpave asphalt binder specifications [AASHTO M 320, Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder, and M 332, Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder Using Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test] do not adequately predict the contri- bution of binder properties to asphalt mixture fatigue performance. However, at present, there is no clearly better method to measure the fatigue performance of asphalt binders and their contribution to mixture fatigue performance. If the properties that influence binder fatigue are identified, characterized, and specified effectively, it will be possible to specify a binder that can improve the fatigue properties of the mixture. Thus, research was needed to identify or develop one or more specification tests that do in fact relate to binder fatigue performance. Under NCHRP Project 09-59, “Relating Asphalt Binder Fatigue Properties to Asphalt Mixture Fatigue Performance,” Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC, was tasked with (a) determining asphalt binder properties that are significant indicators of the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures and (b) identifying or developing a practical, implemen- table binder test (or tests) to measure those properties for incorporation in AASHTO M 320 and M 332. The research team first selected potential binder fatigue tests for evaluation: the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, the simplified double-edge notched tension (SDENT) test, and a selection of binder rheological properties calculated from the results of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) frequency sweep. These tests were conducted on 16 asphalt binders that represent a wide range of binder types and grades, including seven polymer-modified binders, a binder modified with ground tire rubber, two modified with recycled engine oil bottoms (REOB), two oxidized binders, one modified with polyphosphoric acid (PPA), and four straight-run binders. The primary experiment in the research involved performing mix- ture fatigue tests—both uniaxial and flexural—and relating these results to the results of the selected binder tests to determine which showed the best correlation. The research identi- fied the Glover-Rowe parameter (GRP = |G*| (cos δ)2/sin δ) as a proposed replacement for F O R E W O R D By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

the current binder fatigue parameter in AASHTO M 320 and M 332, with a maximum value of 5000 kPa at 10 rad/s after conditioning in the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel. It further proposed that these specifications also include an allowable range for the Christensen-Anderson R-value of 1.5 to 2.5, again after conditioning in the rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel. The key outcomes of this research are proposed revisions to AASHTO M 320; M 332; R 29, Grading or Verifying the Performance Grade (PG) of an Asphalt Binder; and T 313, Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheo- meter (BBR) that have been sent to the AASHTO Committee on Materials and Pavements for review and consideration of possible adoption.

Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 Summary 6 Chapter 1 Background 6 Fatigue in Asphalt Pavements 9 Previous Research Related to Asphalt Binder Fatigue Performance 17 Objectives of NCHRP 09-59 17 Scope of NCHRP 09-59 18 Organization of This Report 19 Chapter 2 Research Approach 19 Binders 22 Laboratory Test Program 26 Data Analysis 36 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications 36 Results of Laboratory Testing and Data Analysis 50 Layered Elastic Analyses 56 Analysis of Potential Binder Fatigue Specification Parameters 62 Validation Testing 70 Discussion 78 Chapter 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research 78 Conclusions 79 Guidance 80 Implementation Plan 83 References A-1 Appendix A Review of Existing Binder Fatigue Tests and Selection for Further Evaluation as Part of NCHRP 09-59 B-1 Appendix B Evaluation and Selection of Mixture Fatigue Tests for Use in NCHRP 09-59 C-1 Appendix C Materials and Methods Used in Mixture Fatigue Tests D-1 Appendix D Analysis of Mixture Fatigue and Binder Test Data E-1 Appendix E Laboratory Test Data Summary Tables C O N T E N T S

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Traffic-associated fatigue damage is one of the major distresses in which flexible pavements fail. This type of distress is the result of many thousands—or even millions of wheel loads passing over a pavement.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 982: Relationships Between the Fatigue Properties of Asphalt Binders and the Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures details these relationships and makes several conclusions and recommendations.

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