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Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones (2021)

Chapter: Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix C - Individual Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2021. Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26358.
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125   A P P E N D I X C Individual Survey Responses Table C-1. Individual DOT responses to Question 1. Q1. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 2 2 3 3 5 3 2 - Alaska 1 1 1 1 4 2 5 - Arizona 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 - Arkansas 1 1 3 2 4 3 2 - California 1 1 3 2 4 4 4 - Colorado 3 1 1 - 5 1 3 - Connecticut 4 2 2 2 5 1 5 - Delaware 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 - District of Columbia 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 Florida 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 - Georgia 1 1 4 2 4 1 1 1 Hawaii 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 4 Idaho 1 1 4 1 1 3 3 1 Illinois 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 2

126 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Iowa 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 - Q1. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Kansas 2 2 4 2 4 2 3 - Kentucky 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 Louisiana 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 - Maine 1 1 3 1 5 1 3 1 Maryland 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 Massachusetts 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 Michigan 1 1 4 1 4 2 3 3 Minnesota 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 - Mississippi 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 - Missouri - - 4 - 4 - 3 - Montana 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 - Nebraska 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 - Nevada 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 New Hampshire 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 - New Jersey 3 1 3 3 4 1 2 - New Mexico - 2 3 3 4 1 3 - New York 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 North Carolina 2 2 3 3 3 - - 4 North Dakota 2 1 3 1 4 1 2 - Ohio 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 - Oklahoma 3 - 3 - 5 - 3 3 Oregon 1 1 4 1 4 4 4 - Indiana 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1

Individual Survey Responses 127   Q1. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Pennsylvania 2 1 3 1 5 3 3 - Rhode Island 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 - South Dakota 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 Tennessee 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 - Texas 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 Utah 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 - Vermont 2 - 3 - 3 - 3 - Virginia - - 3 2 4 1 3 - Washington 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 - West Virginia 1 2 3 1 4 3 1 1 Wisconsin 4 1 3 1 4 - 3 1 Wyoming 1 1 3 - 4 1 3 - Average 1.6 1.3 2.9 1.6 3.9 1.7 2.4 1.9 Standard Deviation 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.3 Number of Responses 48 47 51 46 51 46 50 20

128 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-2. Comments for Question 1. Q1. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? Comments: See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(g)(1) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf Urethane and polyurea markings may be used, as well as epoxy, for very high-volume temporary applications. Epoxy northern part of state other than DI and Interstate. Waterborne all other routes except DI. Polyurea DI. For some projects we use a foil backed tape on a leveling or base course that melts into the surface and is not removed. Thermoplastic is the final layout of pavement markings, while traffic paint will be used to set the final layout or used during winter months until appropriate weather allows for thermoplastic. Temporary tape is used the same way. We are 99% temp paint and use tabs just until we can get a painter on site and on chip seals. Others: Temporary raised retroreflective pavement markers. Traffic paint will almost always be used on an intermediate surface, unless the surface will be left through winter, in which case a liquid durable pavement marking (most likely epoxy) will be used. Assuming that tabs are also considered flexible rpms then yes, we do use them sometimes. We use them primarily on secondary road resurfacing projects. We do not allow them on the high speed, multilane, divided highways. Typically, epoxy is used over the winter. Typically, paint is used for short duration projects lasting less than 1 summer. Tabs are used on chip seals. Raised reflective pavement markers used in conjunction with buttons. Our DOT uses a Performance Pavement Marking Specification for Interstates and freeways. This allows the contractor to choose between thermoplastic, polyurea, epoxy, polymer paint or temporary tape depending on duration of pattern and frequency of snowplowing. The performance portion is retroreflectivity requirements at initial, 6-month and 12-month time frames. The materials are scanned with a mobile retroreflectometer and the data is provided to the resident engineer and our office. We are currently testing out the performance of surface applied polyurea in a thinner mil level than permanent markings. This is the first test application and was put down late fall 2019 for the 2019-2020 winter season. Raised pavement markers.

Individual Survey Responses 129   Table C-3. Individual DOT responses to Question 2. Q2. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement (prior to placement of permanent markings)? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 2 3 2 4 3 4 2 - Alaska 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 - Arizona 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 - Arkansas 1 1 2 2 4 3 2 - California 1 1 3 2 4 4 4 - Colorado 3 1 1 1 5 1 3 - Connecticut 1 1 2 1 5 1 5 - Delaware 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 - District of Columbia 1 1 3 4 4 1 1 1 Florida 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 Georgia 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 Hawaii 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 Idaho 1 1 3 1 1 5 5 1 Illinois 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 2 Indiana 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 Iowa 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 - Kansas 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 - Kentucky 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 - Louisiana 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 - Maine 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 Maryland 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1

130 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q2. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement (prior to placement of permanent markings)? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Massachusetts 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 - Michigan 2 2 4 2 4 3 3 - Minnesota 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 - Mississippi 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 - Missouri - - 3 - 3 - 4 - Montana 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 - Nebraska 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 - Nevada 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 4 New Hampshire 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 - New Jersey 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 - New Mexico - - 2 - 4 - 3 - New York 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 - North Carolina 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 North Dakota 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 - Ohio 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 - Oklahoma 1 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 Oregon 1 1 4 1 4 4 4 - Pennsylvania 3 3 2 3 5 3 3 - Rhode Island 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 - South Dakota 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 Tennessee 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 - Texas 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 Utah 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 -

Individual Survey Responses 131   Q2. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement (prior to placement of permanent markings)? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Vermont - - 3 - 2 - 4 - Virginia 3 4 - 3 2 1 1 - Washington 1 1 4 1 3 3 3 - West Virginia 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 Wisconsin 4 1 4 1 3 - 4 - Wyoming 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 - Average 1.6 1.3 2.5 1.5 3.5 1.7 2.4 1.4 Standard Deviation 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 Number of Responses 48 48 50 48 51 47 51 16

132 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-4. Comments for Question 2. Q2. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement (prior to placement of permanent markings)? Comments: Our DOT is moving away from buttons and is beginning to use profiled lane lines instead. Tape would only be used for a temporary traffic control phase prior to the final construction phase. We would not place temp tape in same location as permanent markings due to residue. Tabs are required for temporary centerline markings on final asphalt surfaces. Paint is not allowed on the final asphalt surface for the temporary markings via plan note. If putting down markings for one- lane, two-way traffic control or marking the tapers in a lane closure, temporary tape, temporary raised pavement markers (assumed that is what is meant by "Buttons" above), or tabs are allowed. Thermoplastic is the final layout of pavement markings, while traffic paint will be used to set the final layout or used during winter months until appropriate weather allows for thermoplastic. Temporary tape is used the same way. Raised reflective pavement markers used in conjunction with buttons. See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(g)(2) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf Epoxy northern part of state other than DI and Interstate. Waterborne all other routes except DI. Polyurea DI. Urethane and polyurea markings may be used, as well as epoxy, for very high-volume temporary applications.

Individual Survey Responses 133   Table C-5. Individual DOT responses to Question 3. Q3. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 2 3 3 3 - 4 - 4 Alaska 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Arizona 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 - Arkansas 1 1 3 2 4 2 2 - California 1 1 3 2 4 4 4 - Colorado 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 - Connecticut 3 1 1 1 4 1 3 - Delaware 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 - District of Columbia 1 1 2 5 3 1 1 1 Florida 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 Georgia 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 Hawaii 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 - Idaho 1 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 Illinois 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 2 Indiana 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 Iowa 1 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 Kansas 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 - Kentucky 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 - Louisiana 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 - Maine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maryland 1 3 1 3 3 - 1 1

134 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q3. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Massachusetts 1 1 2 - 2 1 1 - Michigan 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 - Minnesota 2 1 4 1 4 1 1 - Mississippi 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 - Missouri - - - - - - 4 - Montana 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 - Nebraska 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 - Nevada 4 2 3 2 4 4 3 - New Hampshire 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 New Jersey 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 - New Mexico - - 3 - 3 - 3 - New York 1 1 3 1 4 1 3 - North Carolina 2 2 2 2 3 - - 4 North Dakota 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 - Ohio 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 Oklahoma 3 1 3 1 5 1 1 3 Oregon 1 1 4 1 4 4 4 - Pennsylvania 3 3 3 3 5 3 2 - Rhode Island 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 - South Dakota 1 1 3 1 3 4 4 1 Tennessee 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 - Texas 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 4 Utah 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 -

Individual Survey Responses 135   Q3. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Vermont - - 3 - 2 - 3 - Virginia 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 - Washington 2 2 4 2 4 3 1 - West Virginia 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 Wisconsin 4 1 3 1 4 1 1 - Wyoming 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 - Average 1.8 1.4 2.7 1.6 3.4 1.7 1.9 1.7 Standard Deviation 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Number of Responses 48 48 50 47 49 46 49 19

136 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-6. Comments for Question 3. Q3. How frequently does your agency use each of the following types of temporary pavement markings on concrete pavement? Comments: Raised pavement markers Class W Tape We don't have concrete pavement on roadways. Our DOT does not use concrete pavements. No concrete pavement in our DOT only hot mix asphalt. Raised reflective pavement markers used in conjunction with buttons. We do not utilize concrete pavement surfaces aside from some bridge decks and viaducts. See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(g)(3) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf Traffic paint is used to paint white over the existing yellow median-side edge line for temporary two-way traffic operations in one set of lanes on a multi-lane facility. Otherwise, tabs, temporary raised pavement markers (buttons), or temporary tape is used for temporary pavement markings on concrete. Our DOT typically uses polyurea on concrete pavements and bridge decks for the final pattern and final markings. If interim markings are required, typical water-based traffic paints would be used for ease of removal before the polyurea is installed. Other—Contrast markings. Rarely used but is a tool in the toolbox when needed. When used, typically on bridge decks. Tape would only be used for a temporary traffic control phase prior to the final construction phase. We would not place temp tape in same location as permanent markings due to residue. Traffic paint or temporary tape will almost always be used on concrete, unless the temporary marking will be left through winter, in which case a liquid durable pavement marking (most likely epoxy) will be used. Temporary tape is required when the marking crosses a permanent surface at an angle. Urethane and polyurea markings may be used, as well as epoxy, for very high-volume temporary applications.

Individual Survey Responses 137   Table C-7. Individual DOT responses to Question 4. Q4. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 Alaska 5 5 - 1 2 3 1 1 Arizona 3 1 1 4 3 1 1 - Arkansas 4 3 3 3 3 1 2 - California 3 3 3 3 2 3 - - Colorado 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 - Connecticut 5 2 3 3 1 2 3 4 Delaware 4 1 3 2 4 2 2 - District of Columbia 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 Florida 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 Georgia 4 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 Hawaii 4 3 1 3 1 1 2 - Idaho 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 Illinois 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 Indiana 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 1 Iowa 4 1 4 3 3 3 3 - Kansas 4 3 3 2 3 3 1 - Kentucky 3 1 1 4 2 2 1 - Louisiana 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 - Maine 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 Maryland 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

138 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q4. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 - Michigan 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 - Minnesota 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 - Mississippi 3 4 4 4 3 1 3 - Missouri 3 3 3 - 3 - - - Montana 4 1 - 2 1 1 1 - Nebraska 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 - Nevada 4 3 1 4 4 1 3 - New Hampshire 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 - New Jersey 4 4 4 4 3 4 1 - New Mexico - - - 3 3 - - - New York 3 1 1 2 4 3 2 - North Carolina 4 1 3 3 2 2 1 4 North Dakota 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 - Ohio 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 - Oklahoma 5 3 3 4 1 3 1 - Oregon 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - Pennsylvania 3 3 3 4 3 1 1 - Rhode Island 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 - South Dakota 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tennessee 3 1 - 3 3 2 - - Texas 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 - Utah 2 1 - 4 3 1 2 -

Individual Survey Responses 139   Q4. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 2 1 1 1 4 4 - - Virginia 3 4 3 4 3 3 1 - Washington 4 2 2 3 3 3 1 - West Virginia 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 Wisconsin 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 Wyoming 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 - Average 3.3 2.1 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.4 1.9 Standard Deviation 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.5 Number of Responses 50 50 46 50 51 49 45 16

140 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-8. Comments for Question 4. Q4. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on intermediate surfaces of asphalt pavement? Comments: Note: Our standards require blackout tape to be removed or reapplied within 15 days of installation. Predominate method of removal is either hydro-blasting or grinding on a case-by-case basis. Milling is also treated the same. We are in the process of transitioning to water blasting. Blackout epoxy paint used for stage construction. Assuming intermediate surfaces mean existing roadway surface because we typically only grind or sandblast pavement markings on existing surfaces, not newly paved surfaces. From our specs: Removal of pavement markings may be by vacuum blasting, vacuum dry grinding, wet grinding, shot blasting, or high-pressure water blasting. Open abrasive blasting or dry grinding without containment will not be allowed. Our DOT is currently using "pattern masking" to conceal existing pavement markings on Interstates and freeways. This is a black polymer surface coating that's applied to the entire width and length of the roadway. The idea is to completely "black out" the entire surface to both conceal the old markings as well as create the maximum contrast possible for the "performance pavement markings." This concept was developed to eliminate damage to the pavements from grinding as well as "ghost" lines remaining from poor removal. More importantly, we're trying to prepare for automated driving vehicles which operate on contrast in lieu of retroreflectivity. So for the foreseeable future, work zones will have to be prepared for both human drivers as well as machine drives. We're still learning from each application as it's a new concept for us as well as our striping industry. Some of the biggest hurdles to overcome have been applying the material in 6' passes, dry times, and durability. Also, winter temperatures have been a challenge as well, so revisions to the materials formulation have been made to accelerate dry times. As mentioned above, we're still learning and revising, but we're confident this will be a successful standard of practice very soon. We use a wide variety of removal methods, but mostly sand or water blasting. On second lifts of asphalt we do not remove markings. Black-out paint if short duration. See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(i) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf Not sure what markings would need to be removed on an intermediate surface of asphalt. Intermediate surfaces would either be removed or covered so there would not be a need for this. The goal is to establish a construction sequence that simply paves over needed changes in markings for intermediate layers of HMA.

Individual Survey Responses 141   Table C-9. Individual DOT responses to Question 5. Q5. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 - Alaska 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 Arizona 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 - Arkansas 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 - California 3 3 3 3 - 3 - - Colorado 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 - Connecticut 5 2 3 2 1 1 1 4 Delaware 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 - District of Columbia 4 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 Florida 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 - Georgia 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 Hawaii 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 - Idaho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 Illinois 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 Indiana 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 Iowa 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 - Kansas 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 - Kentucky 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 - Louisiana 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 - Maine 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Maryland 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 1

142 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q5. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 - Michigan 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 - Minnesota 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 Mississippi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Missouri 3 3 3 - - - - - Montana 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 - Nebraska 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 - Nevada 4 3 2 4 2 1 3 - New Hampshire 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 - New Jersey 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 - New Mexico - - - 4 - - - - New York 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 - North Carolina 4 3 - 3 1 1 1 1 North Dakota 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 - Ohio 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 - Oklahoma 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 - Oregon 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 - Pennsylvania 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 - Rhode Island 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 - South Dakota 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 Tennessee 3 - - 3 - 2 - - Texas 1 2 2 4 2 4 4 - Utah 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 -

Individual Survey Responses 143   Q5. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 2 - - - - 4 - - Virginia 3 2 1 2 2 4 1 - Washington 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 - West Virginia 4 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 Wisconsin 4 2 1 3 1 3 1 - Wyoming 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 Average 2.8 1.9 1.8 2.8 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.5 Standard Deviation 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.6 1.2 Number of Responses 50 48 47 49 46 49 46 16

144 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-10. Comments for Question 5. Q5. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on final surfaces of asphalt pavement? Comments: We typically try to avoid this. It would only be if the contractor made a mistake and in which case we would have them propose a method for our approval. On final surfaces like a newly paved surface, we wouldn't have pavement markings until the job is completed and permanent pavement markings are put in. Thermo used to cover up temp stripe (paint) Blackout paint If existing pavement markings are required to be removed, contractors typically use grinding as the method unless our DOT specifies sand or water blasting be used to minimize damage to the pavement. Our specifications do not require a specific method for removal. Black tape would only be used to cover existing markings temporarily that do not need to be removed. Our DOT has also found that black tape on east–west routes during twilight hours can reflect back as much as white lane markings, so we advise not using tape in these situations. Note: Our standards require blackout tape to be removed or reapplied within 15 days of installation. Blackout epoxy paint See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(i) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf For all cement concrete pavement and areas that will not be overlaid with hot mix asphalt or BST, grinding is allowed to a depth just above the pavement surface and then water blasting or shot blasting shall be required to remove the remaining pavement markings. Temporary markings on final surfaces are typically paint and match permanent markings, which are then laid on top of temporary. We strive for no removal on permanent surface. This does not happen very often, but in some cases where we have to transition lane shifts from existing pavement to the project surface we would need to cover the existing markings on a temporary basis.

Individual Survey Responses 145   Table C-11. Individual DOT responses to Question 6. Q6. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 4 3 2 3 2 3 1 - Alaska 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Arizona 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 - Arkansas 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 - California 3 3 3 3 2 3 - - Colorado 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 - Connecticut 5 2 4 5 1 1 1 - Delaware 3 4 4 4 1 1 1 - District of Columbia 4 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 Florida 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 Georgia 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 Hawaii 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 - Idaho 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 Illinois 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 Indiana 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 Iowa 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 - Kansas 3 3 2 4 3 4 1 - Kentucky 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 - Louisiana 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 - Maine 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Maryland 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1

146 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q6. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 - Michigan 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 - Minnesota 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 - Mississippi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Missouri 3 3 3 - - - - - Montana 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 - Nebraska 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 - Nevada 3 3 2 4 3 1 3 - New Hampshire 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 New Jersey 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 - New Mexico - - - - - - - - New York 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 - North Carolina 3 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 North Dakota 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 - Ohio 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 - Oklahoma 5 1 1 5 1 3 1 - Oregon 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 - Pennsylvania 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 - Rhode Island 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 South Carolina 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 - South Dakota 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 Tennessee 4 - - 3 - - - - Texas 1 3 3 4 2 1 1 - Utah 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 -

Individual Survey Responses 147   Q6. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on concrete pavement? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 3 - - - 3 3 - - Virginia 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 - Washington 3 2 2 4 2 3 1 - West Virginia 4 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 Wisconsin 4 2 1 3 1 3 1 - Wyoming 4 3 2 3 2 3 1 - Average 2.9 2.1 1.9 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.0 Standard Deviation 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.0 Number of Responses 50 48 47 48 48 48 46 16

148 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-12. Comments for Question 6. Q6. How frequently does your agency use each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings on concrete pavement? Comments: Black tape is not supposed to be allowed on concrete surfaces, although it has been used. Temporary markings on final surfaces always match permanent markings which are then laid on top of temporary. Therefore, no removal necessary. Note: Our standards require blackout tape to be removed or reapplied within 15 days of installation. Again, limited use of concrete pavement in our DOT. If existing pavement markings are required to be removed, contractors typically use grinding as the method unless our DOT specifies sand or water blasting be used to minimize damage to the pavement. Our specifications do not require a specific method for removal. See ODOT Standard Specifications Section 225.43(i) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Business/Documents/2018_STANDARD_SPECIFICATIONS.pdf We don't have concrete pavements. For all cement concrete pavement and areas that will not be overlaid with hot mix asphalt or BST, grinding is allowed to a depth just above the pavement surface and then water blasting or shot blasting shall be required to remove the remaining pavement markings. We don't have roadway concrete pavement.

Individual Survey Responses 149   Table C-13. Individual DOT responses for Question 7 (intermediate surfaces of asphalt). Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 0 0 7 10 6 10 0 - Alaska 0 0 0 0 10 0 7 0 Arizona 8 10 2 9 5 8 3 - Arkansas 0 0 8 0 10 8 4 - California - - - - - - - - Colorado 10 0 0 0 7 0 2 - Connecticut 10 1 2 1 8 1 5 10 Delaware 9 0 6 8 6 0 0 - District of Columbia 6 2 5 10 7 6 4 0 Florida 0 8 7 10 9 0 0 - Georgia 0 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 Hawaii 0 0 6 0 5 0 3 - Idaho 0 0 6 0 7 8 7 0 Illinois 5 0 4 0 3 0 0 5 Indiana 8 9 7 8 5 5 5 0 Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Kansas 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 - Kentucky 0 0 7 0 8 0 0 - Louisiana 7 8 8 9 7 9 8 - Maine 0 0 7 0 8 0 0 0 Maryland - - 2 - 7 - - -

150 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Massachusetts 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 - Michigan 0 0 6 0 7 0 0 - Minnesota 9 0 0 0 7 3 3 - Mississippi 0 0 5 0 9 0 7 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana - - 5 - 6 - 5 - Nebraska 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 0 0 8 0 9 0 3 - New Jersey 8 0 8 0 8 0 5 - New Mexico - - - - 8 - 5 - New York - - 5 - 7 - 7 - North Carolina 6 5 4 7 2 - - - North Dakota 7 0 8 0 8 0 7 - Ohio 0 0 8 8 10 0 0 0 Oklahoma 8 8 8 10 5 5 5 - Oregon 0 0 6 0 6 4 5 - Pennsylvania 9 9 4 8 7 8 7 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 0 0 6 7 6 0 0 0 South Dakota 0 0 7 0 0 0 5 0 Tennessee 0 9 5 10 5 0 0 - Texas 5 5 5 6 8 8 6 - Utah 10 10 10 10 7 0 5 -

Individual Survey Responses 151   Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Vermont 0 0 8 0 9 0 8 0 Virginia 4 5 8 5 5 - 3 - Washington - - 8 - 7 - - - West Virginia 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 Wisconsin - - - - - - - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 7.7 6.8 6.2 8.0 7.0 6.4 5.3 7.5 Standard Deviation* 1.9 3.0 1.9 2.4 1.8 2.6 1.8 3.5 Number of Responses (>0) 18 13 37 17 43 13 27 2 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

152 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-14. Individual DOT responses for Question 7 (final surfaces of asphalt). Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 0 10 7 10 6 10 0 - Alaska 0 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 Arizona 8 10 2 9 5 8 3 - Arkansas 0 0 8 1 10 8 4 - California - - - - - - - - Colorado 10 0 0 0 7 0 2 - Connecticut 10 1 1 1 8 1 5 10 Delaware 10 0 7 8 7 0 0 - District of Columbia 6 2 5 10 7 8 4 0 Florida 0 8 7 10 9 0 0 - Georgia 0 0 6 0 8 0 0 5 Hawaii 0 0 6 0 5 0 3 - Idaho 0 0 6 0 7 8 7 0 Illinois 5 0 4 0 3 0 0 5 Indiana 8 9 7 8 5 5 5 0 Iowa 0 0 6 0 8 0 0 - Kansas 0 0 7 0 0 0 8 - Kentucky 0 0 5 8 8 0 0 - Louisiana 7 8 8 9 7 9 8 - Maine 0 0 0 0 8 0 7 0 Maryland - 9 - 9 6 - - - Massachusetts 0 0 8 0 4 0 0 -

Individual Survey Responses 153   Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Michigan 0 0 6 0 7 0 0 - Minnesota 9 0 6 0 7 3 3 - Mississippi 0 0 5 0 9 0 7 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana 8 - 5 - - - 5 - Nebraska 0 0 8 0 9 6 8 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 0 0 8 10 9 0 3 - New Jersey 8 0 8 0 5 0 5 - New Mexico - - - - 8 - 5 - New York - - 5 - 7 - 7 - North Carolina 7 7 5 9 4 - - - North Dakota 7 0 8 0 8 0 7 - Ohio 0 0 6 8 10 0 0 0 Oklahoma 8 8 8 10 5 5 5 - Oregon 0 0 5 0 5 4 5 - Pennsylvania 9 9 6 8 8 8 7 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 0 0 6 7 6 0 0 0 South Dakota 0 0 8 0 0 8 7 0 Tennessee 0 9 5 10 5 0 0 - Texas 5 5 5 6 8 8 6 - Utah 1 1 1 1 7 0 5 - Vermont 0 0 8 0 9 0 8 0

154 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Virginia 5 8 9 9 7 - 4 - Washington - - 8 - 5 - - - West Virginia 0 0 5 9 9 0 0 0 Wisconsin - - - - - - - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 7.4 6.9 6.1 7.7 7.0 6.6 5.6 6.7 Standard Deviation* 2.3 3.2 1.9 2.9 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.9 Number of Responses (>0) 19 15 41 22 42 15 29 3 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

Individual Survey Responses 155   Table C-15. Individual DOT responses for Question 7 (concrete). Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Alabama 0 10 7 10 6 10 0 - Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 8 10 3 9 4 8 3 - Arkansas 0 0 6 1 10 8 4 - California - - - - - - - - Colorado 10 0 0 0 7 0 0 - Connecticut 10 1 1 1 6 1 8 1 Delaware 10 0 7 8 7 0 0 - District of Columbia 6 5 3 10 7 5 4 0 Florida 0 8 5 5 5 0 0 - Georgia 0 - 5 0 7 0 0 0 Hawaii 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 - Idaho 0 0 6 0 6 8 7 0 Illinois 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 Indiana 8 9 7 0 5 5 0 0 Iowa 0 0 6 0 8 0 0 - Kansas 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 - Kentucky 0 0 6 6 2 0 0 - Louisiana 7 8 8 9 7 9 8 - Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland - 7 - 8 3 - - - Massachusetts 0 0 8 0 4 0 0 -

156 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Michigan 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 - Minnesota 9 0 6 0 7 3 0 - Mississippi 0 0 5 0 9 0 7 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana 4 - 5 - - - 5 - Nebraska 0 0 8 0 9 6 8 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - New Jersey 0 0 8 0 5 0 5 - New Mexico - - - - 8 - 5 - New York - - 5 - 7 - 7 - North Carolina 7 7 5 7 5 - - - North Dakota 7 0 8 0 8 0 0 - Ohio 0 0 8 8 5 0 0 0 Oklahoma 10 6 6 6 2 5 5 - Oregon 0 0 5 0 5 6 5 - Pennsylvania 9 9 6 8 8 8 7 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 7 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 South Dakota 0 0 7 0 7 9 8 0 Tennessee 0 9 5 10 5 0 0 - Texas 5 5 5 6 8 8 0 - Utah 1 1 1 1 7 0 0 - Vermont 0 0 8 0 9 0 8 0

Individual Survey Responses 157   Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent Ep ox y Pr ef or m ed P la st ic Te m po ra ry T ap e Th er m op la st ic Tr af fic P ai nt B ut to ns Ta bs O th er Virginia 6 5 1 9 7 - 4 - Washington - - 8 - 5 - - - West Virginia 0 0 5 9 7 0 0 0 Wisconsin - - - - - - - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 7.3 6.7 5.7 6.9 6.2 6.6 6.0 2.5 Standard Deviation* 2.5 2.9 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 1.8 2.1 Number of Responses (>0) 19 15 39 19 40 15 20 2 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

158 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-16. Comments for Question 7. Q7. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following types of temporary pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below? Comments: We never use epoxy, preformed plastic, thermo, or temp tape on intermediate asphalt because they are just too expensive. We don't use them on final surfaces in temp configurations because they are too expensive and too hard to remove. All of the different methods have their advantages/disadvantages in different scenarios. Raised pavement markers are very effective. We do not use buttons for temporary pavement marking of the roadway. Conducting first test of a thin mil application of surface applied polyurea. So far it is performing well and lasted longer than traditional paint. Temporary tape will peel up on some surfaces. Otherwise, we do not have any good data on temporary products. We select our products off of 3-year NTPEP data and those products are used for both permanent and temporary markings. We use temporary paint or tapes. Preform used as temporary is used temporarily in a long-term situation when expanding lanes and building new highways at the end of the road or transitions of lane until new sections built. Rated the only material that we use. Blackout epoxy paint For open graded friction courses, a full 90-100 mil application is necessary due to the openness/voids in the material. Liquid systems such as epoxy/polyurea/polymer paints have a difficult time meeting the retroreflectivity requirements because of this. On concrete pavements, polyurea is superior to epoxy due to color retention (i.e., UV degradation), but in work zones typically the patterns are changed regularly so the color isn't so much of an issue. When pavement markings are installed on concrete in a "non-final" location, an easier material to remove is better. In this case it's typically standard paints. For typical asphalt surface course mixes, thermoplastic and polyurea will be the better performing materials for longer durations. For patterns lasting 12 months or less, polymer paints applied at 20 mils are the most cost-effective approach. Urethane and polyurea markings may be used, as well as epoxy, for very high-volume temporary applications. The urethane and polyurea markings perform similar to epoxy. Very rarely would we need to remove temporary marking from intermediate asphalt surface. It gets covered in the next lift. We only use thermoplastic on our gore lines, stop bars, words and symbols, and intersection lane lines. We have experimented with thermoplastic long lines in the past. We have started to do a lot more of our long lines on the Interstate system using polyurea.

Individual Survey Responses 159   Table C-17. Individual DOT responses for Question 8 (intermediate surfaces of asphalt). Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 8 7 0 8 10 5 0 - Alaska 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 10 10 10 10 10 6 2 - Arkansas 8 6 7 7 0 0 0 - California 9 7 - 9 - 9 - - Colorado 7 0 0 10 0 0 0 - Connecticut 10 5 6 4 1 1 1 10 Delaware 9 8 8 9 10 4 7 - District of Columbia 9 7 7 7 10 4 4 0 Florida 7 8 9 8 10 0 0 - Georgia 7 0 0 8 9 7 0 0 Hawaii 3 4 0 4 0 0 4 - Idaho 9 7 0 5 9 0 0 0 Illinois 3 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 Indiana 6 6 5 7 6 6 5 0 Iowa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Kansas 8 0 7 0 8 0 0 - Kentucky 8 0 0 9 7 1 0 - Louisiana 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 - Maine 8 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 Maryland 8 4 - - 10 1 - -

160 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Michigan 5 5 5 0 7 5 0 - Minnesota 6 6 0 4 6 7 0 - Mississippi 5 8 8 8 5 2 5 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana 6 - - 8 - - - - Nebraska 10 0 10 10 0 6 0 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 - New Jersey 8 8 8 8 0 8 0 - New Mexico 5 - - 7 - - - - New York 5 - - 5 7 5 - - North Carolina 5 6 7 8 5 1 5 - North Dakota 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 - Ohio 2 7 7 7 0 8 0 0 Oklahoma 6 5 4 6 6 8 - - Oregon 8 8 8 8 8 5 6 - Pennsylvania 7 7 6 9 8 9 0 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 South Dakota 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 8 - - 10 - - - - Texas 0 5 5 7 5 6 6 - Utah 5 0 0 8 8 0 10 -

Individual Survey Responses 161   Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Intermediate)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 9 0 0 0 9 8 0 0 Virginia 7 8 8 9 9 9 - - Washington 8 - - 8 - 7 - - West Virginia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin - - - - 10 - - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 7.1 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.6 5.3 5.0 10.0 Standard Deviation* 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.6 2.4 n/a Number of Responses (>0) 43 27 22 37 28 28 11 1 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

162 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-18. Individual DOT responses for Question 8 (final surfaces of asphalt). Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 8 7 0 8 10 5 0 - Alaska 8 8 0 0 0 7 0 0 Arizona 10 10 10 10 10 6 2 - Arkansas 8 6 7 7 0 0 0 - California 9 7 - 9 - 9 - - Colorado 7 0 0 10 0 0 0 - Connecticut 10 5 6 2 1 1 1 10 Delaware 0 8 8 9 0 0 0 - District of Columbia 9 7 7 7 10 4 4 0 Florida 7 8 9 8 10 0 0 - Georgia 7 0 0 7 8 5 0 6 Hawaii 3 4 0 4 0 0 4 - Idaho 9 7 0 5 9 0 0 0 Illinois 3 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 Indiana 6 6 5 7 5 5 3 0 Iowa 5 0 5 7 4 8 10 - Kansas 8 0 0 0 0 8 0 - Kentucky 5 0 0 9 3 1 0 - Louisiana 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 - Maine 8 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 Maryland 6 2 - - 2 - - -

Individual Survey Responses 163   Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 5 0 8 7 0 2 0 - Michigan 5 5 5 0 6 5 0 - Minnesota 6 6 0 4 6 7 0 - Mississippi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana 3 - - 8 - - - - Nebraska 10 0 10 10 0 6 0 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 6 0 0 0 0 5 0 - New Jersey 0 0 0 5 8 9 0 - New Mexico 5 - - 7 - - - - New York 5 - - 5 7 5 - - North Carolina 5 6 7 8 5 1 5 - North Dakota 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 - Ohio 2 7 7 7 0 8 0 0 Oklahoma 6 5 4 6 6 8 - - Oregon 4 4 4 4 4 6 1 - Pennsylvania 5 6 6 9 5 4 0 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 South Dakota 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 8 - - 10 - - - - Texas 0 5 5 7 5 6 6 - Utah 1 0 0 8 1 0 10 -

164 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Asphalt - Surface)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 9 0 0 0 9 8 0 0 Virginia 7 8 8 9 9 9 - - Washington 4 - - 6 - 7 - - West Virginia 9 0 0 10 9 0 0 0 Wisconsin 8 - - 9 - 7 - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 6.5 6.3 6.8 7.2 6.4 5.6 4.6 8.0 Standard Deviation* 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.7 2.4 3.3 2.8 Number of Responses (>0) 44 26 21 40 27 30 10 2 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

Individual Survey Responses 165   Table C-19. Individual DOT responses for Question 8 (concrete). Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Alabama 8 7 0 8 10 5 0 - Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 10 10 10 10 10 6 2 - Arkansas 8 6 8 7 0 0 0 - California 9 9 - 6 - 9 - - Colorado 7 0 0 10 0 0 0 - Connecticut 3 8 8 6 1 1 1 1 Delaware 0 8 8 9 0 0 0 - District of Columbia 7 9 8 6 10 1 2 0 Florida 5 8 9 10 10 0 0 - Georgia 7 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 Hawaii 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 - Idaho 9 7 0 5 9 0 0 0 Illinois 2 0 0 7 0 2 0 0 Indiana 6 6 7 7 5 0 0 0 Iowa 5 0 5 7 4 8 0 - Kansas 8 8 0 8 0 8 0 - Kentucky 0 0 0 6 2 1 0 - Louisiana 7 7 7 7 7 0 0 - Maine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Maryland 6 4 - - 2 - - -

166 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Massachusetts 0 0 7 6 0 0 0 - Michigan 4 4 4 8 0 0 0 - Minnesota 6 6 0 8 0 3 0 - Mississippi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Missouri - - - - - - - - Montana 4 - - 8 - - - - Nebraska 10 0 10 10 0 2 0 - Nevada - - - - - - - - New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey 0 5 5 8 0 0 0 - New Mexico 7 - - 4 - - - - New York 7 - - 5 - 5 - - North Carolina 5 7 8 9 6 0 1 - North Dakota 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 - Ohio 2 7 7 7 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 8 8 8 8 1 8 - - Oregon 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 - Pennsylvania 5 7 6 9 5 0 0 - Rhode Island 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 South Dakota 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 Tennessee 8 - - 10 - - - - Texas 0 6 6 7 5 5 5 - Utah 1 0 0 8 1 0 0 -

Individual Survey Responses 167   Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below (Concrete)? Respondent G rin di ng Sa nd bl as tin g Sh ot B la st in g W at er B la st in g M ill in g B la ck T ap e Sl ur ry S ea l O th er Vermont 9 0 0 0 9 8 0 0 Virginia 7 8 8 9 8 1 - - Washington 4 - - 8 - 0 - - West Virginia 10 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 Wisconsin 8 - - 9 - 7 - - Wyoming - - - - - - - - Average* 6.3 6.7 7.1 7.4 6.0 4.7 2.0 1.0 Standard Deviation* 2.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 3.3 2.9 1.5 N/A Number of Responses (>0) 38 27 22 41 22 18 6 1 *Excludes 0 (= N/A)

168 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-20. Comments for Question 8. Q8. On a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = Poor, 10 = Outstanding, 0=N/A), how would you rate the performance of each of the following methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings for each of the three pavement surface types shown in the table below? Comments: Some of these methods may work better than others. I can only comment on what we have seen here in our DOT. All the methods tend to scar the pavement and tape does not work as well for nighttime operations. As mentioned in response to a previous question, grinding thermoplastic lines on an old, oxidized asphalt pavement will result in the grooving of the pavement, as well as "visually" giving the motorists black lines due to the removal process. This effect is especially a problem with removal of thermoplastic on an open graded friction course pavement which the material is essentially in the "voids" results in total removal of the asphalt material. On concrete, water blasting is the preferred method, but it still damages the concrete and leaves a discolored appearance for years after the removal process. Temporary tapes on concrete also leave the black adhesive residue on the surface and is similar to having a black painted line remaining on the surface. No removal on final surfaces. Assuming grinding and milling are very similar techniques. Removal of marking by various methods works fine but does leave scarring. Note: Our standards require blackout tape to be removed or reapplied within 15 days of installation. Blackout epoxy paint. We have only tried out black tape on a few select projects and not really had good results with the tape staying down. Milling is effective since it removes the surface completely but is not cost-effective and rarely used. We do not use slurry seal to cover existing pavement markings.

Table C-21. Individual DOT responses to Question 9. Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur ab ili ty D ur at io n fo r M ar ki ng to R em ai n in P la ce Ea se o f P la ce m en t Ea se o f R em ov al M at er ia l Q ua lit y Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t T yp e R et ro re fle ct iv ity Sa fe ty Te m pe ra tu re a t Ti m e of P la ce m en t Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er E ffe ct s W et re tr or ef le ct iv ity C on ne ct ed a nd A ut on om ou s Ve hi cl es O th er Alabama 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 - Alaska 5 5 3 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 Arizona 4 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 1 - 1 3 2 1 1 - Arkansas 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 1 - California 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 2 2 2 1 - Colorado 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 - Connecticut 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 - Delaware 3 4 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2 1 - District of Columbia 3 3 4 2 1 4 4 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 Florida 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 1 2 -

Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur ab ili ty D ur at io n fo r M ar ki ng to R em ai n in P la ce Ea se o f P la ce m en t Ea se o f R em ov al M at er ia l Q ua lit y Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t T yp e R et ro re fle ct iv ity Sa fe ty Te m pe ra tu re a t Ti m e of P la ce m en t Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er E ffe ct s W et re tr or ef le ct iv ity C on ne ct ed a nd A ut on om ou s Ve hi cl es O th er Georgia 5 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 3 3 - Hawaii 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 1 - Idaho 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 3 4 2 1 1 Illinois 5 3 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 - Indiana 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 Iowa - - 5 - 5 - 5 - 3 - 5 1 5 3 2 - Kansas 5 3 4 2 3 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 2 3 - Kentucky 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 Louisiana 2 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 - Maine 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 2 5 4 2 2 3 1 1 Maryland 5 5 4 3 3 5 4 5 4 2 2 3 2 2 1 - Massachusetts 2 2 5 2 3 4 2 2 4 5 3 2 4 2 1 -

Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur ab ili ty D ur at io n fo r M ar ki ng to R em ai n in P la ce Ea se o f P la ce m en t Ea se o f R em ov al M at er ia l Q ua lit y Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t T yp e R et ro re fle ct iv ity Sa fe ty Te m pe ra tu re a t Ti m e of P la ce m en t Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er E ffe ct s W et re tr or ef le ct iv ity C on ne ct ed a nd A ut on om ou s Ve hi cl es O th er Michigan 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 - Minnesota 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 1 - Mississippi 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 1 - Missouri - 3 3 3 3 - - - - 4 - - - - - - Montana 4 3 3 3 2 4 5 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 1 - Nebraska 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 - Nevada 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 - New Hampshire 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 5 3 3 3 3 1 - New Jersey 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 5 3 - New Mexico 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 - New York 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 - North Carolina 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 2 4 - North Dakota 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 -

Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur ab ili ty D ur at io n fo r M ar ki ng to R em ai n in P la ce Ea se o f P la ce m en t Ea se o f R em ov al M at er ia l Q ua lit y Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t T yp e R et ro re fle ct iv ity Sa fe ty Te m pe ra tu re a t Ti m e of P la ce m en t Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er E ffe ct s W et re tr or ef le ct iv ity C on ne ct ed a nd A ut on om ou s Ve hi cl es O th er Ohio 3 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 4 2 3 2 2 - Oklahoma 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 5 2 - Oregon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 - Pennsylvania 4 5 5 2 4 5 5 5 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 - Rhode Island 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 South Carolina 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 5 5 3 2 3 1 1 - South Dakota 2 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 Tennessee 3 4 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 3 4 3 - Texas 3 4 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 2 - Utah 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 4 4 1 3 3 1 1 - Vermont 4 4 5 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 2 1 Virginia 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 - Washington 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 -

Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur ab ili ty D ur at io n fo r M ar ki ng to R em ai n in P la ce Ea se o f P la ce m en t Ea se o f R em ov al M at er ia l Q ua lit y Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t T yp e R et ro re fle ct iv ity Sa fe ty Te m pe ra tu re a t Ti m e of P la ce m en t Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er E ffe ct s W et re tr or ef le ct iv ity C on ne ct ed a nd A ut on om ou s Ve hi cl es O th er West Virginia 3 4 4 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wisconsin 3 4 4 3 1 4 4 1 2 4 5 3 5 2 1 - Wyoming 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 Average 3.7 4.0 4.1 3.3 3.4 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.3 2.8 1.7 1.1 Standard Deviation 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.3 Number of Responses 49 50 51 50 51 49 50 49 50 49 50 50 50 50 50 11

174 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-22. Comments for Question 9. Q9. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting types of temporary pavement markings in a work zone for a given project? Comments: Our DOT is moving toward requiring wet reflectivity in work zones with markings expected to be in place for 14 days or longer. It’s already been mentioned above, but our Performance Pavement Marking Specification allows flexibility in the types of materials used in the work zone based on pattern duration, pavement type, weather conditions, availability of striping equipment, etc. Another factor is weather...we've changed our specification to allow for 4" width standard traffic paints during temperatures below which a performance marking should be placed. We allow 90 days from the time the 4" paint line installation to the time the 6" performance materials to be installed. This gives the contractor the ability to shift the traffic, albeit with poorer line quality, and reduces the chance of failure with the performance materials. We use raised pavement marker; very effective. Beginning to look at higher quality wet retroreflectivity and connected and autonomous vehicle requirements. Because we are primarily using temporary paint we have not historically looked too deeply into many of these factors. As we look to compare the performance of polyurea with temporary paint, we will likely view cost, durability, ease of placement and removal differently. Connected and autonomous vehicles new to the game so not sure how much bearing that has in our current decision matrix; however, it will likely have more bearing in the future.

Table C-23. Individual DOT responses to Question 10. Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur at io n Ea se o f R em ov al En vi ro nm en ta l C on ce rn s Eq ui pm en t A va ila bi lit y G ho st M ar ki ng s M ar ki ng Ty pe Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t S ca rr in g Pa ve m en t T yp e Sa fe ty Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er C on di tio ns O th er Alabama 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 - Alaska 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 4 3 4 4 2 4 1 Arizona 1 1 3 2 5 3 2 4 3 2 - 2 1 - Arkansas 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 - California 5 5 5 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 - Colorado 2 3 3 4 5 5 1 4 4 1 3 1 2 - Connecticut 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 - Delaware 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 4 - District of Columbia 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 1 Florida 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - Georgia 4 4 3 2 3 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 -

Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur at io n Ea se o f R em ov al En vi ro nm en ta l C on ce rn s Eq ui pm en t A va ila bi lit y G ho st M ar ki ng s M ar ki ng Ty pe Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t S ca rr in g Pa ve m en t T yp e Sa fe ty Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er C on di tio ns O th er Hawaii 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 - Idaho 2 3 5 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 3 2 1 Illinois 5 5 5 1 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 - Indiana 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 1 Iowa 5 2 5 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 - Kansas 5 5 5 4 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 - Kentucky 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 2 - Louisiana 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 - Maine 3 3 5 3 2 5 5 5 5 1 5 2 2 1 Maryland 5 5 4 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 4 3 1 - Massachusetts 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 - Michigan 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 -

Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur at io n Ea se o f R em ov al En vi ro nm en ta l C on ce rn s Eq ui pm en t A va ila bi lit y G ho st M ar ki ng s M ar ki ng Ty pe Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t S ca rr in g Pa ve m en t T yp e Sa fe ty Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er C on di tio ns O th er Minnesota 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 - Mississippi 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - Missouri 3 3 3 - - - - 4 3 - 4 - - - Montana 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 5 4 3 4 2 2 - Nebraska 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 - Nevada 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 - New Hampshire 2 1 3 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 5 3 3 - New Jersey 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 - New Mexico 4 3 4 2 2 3 2 4 3 4 4 3 3 - New York 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 - North Carolina 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 - North Dakota 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 - Ohio 3 4 4 3 2 5 3 4 5 5 5 2 3 -

Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur at io n Ea se o f R em ov al En vi ro nm en ta l C on ce rn s Eq ui pm en t A va ila bi lit y G ho st M ar ki ng s M ar ki ng Ty pe Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t S ca rr in g Pa ve m en t T yp e Sa fe ty Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er C on di tio ns O th er Oklahoma 3 2 3 2 5 2 4 4 5 5 5 1 1 - Oregon 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 - Pennsylvania 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 4 5 4 3 3 - Rhode Island 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 South Carolina 4 4 2 4 - 3 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 - South Dakota 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 3 2 1 1 1 Tennessee 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 - Texas 3 4 4 4 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 - Utah 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 3 3 3 - Vermont 4 5 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5 - Virginia 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 2 - Washington 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 - West Virginia 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1

Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? (5 = Always, 4 = Almost Always, 3 = Sometimes, 2 = Rarely, 1 = Never) Respondent C os t D ur at io n Ea se o f R em ov al En vi ro nm en ta l C on ce rn s Eq ui pm en t A va ila bi lit y G ho st M ar ki ng s M ar ki ng Ty pe Pa st E xp er ie nc e Pa ve m en t S ca rr in g Pa ve m en t T yp e Sa fe ty Tr af fic C ou nt s W ea th er C on di tio ns O th er Wisconsin 3 4 3 2 2 5 5 4 4 1 3 3 3 - Wyoming 3 3 1 2 1 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 2 1 Average 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.2 1.0 Standard Deviation 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.0 Number of Responses 51 51 51 50 49 50 50 51 51 50 50 50 50 9

180 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-24. Comments for Question 10. Q10. How often does your agency consider the following factors when selecting a method to remove or cover existing pavement markings on a given project? Comments: Unfortunately, we rarely have the ability to control many of the factors on our projects due to the limited construction window and dealing with the weather conditions. For some high-profile projects we will get into the details and specifically call out removal methods where we have a more defined construction staging plan. Covered in the comments previously submitted. Safety is tied with ghost markings.

Individual Survey Responses 181   Table C-25. Individual DOT responses to Question 11. Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? Respondent Response Text Alabama No Alaska Yes Arizona No Arkansas No California No Colorado Yes Connecticut Yes Delaware Yes District of Columbia No Florida No Georgia No Hawaii No Idaho No Illinois Yes Indiana Yes Iowa No Kansas Yes Kentucky Yes Louisiana No Maine No Maryland Yes Massachusetts No Michigan No Minnesota Yes Mississippi - Missouri Yes Montana No

182 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? Respondent Response Text Nebraska No Nevada Yes New Hampshire No New Jersey No New Mexico No New York Yes North Carolina No North Dakota No Ohio Yes Oklahoma No Oregon Yes Pennsylvania No Rhode Island No South Carolina No South Dakota No Tennessee Yes Texas Yes Utah Yes Vermont No Virginia No Washington Yes West Virginia No Wisconsin Yes Wyoming No

Individual Survey Responses 183   Table C-26. Comments for Question 11. Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? Comments: See Section 503-7.03 of the Indiana Design Manual. NYSDOT's Highway Design Manual, Chapter 16 For Question 11, when we put together some of our high-profile design build projects we may provide more specific direction on temporary marking placement and removal, but this is rare. Processes are in our const. specs. Sec. 805 and 806. I am not aware of this document; however, it could exist. I think experience and engineering judgement is used. Different areas within our DOT have notes related to removal based on experience (i.e., hydraulic removal rather than grinding). We don't necessarily have a process; however, if it's an Interstate/freeway reconstruction/rehabilitation or widening project, it will have the Work Zone Pattern Masking Specification and the Work Zone Performance Pavement Marking Specification included in the contract. We have a list of options in the spec book but it is normally left up to the contractor, we don't direct their means and methods, only give them options. Section 112.03.11 of Kentucky specification manual Our DOT is in the process of coming up with an implementation plan for when to use polyurea instead of paint. The cost is significantly more and there is still concern from some in the department as to the cost/benefit ratio. Temporary traffic control plans (TCPs) for typical roadway operations can be found on the CT DOT website on the Traffic Engineering Special Provisions page. Scroll to the section “Traffic Construction,” and select “0971001—Traffic Control Plans and Typical Materials.” The zip file includes Word documents that contain the TCPs, as well as associated notes and required signs. Colorado Standard Specifications—see Sections 627, 708, and 713. Texas Standard Specifications: Items 677 and 662 See Section 8-23 in uploaded file "Divison8.pdf." See Part 3.A. of our policy TRA-14, Guidelines for the Use of Pavement Marking Materials on State Highways. Our standard is water base paint; occasionally we will use temporary tape, or temporary raised markers for short durations.

Table C-27. DOT resources submitted in response to Question 11. Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? If you answered “yes” to question 11, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Alaska Searchable Northern Region Contracts http://dot.state.ak.us/nreg/contracts/ Various documents, such as standard modifications and special provisions, but does not appear to include information on temporary pavement markings. Colorado 2019 Standard Specifications Book - Division 600 Miscellaneous Construction (Section 627.03.d) https://www.codot.gov/business/desig nsupport/cdot-construction- specifications/2019-construction- specifications/2019-specs-book/2019- division-600/view All temporary markings must be in place before the end of each workday or opening for traffic. Removed markings may not leave a scar that conflicts with permanent markings. (See also Appendix E.) Connecticut Traffic Control Plans and Typical Materials (0971001A 0.1-0.2) https://portal.ct.gov/- /media/DOT/documents/dtrafficdesign /traspec/construction/english/0971001 ATrafficControlPlansTypicalMaterial. zip?la=en All temporary markings must be in place by the end of each work shift. Temporary markings may be paint, plastic tape (in place for less than 72 hours), or epoxy resin (required in winter). Delaware Striping Item Usage Guidelines - Projects Using 2016 Standard Specification https://deldot.gov/Business/drc/pd_file s/plan_development/striping_items_ guidelines_2016specs.pdf Temporary markings can be paint or tape. Paint is preferred and tape is used on final surfaces to protect it for final markings. Blackout tape must closely match the color of the pavement. Illinois Guidelines for the Use of Pavement Marking Materials on State Highways https://ict.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/TR A-14-2015.pdf Highway pavement marking policy, including temporary pavement markings. Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape (dry or wet reflective), or raised. Pavement marking removal is preferably done via water blasting, but tape matching the color of the asphalt can be used when temporary removal is needed.

Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? If you answered “yes” to question 11, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Indiana Design Manual (Section 503-7.03) https://www.in.gov/indot/design_manu al/design_manual_2013.htm Temporary markings can be paint, raised markers, tape, thermoplastic, or rumble strips. Temporary marking should be placed as close as possible to the location of final markings. Blackout tape should only be used to hide temporary markings when removal is not required in order to replace with final marking and should be 1 inch wider than the covered marking. (See also Appendix D.) Kansas Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Sections 805-806) https://www.ksdot.org/burconsmain/sp ecprov/2015specprov.asp Temporary pavement markings must be removed immediately before the application of final pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.) Kentucky Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 112.03.11) https://transportation.ky.gov/Construct ion/Pages/Kentucky-Standard- Specifications.aspx All temporary markers are to be removed before the installation of final markings. Missing or damaged markers are to be replaced within 3 days. Install temporary striping by sunset every day, weather permitting. Missing or damaged striping is to be replaced within 24 hours. (See also Appendix E.) Maryland Traffic Control Design Manual - Sign and Pavement Marking Design https://www.roads.maryland.gov/mdot sha/pages/Index.aspx?PageId=65 Temporary pavement markings can be waterborne paint, thermoplastic, epoxy, or tape, but waterborne paint is preferred due to its shorter service life. Minnesota Traffic Engineering Manual (Section 8- 6.03) http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/ publ/tem/2020/chapter8.pdf#page=34 Temporary pavement markings may be paint, preformed plastic tape, epoxy, or raised. Applied markings should be reinstalled every 14 days, or when damaged. (See also Appendix D.)

Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? If you answered “yes” to question 11, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Missouri Standard Plans - Detail 620.10G Temporary Pavement Marking https://www.modot.org/media/16897 Temporary markings can be tape, paint, or raised, although tape should not be used on the final pavement surface. Temporary pavement markings are required when at least 200 consecutive feet of permanent markings are removed and must be removed after the installation of final permanent pavement markings. (See also Appendix F.) Nevada Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 633.02.04, 635-636) https://www.nevadadot.com/home/sh owdocument?id=6916 Temporary markings can be tape, paint, or raised, and must be the same color and pattern as the equivalent permanent pavement marking. Raised temporary markings must be reflective at least in the direction of oncoming traffic. (See also Appendix E.) New Hampshire Standard Specifications (Chapter 619, Chapter 3.3) https://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdev elopment/highwaydesign/specification s/documents/2016NHDOTSpecBook Web.pdf Temporary pavement markings must be in place at end of each workday. Temporary pavement markings must resemble color of permanent markings and cannot be a substitute for edge lines. (See also Appendix E.) New York Highway Design Manual (Section 16.2.8) https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engin eering/design/dqab/hdm/hdm-ch16 Temporary pavement markings are to be installed at the end of each workday and are intended for periods under 14 days. All temporary markings must be the same color and style as final permanent pavement markings. (See also Appendix D.)

Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? If you answered “yes” to question 11, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Ohio Construction and Material Specifications (Section 640) http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/C onstructionMgt/OnlineDocs/Specificati ons/2019CMS/2019_CMS_01172020 _for_web_letter_size.pdf Gaps in pavement markings are to be left around raised reflective markers, so as to not mask the reflectors. Pavement markings can be paint, polyester, thermoplastic, spray thermoplastic, preformed plastic, heat-fused preformed thermoplastic, or epoxy. (See also Appendix E.) Oregon Traffic Control Design Manual (Section 2.3.4) https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Engin eering/Docs_TrafficEng/TCP-Design- Manual.pdf Temporary pavement markings are most commonly paint but can also be tape or raised markers. Grinding cannot be used on final surface to remove temporary pavement markings. Oregon Pavement Marking Design Guidelines https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Engin eering/Pages/Striping.aspx Sections include surveying, materials, bidding, and drafting. Tennessee Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 712.06) https://www.tn.gov/tdot/tdot- construction-division/transportation- construction-division- resources/transportation-construction- 2015-standard-specifications.html Temporary pavement markings can be tape, paint, or raised markers. Contractor is paid for the installation, maintenance, and possible removal of the temporary pavement markings by the linear foot. (See also Appendix E.) Texas Standard Specifications Item 662 - Work Zone Pavement Markings ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/ s662.pdf Temporary pavement markings are to be prefabricated raised markers or flexible reflective markers when removal is necessary, and hot-applied thermoplastic or prefabricated raised markers otherwise. All markers must be maintained for 30 days and replaced if deficient during that time. (See also Appendix E.)

Q11. Does your agency have a documented process or criteria for the selection of types of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones on a given project? If you answered “yes” to question 11, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Texas Standard Specifications Item 677 - Eliminating Existing Pavement Markings and Markers ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/ s677.pdf Existing pavement markings can be removed via surface treatment, burning, water/abrasive/shot/slurry/brush blasting, or any mechanical method other than grinding. (See also Appendix E.) Utah Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 01558 Temporary Pavement Markings and 02765 Pavement Marking Paint) https://www.udot.utah.gov/main/ucon owner.gf?n=31730316757114651 Temporary markings may be paint, removable tape, or raised, reflective polyurethane markers. Paint must be reapplied every 2 weeks. (See also Appendix E.) Washington 2020 Standard Specifications (Section 8-23, Section 9) https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publication s/manuals/fulltext/M41-10/SS.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, plastic, tape, or raised. Paint or plastic may contain glass beads. All temporary markings must be retroreflective. (See also Appendix E.) Wisconsin Traffic Engineering, Operations, and Safety Manual (Chapter 3, Section 15) https://wisconsindot.gov/dtsdManuals/ traffic-ops/manuals-and- standards/teops/03-15.pdf Temporary pavement markings must resemble color and width of permanent markings. Temporary markings may be paint, epoxy, removable tape, mask-out tape, or temporary raised pavement markers (TRPMs).

Individual Survey Responses 189   Table C-28. Individual DOT responses to Question 12. Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? Respondent A bb re vi at ed P av em en t M ar ki ng P at te rn s D es ig n R eq ui re m en ts M ai nt en an ce R eq ui re m en ts M in im um Q ua lit y R eq ui re m en ts (e .g ., C ol or , R et ro re fle ct iv ity ) M on ito rin g an d In sp ec tio n Te m po ra ry T ra ffi c C on tr ol R eq ui re m en ts Th re sh ol ds fo r A cc ep ta nc e of P av em en t R em ov al Ti m el in e R eq ui re m en ts W ar ra nt s fo r T em po ra ry Pa ve m en t M ar ki ng s O th er Alabama Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Alaska Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Arizona N Y N Y Y Y Y N N - Arkansas Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y - California N N N N N N N N N - Colorado N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Connecticut N Y Y Y Y Y N Y N - Delaware N Y Y N Y Y N Y Y - District of Columbia N N N N N N N N N N Florida N N N N N N N N N - Georgia N N N N Y Y N Y Y - Hawaii N Y N N N N N N N - Idaho N Y N Y N Y N N N N Illinois Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Indiana Y N N Y Y Y N Y N N Iowa N Y N N N Y N Y Y - Kansas Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Kentucky N Y N Y Y Y N N N N Louisiana N N N Y Y Y Y Y N -

190 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? Respondent A bb re vi at ed P av em en t M ar ki ng P at te rn s D es ig n R eq ui re m en ts M ai nt en an ce R eq ui re m en ts M in im um Q ua lit y R eq ui re m en ts (e .g ., C ol or , R et ro re fle ct iv ity ) M on ito rin g an d In sp ec tio n Te m po ra ry T ra ffi c C on tr ol R eq ui re m en ts Th re sh ol ds fo r A cc ep ta nc e of P av em en t R em ov al Ti m el in e R eq ui re m en ts W ar ra nt s fo r T em po ra ry Pa ve m en t M ar ki ng s O th er Maine N N N N N N N N N N Maryland Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Massachusetts N N N N N N N N N N Michigan Y Y N Y N Y N Y N - Minnesota Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N - Mississippi - - - - - - - - - - Missouri - - - - Y Y - - - - Montana N Y N Y Y Y N Y Y - Nebraska Y Y Y N N Y N Y Y - Nevada N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N - New Hampshire Y N Y Y Y Y N Y N - New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - New Mexico N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y - New York Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N - North Carolina Y N N Y Y Y N Y Y - North Dakota N - N N N N N N N - Ohio Y N Y Y N N Y Y N - Oklahoma N Y N N N Y N N N N Oregon Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Pennsylvania Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y - Rhode Island N N N N N N N N N N South Carolina N Y Y Y N Y N Y N -

Individual Survey Responses 191   Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? Respondent A bb re vi at ed P av em en t M ar ki ng P at te rn s D es ig n R eq ui re m en ts M ai nt en an ce R eq ui re m en ts M in im um Q ua lit y R eq ui re m en ts (e .g ., C ol or , R et ro re fle ct iv ity ) M on ito rin g an d In sp ec tio n Te m po ra ry T ra ffi c C on tr ol R eq ui re m en ts Th re sh ol ds fo r A cc ep ta nc e of P av em en t R em ov al Ti m el in e R eq ui re m en ts W ar ra nt s fo r T em po ra ry Pa ve m en t M ar ki ng s O th er South Dakota N N N N N N N N N N Tennessee Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N - Texas Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y N - Utah N N N Y N N N N N N Vermont - - - Y - - - Y - - Virginia Y N N Y N Y Y Y N - Washington Y N Y Y Y N N N N - West Virginia N N N N N N N N N N Wisconsin Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y N Wyoming N N Y Y - Y N N N N NOTE: Y = Yes, N = No. B.

192 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-29. Comments for Question 12. Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? Comments: See Figure 6G-1 (Idaho Traffic Manual). See the current version of Standard Specification for temporary pavement markings. We'll email you the relevant specifications. Wisconsin Standard Detail Drawings of Traffic Control and Temp Markings, Section C & D. Guidelines for the pattern, quality, and maintenance as well as warrants are found in IDOT's Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Section 703. Traffic control requirements simply use typical IDOT standards. Interim Pavement Markings – Minnesota Standard Plan 5-297.801 Special Provisions Specifications Minnesota Temporary Traffic Control Field Manual January 2018 Temporary traffic control plans (TCPs) for typical roadway operations can be found on the CT DOT website on the Traffic Engineering Special Provisions page. Scroll to the section “Traffic Construction,” and select “0971001A - Traffic Control Plans and Typical Materials.” The zip file includes Word documents that contain the TCPs, as well as associated notes and required signs. Colorado Standard Specifications: see Section 627. See the two links previously provided in response to Question 11. Emails to follow. See 801.12 of INDOT's Standard Specifications. NYSDOT's Standard Specifications Section 619 Highway Design Manual Chapter 16 See Section 8-22 and 8-23 and 9-34 in uploaded documents. Same comment as previously submitted. Delaware MUTCD (see TA-35 B-G). See Section 648.08 Temporary Pavement Markings (Vermont Standard Specifications). See Michigan DOT Work Zone Safety and Mobility Manual. Michigan Spec Book Section 812 and 922.

Table C-30. DOT resources submitted in response to Question 12. Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Alabama ALDOT Design Bureau Website https://www.dot.state.al.us/dsweb/index.html Provides links to design divisions, computer- aided design and drafting support, standard drawings, systems, operations, and bureau contacts. Alabama ALDOT Construction Bureau Website https://www.dot.state.al.us/conweb/index.html Provides links to construction forms, specifications, and resources, as well as special postings, training guidance, and contact information. Alabama Standard Specifications and General Application Special Provisions https://www.dot.state.al.us/conweb/specifications .html Catalog of Standard Specifications, General Provisions, Proposed Provisions, and Obsolete Provisions from 2012 and 2018. (See also Appendix E.) Alabama Standard and Special Drawings for Highway Construction https://alletting.dot.state.al.us/Docs/Standard_ Drawings/StdDrawingSelect.htm Catalog of Computer-Aided Design Specification Sheets and Drawings for Highway Construction from 2018-2020. (See also Appendix F.) Alaska Searchable Northern Region Contracts http://dot.state.ak.us/nreg/contracts/ Various documents, such as standard modifications and special provisions, but does not appear to include information on temporary pavement markings. Arkansas Standard Specifications (Section 604.02.d-e) http://ardot.gov/standard_spec/2014/Division%20600 .pdf Temporary pavement markings can be tape or paint (not on final surface). Interim pavement markings may also be raised. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Colorado 2019 Standard Specifications Book - Division 600 Miscellaneous Construction (Section 627.03.d) https://www.codot.gov/business/designsupport/cdot- construction-specifications/2019-construction- specifications/2019-specs-book/2019-division- 600/view All temporary markings must be in place before the end of each workday or opening for traffic. Removed markings may not leave a scar that conflicts with permanent markings. (See also Appendix E.) Connecticut Traffic Control and Typical Materials (0971001A 0.1-0.2) https://portal.ct.gov/- /media/DOT/documents/dtrafficdesign/traspec/constr uction/english/0971001ATrafficControlPlansTypicalM aterial.zip?la=en All temporary markings must be in place by the end of each work shift. Temporary markings may be paint, plastic tape (in place for less than 72 hours), or epoxy resin (required in winter). Delaware Temporary Pavement Markings Policy https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/de_mutcd/pd fs/Temporary_Pavement_Markings_Policy.pdf 1-7-2011 Memorandum on the addition of a temporary pavement markings policy to Delaware DOT specifications. Temporary pavement markings should match the color and style of their equivalent permanent markings. Delaware Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Section 6F.78) (TA-35- B-G) https://regulations.delaware.gov/register/may2018/fin al/MUTCDPart6TemporaryTrafficControl.pdf?cache= 1581706060289%20 Typical applications for mobile striping operations. (See also Appendix D.) Hawaii Standard Specifications (Section 629) https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2013/01/629_ Print.pdf Temporary pavement markings should be installed by the end of each workday and removed before installing any permanent markings. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Idaho Standard Specifications for Highway Construction (Section 626) https://apps.itd.idaho.gov/Apps/manuals/SpecBook/S pecBook18.pdf Temporary markings may be tape, paint, or raised pavement markers (RPMs) (flexible or rigid). (See also Appendix E.) Idaho Traffic Manual: Idaho Supplementary Guidance to the MUTCD (Figure 6G-1) https://apps.itd.idaho.gov/apps/manuals/Traffic_Man ual.pdf Diagram showcasing typical temporary pavement markings on a two-lane two-way road or divided highway. Nonreflective tape may be used to cover obsolete markings rather than removing them. (See also Appendix D.) Illinois Guidelines for the Use of Pavement Marking Materials on State Highways https://ict.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/TRA-14-2015.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape (dry or wet reflective), or raised. Pavement marking removal is preferably done via water blasting, but tape matching the color of the asphalt can be used when temporary removal is needed. Indiana Standard Specifications (Section 801.12) https://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/standards/book/s ep19/2020%20INDOT%20Standard%20Specification s.pdf On asphalt, black temporary tape can be used to cover conflicting markings rather than removing them. Temporary pavement markings intended to be in service between the months of December and March must be paint. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Iowa Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction Section 2527 - Pavement Markings https://iowadot.gov/erl/current/GS/content/2527.htm Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, preformed plastic, or raised markers. All temporary pavement markings must be removed on the same day that permanent markings are installed to replace them. (See also Appendix E.) Kansas Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Sections 805-806) https://www.ksdot.org/burconsmain/specprov/2015sp ecprov.asp Temporary pavement markings must be removed immediately before the application of final pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.) Louisiana Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges Manual (Section 713.07) http://wwwsp.dotd.la.gov/Inside_LaDOTD/Divisions/E ngineering/Standard_Specifications/Standard%20Sp ecifications/2016%20Standard%20Specifications%2 0for%20Roads%20and%20Bridges%20Manual/11% 20-%202016%20-%20Part%20VII%20- %20Incidental%20Construction.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, thermoplastic, or raised, and must be in place at the end of each workday. (See also Appendix E.) Maryland Traffic Control Design Manual - Sign and Pavement Marking Design https://www.roads.maryland.gov/mdotsha/pages/Inde x.aspx?PageId=65 Pavement marking policy, including both permanent and temporary markings. Temporary pavement markings can be waterborne paint, thermoplastic, epoxy, or tape, but waterborne paint is preferred due to its shorter service life.

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Michigan Work Zone Safety and Mobility Manual (Section 6.01.13) https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/MDOT_ Work_Zone_Safety_and_Mobility_Manual- January_2020_679362_7.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, or preformed tape. Temporary markings must be removed before the installation of final pavement markings, except for paint, as long as it can be covered by the final markings. (See also Appendix D.) Michigan Standard Specifications for Construction (Sections 812, 922) https://mdotjboss.state.mi.us/SpecProv/specBookHo me.htm Temporary pavement markings can be tape, paint, or raised, although only removable tape can [be] used on the final surface. Temporary pavement markings should be applied in the same configuration as final pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.) Minnesota Standard Plans - 5- 297.801 Interim Pavement Markings and Signing http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/workzone/wz- ltta/pdf/801.pdf Temporary pavement markings should follow the layout of the final pavement markings, so that they may be entirely covered by the application of the final markings. Temporary or final pavement markings must be in place before opening roadway to vehicles. (See also Appendix F.) Minnesota Special Provisions for All Trunk Highway Construction Projects (Section S-287, 291) http://www.dot.state.mn.us/pre-letting/prov/index.html Includes basis of payment for temporary pavement markings and use of mobile retroreflectometer measurements for pavement markings.

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Minnesota Standard Specifications for Construction (Section 2580) http://www.dot.state.mn.us/pre- letting/spec/index.html Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, liquid, or raised, and must be in place for opening the roadway to vehicles. Temporary tape and raised markers must be removed before any surface application, and all temporary markings must be removed before the installation of final pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.) Minnesota Temporary Traffic Control Field Manual http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/publ/fieldmanua l/index.html Specifications and drawings on the layout of temporary traffic control devices, including barriers, flaggers, and signage, in work zones. Missouri Standard Plans - Detail 620.10G Temporary Pavement Marking https://www.modot.org/media/16897 Temporary markings can be tape, paint, or raised, although tape should not be used on the final pavement surface. Temporary pavement markings are required when at least 200 consecutive feet of permanent markings are removed and must be removed after the installation of final permanent pavement markings. (See also Appendix F.) Missouri Standard Specifications for Highway Construction (Section 620.10) https://www.modot.org/media/20575 Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, or raised. Temporary pavement markings must be in place at the end of workday and should match the layout of the final pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Montana Montana Traffic Engineering Manual Chapter 19 Pavement Markings https://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/webdata/external/traffic /manual/chapter_19.pdf Temporary pavement marking can be paint, tape, raised, or preformed plastic. Montana Standard and Supplemental Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 620.03.6) https://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/webdata/external/const /specifications/2020/SPEC-BOOK/2020-SPEC- BOOK-V1-0.pdf Temporary pavement markings must be identical in color and layout to the final pavement marking, and should not applied when below 40⁰F. (See also Appendix E.) Nebraska Standard Specifications for Highway Construction (Section 424 Temporary Pavement Marking) https://dot.nebraska.gov/media/10343/2017- specbook.pdf Temporary markings may be paint, tape, RPMs, or overlay markers. (See also Appendix E.) Nebraska Standard Plans (No. 943 Temporary Pavement Marking) https://dot.nebraska.gov/media/6645/standard.pdf Show spacing, layout, and parameters for usage of different materials. (See also Appendix F.) Nevada Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Sections 635, 636) https://www.nevadadot.com/doing-business/about- ndot/ndot-divisions/engineering/design/standard- specifications-and-plans Temporary pavement markings can be tape or paint (waterborne, epoxy, or polyurea), and should be applied in manner that closely parallels the final pavement marking layout. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource New Hampshire Standard Specifications (Chapter 619, Chapter 3.3) https://www.nh.gov/dot/org/projectdevelopment/high waydesign/specifications/documents/2016NHDOTSp ecBookWeb.pdf Temporary pavement markings must be in place at end of each workday. Temporary pavement markings must resemble color of permanent markings and cannot be a substitute for edge lines. (See also Appendix E.) New Mexico Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction (Section 704, 721) https://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot/Plans_Sp ecs_Estimates/2019_Specs.pdf Temporary pavement markings should be removed by water blasting rather than covered with tape or paint. (See also Appendix E.) New York Standard Specifications (Section 619) https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/business- center/engineering/specifications/english-spec- repository/2020_5_specs_usc_tc_vol3.pdf Specification for work zone traffic control, including temporary pavement markings. Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, overlay, or raised. (See also Appendix E.) New York Highway Design Manual (Section 16.2.8) https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/design/ dqab/hdm/hdm-ch16 Pavement marking policy, including temporary pavement markings. Temporary pavement markings are to be installed at the end of each workday and are intended for periods under 14 days. All temporary markings must be the same color and style as final permanent pavement markings. (See also Appendix D.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Ohio Construction and Material Specifications (Section 640) http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/ OnlineDocs/Specifications/2019CMS/2019_CMS_01 172020_for_web_letter_size.pdf Gaps in pavement markings are to be left around raised reflective markers, so as to not mask the reflectors. Pavement markings can be paint, polyester, thermoplastic, spray thermoplastic, preformed plastic, heat-fused preformed thermoplastic, or epoxy. (See also Appendix E.) Ohio Standard Roadway Construction Drawings (MT-99.20 Traffic Control for Long Line Pavement Marking Operations) http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Engineering/Roa dway/DesignStandards/traffic/SCD/Documents/MT_0 9920_2019-04-19sr.pdf Notes for pavement marking operation procedures. Pavement marking application should not be done during peak hours in order to avoid excessive queuing. South Carolina Standard Specifications for Highway Construction https://www.scdot.org/business/pdf/2007_full_ specbook.pdf Temporary markings may be paint, thermoplastic, epoxy, or tape. (See also Appendix E.) Texas Standard Specifications Item 662 - Work Zone Pavement Markings ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/s662.pdf Temporary pavement markings are to be prefabricated raised markers or flexible reflective markers when removal is necessary, and hot-applied thermoplastic or prefabricated raised markers otherwise. All markers must be maintained for 30 days and replaced if deficient during that time. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Texas Standard Specifications Item 677 - Eliminating Existing Pavement Markings and Markers ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/s677.pdf Existing pavement markings can be removed via surface treatment, burning, water/abrasive/shot/slurry/brush blasting, or any mechanical method other than grinding. (See also Appendix E.) Vermont Standard Specifications for Construction (Section 648.08) https://outside.vermont.gov/agency/VTRANS/externa l/docs/construction/02ConstrServ/PreContract/2018S pecBook/2018%20Standard%20Specifications%20fo r%20Construction.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be tape, mask, line striping targets, or paint (>14 days). Existing markings should not be painted over, nor obliterated in the shape of the markings, so as to keep them from being legible after removal. (See also Appendix E.) Washington 2020 Standard Specifications (Section 8-23, Section 9) https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals/fullte xt/M41-10/SS.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, plastic, tape, or raised. Paint or plastic may contain glass beads. All temporary markings must be retroreflective. (See also Appendix E.) Wisconsin Standard Detail Drawings (Sections C, D) https://wisconsindot.gov/rdwy/sdd/sd-15-00toc.pdf Drawings and exhibits detailing the installation and layout of pavement markings, signage, and temporary traffic control devices for a variety of scenarios. (See also Appendix F.) Wisconsin 2020 Standard Specifications Section 649 - Temporary Pavement Marking https://wisconsindot.gov/rdwy/stndspec/ss-06-49.pdf Temporary pavement markings can be paint, epoxy, or raised. (See also Appendix E.)

Q12. Has your agency used or developed any documented policies, procedures, specifications, standards, or guidelines for the following topics related to installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones? If you answered “yes” to any of the topics in question 12, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Wyoming Standard Plans http://www.dot.state.wy.us/home/engineering_technic al_programs/manuals_publications/standardplans/St andard_Plans.html Drawings providing standards, notations, and layouts for temporary traffic control devices. (See also Appendix F.) Wyoming Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Section 703.4.8) http://www.dot.state.wy.us/home/engineering_technic al_programs/manuals_publications/2010_Standard_ Specifications.html Temporary pavement markings can be paint, tape, or raised markers, and should be in-place at the end of each workday. All existing conflicting markings should be removed or covered with nonreflective tape before installing temporary pavement markings. (See also Appendix E.)

204 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-31. Individual DOT responses to Question 13. Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as the basis of payment? Respondents Installation of Temporary Pavement Markings Maintenance of Temporary Pavement Markings Removal of Temporary or Permanent Pavement Markings Alabama Measured Pay Item Other Measured Pay Item Alaska Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Arizona Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Arkansas Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item California Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Colorado Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Connecticut Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Delaware Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item District of Columbia Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Florida Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Georgia Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Hawaii No Direct Payment No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Idaho Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Illinois Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Indiana Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Iowa Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Kansas Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Kentucky Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Other Louisiana Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Maine Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Maryland Measured Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Measured Pay Item Massachusetts Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Michigan Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Minnesota Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Mississippi Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item

Individual Survey Responses 205   Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as the basis of payment? Respondents Installation of Temporary Pavement Markings Maintenance of Temporary Pavement Markings Removal of Temporary or Permanent Pavement Markings Missouri Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Montana No Direct Payment No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Nebraska Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Nevada Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item New Hampshire Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item New Jersey Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item New Mexico Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item New York Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item North Carolina No Direct Payment No Direct Payment No Direct Payment North Dakota Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Ohio Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Oklahoma Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Oregon Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Pennsylvania Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Rhode Island Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item South Carolina Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item South Dakota Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment No Direct Payment Tennessee Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Texas Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Utah Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Vermont Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Measured Pay Item Virginia Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Washington Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment No Direct Payment West Virginia Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Measured Pay Item Wisconsin Measured Pay Item No Direct Payment Other Wyoming Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item Lump Sum Pay Item

206 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-32. Comments for Question 13. Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Comments: See Section 646.12 (Vermont Standard Specifications) Removal of Existing Pavement Markings. Same comment as previously submitted. See Section 627 (Colorado Standard Specifications). See links to two items in response to Question 11. For design–build projects where the majority of this applies, there's no direct payment since it’s a lump sum project. However, for bid/build projects, each of these would have a line item, except Maintenance of Markings. The contractor is required to maintain the markings and has to factor that into the cost of the installation. Pay item for removal of existing markings for work zone applications. Installation and removal of markings is per measured pay item. We do not pay for maintenance of temporary markings per 850.24 of our standard specifications. Section 713 Louisiana Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges See 808.18 of INDOT's Standard Specifications. We pay per LF for temp paint and tape. We also pay for the maintenance of the applied paint or tape. Removal is also paid in some instances; some instances it is incidental to the item. Basis of payment is found in Illinois Standard Specifications Sections 703 and 783. Removal of temporary or permanent pavement markings—some Contracts have measured pay items and some contracts removal is incidental to traffic control. Maintenance is covered with the bid item in the specifications that also covers installation. Maintenance of temp markings is sometimes paid for but usually is subsidiary. Removal is included in the temporary marking bid item. See our Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications. See Section 512.03K for temporary markings and Section 512.04 for pay items. New York State DOT's Standard Specifications, Section 619 Special Provision 150 uploaded which contains temporary requirements and payment information.

Table C-33. DOT resources submitted in response to Question 13. Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Please provide URL(s) for any supporting documents pertaining to basis of payment for these activities in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Alaska Searchable Northern Region Contracts http://dot.state.ak.us/nreg/contracts/ Various documents, such as standard modifications and special provisions, but does not appear to include information on temporary pavement markings. Colorado 2019 Standard Specifications Book - Division 600 Miscellaneous Construction (Section 627.13) https://www.codot.gov/business/designsu pport/cdot-construction- specifications/2019-construction- specifications/2019-specs-book/2019- division-600/view Paint and epoxy markings are charged by the gallon. Plastic, thermoplastic, and tape are charged by the square foot. Raised markers are charged individually. (See also Appendix E.) Delaware Striping Item Usage Guidelines https://deldot.gov/Business/drc/pd_files/pl an_development/striping_items_guideline s_2016specs.pdf Reference table for types of markings to be used in a variety of roadway stages and conditions. Tape is to be used in place of paint on final surface when not part of the final marking configuration. Blackout tape is only used for temporary masking. Units of measurement are shown in the table. Georgia Special Provision Section 150 - Traffic Control - Line markings are charged by the mile, and raised markers are charged individually. Removal of existing signs and overheads are charged individually.

Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Please provide URL(s) for any supporting documents pertaining to basis of payment for these activities in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Illinois Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Sections 703.07, 783.06) http://www.idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads /files/Doing-Business/Manuals-Guides-&- Handbooks/Highways/Construction/Stand ard- Specifications/Standard%20Specifications %20for%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20 Construction%202016.pdf Line markings are charged by the foot and raised markers are charged individually, while words and symbols are charged by the square foot. Pavement marking removal is charged by the square foot, and raised marker removal is charged individually. (See also Appendix E.) Indiana Standard Specifications (Section 808.13) https://www.in.gov/dot/div/contracts/stand ards/book/sep19/2020%20INDOT%20Sta ndard%20Specifications.pdf Line markings, curb markings, and grooving are charged by the foot. Raised pavement markings are charged individually. Line marking removal is charged by the foot, while message marking removal is charged by the square yard. (See also Appendix E.) Louisiana Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges Part VII - Incidental Construction (Section 713.12) http://wwwsp.dotd.la.gov/Inside_LaDOTD/ Divisions/Engineering/Standard_Specifica tions/Standard%20Specifications/2016%2 0Standard%20Specifications%20for%20R oads%20and%20Bridges%20Manual/11 %20-%202016%20-%20Part%20VII%20- %20Incidental%20Construction.pdf Pavement markings are charged by the foot, while raised markers, legends, and symbols are charged individually. Barriers are charged individually, while signs are charged as a lump sum. (See also Appendix E.) Massachusetts Standard Specifications for Highways and Bridges (Section 850.81) https://www.mass.gov/doc/2020-standard- specifications-for-highways-and- bridges/download Temporary markings are charged by the foot, and their removal is charged by the square foot. Raised markers installation and removal are both charged individually. (See also Appendix E.)

Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Please provide URL(s) for any supporting documents pertaining to basis of payment for these activities in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Missouri Engineering Policy Guide - Construction Inspection for Section 620 (Section 620.12.2.4) http://epg.modot.org/index.php/620.12_C onstruction_Inspection_for_Sec_620 Payment will be withheld for 60 days, on average, so that retroreflectivity of markings can be collected/received and processed. Immediate partial payment is available for contractors with an acceptable work history with the state. (See also Appendix D.) New Mexico Standard Specifications for Highway and Bridge Construction (Sections 704.5, 721.5) https://dot.state.nm.us/content/dam/nmdot /Plans_Specs_Estimates/2019_Specs.pdf Painted markings are charged by the foot. Words, arrows, and symbols are charged individually. Pavement marking removal is charged by the foot, and symbol removal is charged individually. (See also Appendix E.) New York Standard Specifications (Section 619-5) https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/business- center/engineering/specifications/english- spec- repository/2020_5_specs_usc_tc_vol3.pdf Basic work zone traffic control is charged as a lump sum. Line marking covering, installation, and removal are each charged by the foot. Covering, installation, and removal of symbols or lettering are charged individually. (See also Appendix E.) Ohio Construction and Material Specifications (Section 641.13) http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Const ructionMgt/OnlineDocs/Specifications/201 9CMS/2019_CMS_01172020_for_web_le tter_size.pdf Edge, lane, and centerline installation and removal are charged by the mile, while detail line installation and removal are charged by the foot. Symbol, word, and arrow installation and removal are charged individually. (See also Appendix E.)

Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Please provide URL(s) for any supporting documents pertaining to basis of payment for these activities in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Tennessee Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction (Sections 716.09) https://www.tn.gov/tdot/tdot-construction- division/transportation-construction- division-resources/transportation- construction-2015-standard- specifications.html Line marking installation and removal are charged by the foot, while raised marker installation and removal are charged individually. Channelization striping is charged by the square yard. (See also Appendix E.) Texas Standard Specifications Item 662 - Work Zone Pavement Markings ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/s66 2.pdf Pavement markings will be charged at the unit bid price. Payment includes all materials, tools, labor, and incidentals for the removal, as well as all stages of work zone pavement markings preceding final markings, including application, maintenance, and removal. (See also Appendix E.) Texas Standard Specifications Item 677 - Eliminating Existing Pavement Markings and Markers ftp://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot- info/cmd/cserve/specs/2014/standard/s67 7.pdf Pavement marking removal will be charged at the unit bid price. Payment includes all materials, tools, labor, and incidentals for the removal. (See also Appendix E.) Vermont Standard Specifications for Construction (Index) https://outside.vermont.gov/agency/VTRA NS/external/docs/construction/02ConstrS erv/PreContract/2018SpecBook/2018%20 Standard%20Specifications%20for%20Co nstruction.pdf Alphabetical index of pay items. Line markings, painted curbs or islands, and pavement masking are charged by the foot. Lettering, symbols, and raised markers are charged individually. (See also Appendix E.)

Q13. For each of the work zone activities below, what method does your agency use most frequently as basis of payment? Please provide URL(s) for any supporting documents pertaining to basis of payment for these activities in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if available Summary of Resource Virginia Road and Bridge Specifications (Section 512.04) http://www.virginiadot.org/business/resour ces/const/VDOT_2016_RB_Specs.pdf Temporary line markings are charged by the foot, while message markings and raised markers are charged individually. Removal of temporary markings is charged by the foot for line markings, and by the square foot for nonlinear markings. (See also Appendix E.) Wisconsin Standard Specifications (Section 649.5) https://wisconsindot.gov/rdwy/stndspec/ss -06-49.pdf Line markings and masking tape are charged by the foot. Arrows, words, and raised markers are charged individually. This payment includes installation, maintenance, and removal. (See also Appendix E.)

212 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-34. Individual DOT responses to Question 14. Q14. Has your agency completed any performance evaluations of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones? Respondent ResponseText Alabama Yes Alaska No Arizona No Arkansas No California No Colorado No Connecticut No Delaware No District of Columbia No Florida No Georgia No Hawaii No Idaho No Illinois No Indiana Yes Iowa No Kansas Yes Kentucky No Louisiana No Maine No Maryland Yes Massachusetts No Michigan Yes Minnesota No Mississippi - Missouri Yes Montana No

Individual Survey Responses 213   Q14. Has your agency completed any performance evaluations of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones? Respondent ResponseText Nebraska No Nevada No New Hampshire No New Jersey No New Mexico No New York No North Carolina No North Dakota No Ohio Yes Oklahoma No Oregon No Pennsylvania No Rhode Island No South Carolina No South Dakota No Tennessee No Texas No Utah No Vermont No Virginia No Washington Yes West Virginia No Wisconsin No Wyoming No

214 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-35. Comments for Question 14. Q14. Has your agency completed any performance evaluations of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones? Comments: Our DOT has an approved materials list for temporary pavement marking tape, Type I (removable). We are currently in the process of developing a process guide. I would guess the central office and Materials and Tests sections have evaluated this over the years but do not have a specific document link. Blackout tape testing and grinding testing; not sure if there are official evaluation documents for either though. No, but we've seen enough poor performance of traditional line removal applications to know it's not very good....and that's saying it nicely. The ability to correctly remove pavement markings with the appropriate equipment is possible....however, with a low bid system, the selected low bid contractors rarely possess the appropriate equipment to successfully remove the markings without creating a fiasco in the work zone. We are currently working with 3M and Brite-Line on updated temporary tape. This is an increased scrim to improve the removability. We have not yet completed a formal study but are switching all freeway projects to the new tape and increasing the width to 6" in all work zones with 12" gore markings. A few sample projects last year showed a 4x improvement in the removal rates and minimal tearing of the tape. Less worker exposure due to the tape coming up and not breaking off into small sections. Please contact me if you would like more info on this tape and our pilot projects moving forward. This upcoming construction season we will be looking at water blasting and temporary tape for marking removal. Contact our pavement marking specialist.

Table C-36. DOT resources submitted in response to Question 14. Q14. Has your agency completed any performance evaluations of temporary pavement markings or methods to remove or cover existing pavement markings in work zones? If you answered “yes” to question 14, please provide URL(s) for supporting documents in the box below, upload files, or email files to brownhen@missouri.edu Respondent Resource Description URL, if Available Summary of Resource Indiana Qualified Materials Lists and Certified Source Lists (Sections 923.01) https://www.in.gov/indot/div/mt/appmat/appmat.htm Reference sheet of acceptable materials and sources for Type 1 pavement marking tape. Two black tape options from 3M or Brite-Line are approved for masking existing pavement markings. Washington FHWA Form 1446A Construction Inspection Report (Project No. 7030) - FHWA performance review of 3M Stamark Wet Reflective Removable Pavement Marking Tape Series 780 for SR-502 widening project.

216 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-37. Individual DOT responses to Question 15. Q15. Please indicate below the estimated percentage (or mileage) of pavement by type for roadways under your agency’s jurisdiction. Respondent Asphalt Concrete Other Alabama - - - Alaska 100% - - Arizona 95% 5% - Arkansas - - - California - - - Colorado 91% 9% - Connecticut 99% (9,753 miles) 1% (86 miles) - Delaware 90% 10% - District of Columbia - - - Florida 97% 3% - Georgia - - - Hawaii - - - Idaho 92% 8% - Illinois 50% 30% 20% Indiana 85% 15% 0% Iowa 70% (6,701 miles) 30% (2,897 miles) - Kansas ? ? - Kentucky - - - Louisiana 75% 25% - Maine 100% 0% - Maryland 95% 5% - Massachusetts 97% 3% - Michigan ? ? ? Minnesota 89% 11% 0% Mississippi - - - Missouri 80% 20% - Montana 95% - 5% Nebraska 87.41% (8,692.4 miles) 12.18% (1,211.58 miles) 0.41% (40.70 miles)

Individual Survey Responses 217   Q15. Please indicate below the estimated percentage (or mileage) of pavement by type for roadways under your agency’s jurisdiction. Respondent Asphalt Concrete Other Nevada 90% 10% - New Hampshire 99% <1% <1% New Jersey - - - New Mexico 98% 2% - New York 34% 5% 61% North Carolina 90% (72,000 miles) 10% (8,000 miles) - North Dakota 90% 10% - Ohio 42,131 1,385 37 Oklahoma - - - Oregon 90% 9% 1% Pennsylvania - - - Rhode Island 99% 1% - South Carolina 40,582 277 - South Dakota 78% 22% - Tennessee 97% 3% - Texas 90% 10% - Utah - - - Vermont 99.9% 0.1% - Virginia 70% 30% - Washington 49.1% 13.1% 37.8% West Virginia - - - Wisconsin - - 40,000 Wyoming - - -

218 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-38. Comments for Question 15. Q15. Please indicate below the estimated percentage (or mileage) of pavement by type for roadways under your agency’s jurisdiction. (You may want to check the HPMS annual report where this information might be available.) Comments: Based on centerline miles of state roadways. Rough estimate. Total mileage 15,140. Other 61%: Asphalt overlay over concrete. This is a very rough estimate. We have 40,000 marking miles on the state system. Outside of the select number of bridge decks and viaducts that are concrete pavement, the majority of our tunnel system within the Boston Metropolitan Highway System has a micro-silica surface. Other pavement is chip seal, cape seal, and microseal. Typically used as pavement preservation techniques on lower volume roads. Central office will have to answer this...I have no idea. Information not available. Statistics are as of Dec. 31, 2018. The percentages above are approximate. We do have a gravel state highway but I assume the mileage would constitute less than 1%. The guys who have this information are out of the office; I can send it later. Other is chip seal surfacing. I have asked someone else to answer this question; waiting [for] reply. NOTE: HPMS = Highway Performance Maintenance System.

Individual Survey Responses 219   Table C-39. Individual DOT responses to Question 16. Q16. The synthesis will also include case examples demonstrating agency practices for installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones. The development of the case examples will require an additional follow- up interview. Agencies participating in the case examples will be provided with an opportunity to review the case example write-up. The estimated time commitment for your agency for the case example is 1 to 1.5 hours for the follow-up interview and 1 hour to review the write-up. Would your agency be interested in participating in a case example? Respondent ResponseText Alabama Yes Alaska No Arizona Yes Arkansas No California No Colorado Yes Connecticut No Delaware No District of Columbia No Florida Yes Georgia Yes Hawaii No Idaho Yes Illinois Yes Indiana Yes Iowa Yes Kansas No Kentucky No Louisiana No Maine Yes Maryland Yes Massachusetts No Michigan Yes

220 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Q16. The synthesis will also include case examples demonstrating agency practices for installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones. The development of the case examples will require an additional follow- up interview. Agencies participating in the case examples will be provided with an opportunity to review the case example write-up. The estimated time commitment for your agency for the case example is 1 to 1.5 hours for the follow-up interview and 1 hour to review the write-up. Would your agency be interested in participating in a case example? Respondent ResponseText Minnesota No Mississippi - Missouri Yes Montana No Nebraska No Nevada No New Hampshire No New Jersey No New Mexico No New York No North Carolina Yes North Dakota No Ohio No Oklahoma No Oregon Yes Pennsylvania No Rhode Island No South Carolina No South Dakota No Tennessee No Texas No Utah No Vermont No Virginia No

Individual Survey Responses 221   Q16. The synthesis will also include case examples demonstrating agency practices for installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones. The development of the case examples will require an additional follow- up interview. Agencies participating in the case examples will be provided with an opportunity to review the case example write-up. The estimated time commitment for your agency for the case example is 1 to 1.5 hours for the follow-up interview and 1 hour to review the write-up. Would your agency be interested in participating in a case example? Respondent ResponseText Washington No West Virginia No Wisconsin Yes Wyoming No

222 Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones Table C-40. Comments for Question 16. Q16. The synthesis will also include case examples demonstrating agency practices for installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones. The development of the case examples will require an additional follow-up interview. Agencies participating in the case examples will be provided with an opportunity to review the case example write-up. The estimated time commitment for your agency for the case example is 1 to 1.5 hours for the follow-up interview and 1 hour to review the write-up. Would your agency be interested in participating in a case example? Comments: I-40 Burke County (completed) I-95 Cumberland/Harnett Counties (Early Spring 2020) I-485 Mecklenburg County (February 2020) I-40/I-77 Iredell County (March 2020) The Jane Byrne Interchange reconstruction project in Chicago, IL, is currently 2/3 complete, and involved many staging changes. At this time we do not have a location, but we may be able to help locate future projects. All of our freeway projects will have new 6" tape and any one can be used. Interstate 84 Our DOT only began allowing the use of black tape in work zones in the past few years. The black tape has its own pay items (temporary markings are paid for by color) so it would be possible to track projects where it has been used or where it will be used. To be determined with districts. I-5 Woodburn Salem Paving Project; freeway Our Construction and Materials Bureau would be able to identify projects for review. Depending on time frame a project can be found to view work. Our DOT has a lot of projects progressing. Location dependent on what scenario you are looking for. I-25 and I-70; we have many various projects with both types of pavements. Central office will be the lead on this but I assume would be willing to participate.

Individual Survey Responses 223   Table C-41. Comments for Question 17. Q17. Please provide any additional comments that you have regarding installation of temporary pavement markings and pavement marking removal in work zones. Comments: Our greatest technical challenge with temporary pavement markings is chip seal, cape seal, and microsurfacing techniques. We haven't found markings that stick to them—tape does not adhere and paint disappears due to the emulsion drying. Our best solution at present is to place temporary "tab" markings on the existing pavement with protective covers and remove the covers after the surface treatment is applied. Costs range from $4K to $7K per mile with heavy tab use to emulate no-passing zone striping. Does anyone else have a better solution? We are just getting into trying to find an alternative to traditional temporary paint in the work zone and will be interested to see if other cold-weather states have been successful with other materials. Project duration is a big factor when considering the type of temporary pavement marking we use. This survey was composed of compiled responses from both the Maintenance of Traffic Engineer and the Signing and Striping Engineer. The following are topics that frequently come up that would be great if your report could address: 1) Always looking for new solutions to be able to put down pavement markings during winter that will last the season (late phase changes, emergency repairs, etc.). 2) How best to remove a line without leaving the line or a residual shadow line. This is important in general but even more so when we consider connected vehicles/autonomous vehicles. 3) How to temporarily remove/fill and then install/unfill rumbles on a rumble stripe. This is a little different than the other items asked about in the survey because the issue is the rumble, not necessarily the pavement marking. Although we've required performance pavement markings and pattern masking for the past 2-3 years, we're just now getting a good handle of their performance. It's taken awhile to "dial it in" and we're still learning about each of these applications on each project. It's the knowledge gained from the previous projects that allows us to revise the specifications to make this more successful. Starting in 2021 we will be changing all temp markings to 6" and 12" gores in work zones. Our DOT also uses a lead and lag tail before shifts. This is a 300' (freeway) 150' (non-freeway) solid straight line before moving the line. This addition has increased the visibility of the shift in times of sun glare. I don't know if anyone else is doing this but I think this should be considered on all projects. We did use an 8" marking for this but are reducing it to 6" so we are using only one width, and studies have shown an improvement from 4” to 6” but not as much benefit from 6” to 8”. Since this was a DOT enhancement we determined going from 8” to 6” wouldn't decrease the visibility. None Retroreflectivity of the pavement markings is always a major focus area for nighttime work zone reviews. We use epoxy in cold weather situations.

Next: Appendix D - Summary of DOT Guidance for Temporary Pavement Markings and Pavement Marking Removal »
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Agencies must consider many factors, such as work zone duration and weather conditions, in selecting appropriate pavement marking materials to effectively guide drivers through work zones.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 574: Temporary Pavement Markings Placement and Removal Practices in Work Zones addresses the need for more knowledge on which different types of temporary markings are suitable for specific conditions.

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