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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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Suggested Citation:"Bibliography." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26320.
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119   Alemi, F., Circella, G., Handy, S., and Mokhtarian, P. (2018). What Influences Travelers to Use Uber? Exploring the Factors Affecting the Adoption of On-demand Ride Services in California. Travel Behaviour and Society, 13, 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.06.002 Allard, S. (2019). “The Worst of Cleveland: The Health Line.” Cleveland Scene. https://www.clevescene.com/ cleveland/the-worst-of-cleveland-the-health-line/Content?oid=30362183 Anderson, P., Walk, M. J., and Simek, C. (2020). TCRP Synthesis 149: Transit Signal Priority: Current State of the Practice, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. American Public Transportation Association. (2020). APTA Fact Book. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/ APTA-2020-Fact-Book.pdf Association of Bay Area Governments, Metropolitan Transportation Commission. (n.d.). Bay Area 2050 Technical Appendix: Draft Blueprint (Rep.). https://www.planbayarea.org/sites/default/files/pdfs_referenced/PBA2050_ BP_HousingJobsGrowth_072120.pdf Avalos, G. (2019, October 18). Bay Area Unemployment Rates at Record Lows—and Hiring Is Slowing. The Mercury News. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/10/18/bay-area-adds- jobs-pace-growth-slows-tech-real-estate-economy/ Baltimore City Department of Transportation. (March 2019). Dockless Vehicle Pilot Program Evaluation Report. Accessed October 14, 2019. https://transportation.baltimorecity.gov/sites/default/files/Pilot%20evaluation% 20report%20FINAL.pdf Bay Area Rapid Transit, Transbay Corridor Core Capacity Program. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https:// www.bart.gov/about/projects/corecapacity Becker, J., Teal, R., and Mossige, R. (2013). Metropolitan Transit Agency’s Experience Operating General-Public Demand-Responsive Transit. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2352, 136–145. Ben-Akiva, M., and Morikawa, T. (2002). Comparing Ridership Attraction of Rail and Bus. Transport Policy, 9(2), 107–116. Berberich Trahan & Co., P. A. (2017). Topeka Metropolitan Transit Authority: Financial Statements with Supple- mentary Information Years Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016. https://www.topekametro.org/uploads/cVcn8DFO/ SingleAudit2017.pdf Berberich Trahan & Co., P. A. (2018). Topeka Metropolitan Transit Authority: Financial Statements with Supplementary Information Year Ended June 30, 2018. https://www.topekametro.org/uploads/JDOtql1D/ SingleAudit2018.pdf Berberich Trahan & Co., P. A. (2019). Topeka Metropolitan Transit Authority: Financial Statements Year Ended June 30, 2019. https://www.topekametro.org/uploads/n9vtunxV/SingleAudit2019.pdf Berrebi, S., Gibbs, T., Watkins, K. (2019). On Ridership and Frequency. arXiv. [Preprint]. arXiv:2002.02493. Berrebi, S. J., Watkins, K. E. (2020). Who’s Ditching the Bus? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 136, 21–34. Bliss, L. (2017a). A Bus-Shunning Texas Town’s Big Leap to Microtransit. CityLab, November 21, 2017, www. citylab.com/transportation/2017/11/a-bus-shunning-texas-towns-big-leap-to-microtransit/546134/ Bliss, L. (2017b). What’s Behind Declining Transit Ridership Nationwide? CityLab. https://www.citylab.com/ transportation/2017/02/whats-behind-declining-transit-ridership-nationwide/517701/ Block-Schachter, D., and Attanucci, J. (2008). Employee Transportation Benefits in High Transit Mode Share Areas: University Case Study. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2046, 53–60. Bibliography

120 Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses Blumenberg, E., Garrett, M., King, H., Paul, J., Ruvolo, M., Schouten, A., Taylor, B. D., & Wasserman, J. (2020). What’s Behind Recent Transit Ridership Trends in the Bay Area? Volume 1: Overview and Analysis of Underlying Factors. UCLA: Institute of Transportation Studies. Boisjoly, G., Grisé, E., Maguire, M., Veillette, M. P., Deboosere, R., Berrebi, E., and El-Geneidy, A. (2018). Invest in the Ride: A 14-Year Longitudinal Analysis of the Determinants of Public Transport Ridership in 25 North American Cities. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 116, 434–445. Boyle, D. K. (2013). TCRP Synthesis 110: Commonsense Approaches for Improving Transit Bus Speeds. Transporta- tion Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Boyle, D. (2019). TCRP Synthesis 139: Transit Service Evaluation Standards. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Brakewood, C. (2020). TCRP Synthesis 148: Business Models for Mobile Fare Apps, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.17226/25798 Brakewood, C., Macfarlane, G. S., and Watkins, K. (2015). The Impact of Real-Time Information on Bus Rider- ship in New York City. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 53, 59–75. Buck, D., Buehler, R., Happ, P., Rawls, B., Chung, P., and Borecki, N. (2013). Are Bikeshare Users Different from Regular Cyclists? A First Look at Short-Term Users, Annual Members, and Area Cyclists in the Washington, D.C., Region. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2387, 112–119. Bueno, P., Gomez, J., Peters, J., and Vassallo, J. (2017). Understanding the Effects of Transit Benefits on Employees’ Travel Behavior: Evidence from the New York-New Jersey Region. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 99, 1–13. Byala, L. B., Filardo, K., Hirsch, O., Walk, M. J., Cardenas, J. P., and Hwang, J. (2019). TCRP Synthesis 140: Comprehensive Bus Network Redesigns. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Campbell, K. B., and Brakewood, C. (2017). Sharing Riders: How Bikesharing Impacts Bus Ridership in New York City. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 100, 264–282. Caspi, O., Smart, M. J., Noland, R. B. (2020). Spatial Associations of Dockless Shared E-scooter Usage. Transpor- tation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 86, 102396. Cervero, R., Golub, A., and Nee, B. (2007). City CarShare: Longer-Term Travel Demand and Car Owner- ship Impacts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1992, 70–80. Chakrabarti, S., and Giuliano, G. (2015). Does Service Reliability Determine Transit Patronage? Insights from the Los Angeles Metro Bus System. Transport Policy, 42, 12–20. Chen, C., Varley, D., and Chen, J. (2011). What Affects Transit Ridership? A Dynamic Analysis Involving Multiple Factors, Lags and Asymmetric Behavior. Urban Studies, 48(9), 1893–1908. Christopher, M. K. (2006). TCRP Synthesis 67: Bus Transit Service in Land Development Planning. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.17226/14002 City of Bloomington. (2019). City of Bloomington: Scooter Survey Report, https://bloomington.in.gov/sites/default/ files/2019-04/Scooter%20Survey%20Report.pdf City of Chicago. (2020). E-Scooter Pilot Evaluation, https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/Misc/ EScooters/E-Scooter_Pilot_Evaluation_2.17.20.pdf City of Santa Monica. (2019). Shared Mobility Device Pilot Program User Survey Results. Clewlow, R. (2016). Shared-Use Mobility in the United States: Current Adoption and Potential Impacts on Travel Behavior. Presented at 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Clewlow, R. R., and Mishra, G. S. (2017). Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States. UC Davis: Institute of Transportation Studies, 7. Research Report–UCD- ITS-RR-17. Coogan, M., Spitz, G., Adler, T., McGuckin, N., Kuzmyak, R., and Karash, K. (2018). TCRP Research Report 201: Understanding Changes in Demographics, Preferences, and Markets for Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Copic, A., (2019). Equity in Action. APTA Mobility Conference. Louisville, Kentucky. Currie, G. (2005). The Demand Performance of Bus Rapid Transit. Journal of Public Transportation, 8(1), 3. Currie, G., and Phung, J. (2007). Transit Ridership, Auto Gas Prices, and World Events: New Drivers of Change? Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1992, 3–10. Curtis, T., Merritt, M., Chen, C., Perlmutter, D., Berez, D., and Ellis, B. (2019). TCRP Report 204: Partnerships Between Transit Agencies and Transportation Network Companies (TNCs). Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Danaher, A, Wensley, J., Dunham, A., Orosz, T., Avery, R., Cobb, . . . McLaughlin, J. (2020). TCRP Research Report 215: Minutes Matter: A Bus Transit Service Reliability Guidebook, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Davis, J. (2017). VMT Hits Nominal High, Approaches Per Capita Mark. July 5, 2018. https://www.enotrans.org/ article/vmt-hits-nominal-high-approaches-time-per-capita-mark/

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122 Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses Fry, S. (2016). Free Topeka Bus Rides to Be Available for Prospective Jurors Without Transportation. https:// www.cjonline.com/news/2016-09-29/free-topeka-bus-rides-be-available-prospective-jurors-without- transportation Fuller, D., Gauvin, L., Kestens, Y., Morency, P., and Drouin, L. (2013). The Potential Modal Shift and Health Benefits of Implementing a Public Bicycle Share Program in Montreal, Canada. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 10(66). Gallup. (2017). State of the American Workplace. Garcia, A., and Wall, D. (2019). TCRP Research Report 207: Fast-Tracked: A Tactical Transit Study. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.17226/25571 Github. (2020). Mobility Data Specification. https://github.com/openmobilityfoundation/mobility-data- specification Gomez-Ibanez, J. A. (1996). 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Abbreviations and acronyms used without de nitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration GHSA Governors Highway Safety Association HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation

Transportation Research Board 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED ISBN 978-0-309-09450-4 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 0 9 4 5 0 4 9 0 0 0 0

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Rethinking mission and service delivery, rethinking fare policy, giving transit priority, careful partnering with shared-use mobility providers, and encouraging transit-oriented density are among the strategies transit agencies can employ to increase ridership and mitigate or stem declines in ridership that started years before the COVID-19 pandemic.

The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 231: Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Analysis, Causes, and Responses provides a deep-dive exploration of the ridership losses already being experienced by transit systems prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and explores strategies that appear to be key as we move to the new normal of a post-pandemic world.

Supplemental to the report are TCRP Web-Only Document 74: Recent Decline in Public Transportation Ridership: Hypotheses, Methodologies, and Detailed City-by-City Results and an overview presentation.

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