TABLE C.1 Reported Concentrations of UV Filters in Water (ng/l for organic and μg/L for inorganic)
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bargar et al., 2015 | Trunk Bay, USVI | 6,073 | 1,413 | ND | ||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Hawksnest Bay, USVI | > 1,000; < 10,000 | > 100; < 1,000 | ND | ||
Downs et al., 2021 | Hanauma Bay, HI | 30–27,880 with 40% > 1,000 | ||||
Tsui et al., 2014b | Hong Kong Harbor | 39–5,429 | 54–389 | 66–2,812 | 103–6,812 | 61–1,030 |
Bratkovics et al., 2015 | Fishing Pier at Folly Beach area, SC | 39–5,429 | ND | ND–3,730; summer average = 2,016 | ||
Díaz-Cruz et al., 2019 | Evrotas River (Greece) | < 0.2–2,031 | ND | |||
Bratkovics and Sapozhnikova, 2011 | Wash Out Beach at Folly Beach, SC | ND–1,766; summer average = 787 | ND | ND–1,375; summer average = 745 | ||
Downs et al., 2016 | Trunk Bay, USVI | 580,000–1,395,000 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Wanlitong Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 1,233 | ||||
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Sorobon, Bonaire August 2018 | 1,540 | 810 | |||
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Tropical Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 2.2–1,258 | 0.8–214 | 0.5–50 | ND–2.1 | |
Bratkovics et al., 2015 | County Park and beach on Folly Island, SC | ND–2,126; summer average = 1,264 | ND | ND–1,060; summer average = 878 | ||
Tarazona et al., 2010 | 3 beaches on Mediterranean coast of Spain in summer | 1,340–3,300 | ||||
Downs et al., 2016 | Hawknest Bay, USVI | 75,000–95,000 | ||||
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AM | 91.0 (median); 12.7–2,675.7 | 4.85; < 1.3–163.5 | 24.3; < 2.4–319.0 | 160.4 (median); 30.7–766.7 | |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MG | 343.2 (median); 54.2–3,316.7 | 29.6 (median); < 4.2–144.4 | 151.7 (median); 10.8–526.1 | 497.8 (median); 37.8–1,324.9 | |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Cinnamon Bay, USVI | > 100; < 1,000 | ND–100 | ND | ||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Maho Bay, USVI | > 100; < 1,000 | > 10–< 100 | ND |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
41 | ND | ||||||
> 10; < 100 | ND | ||||||
89–4,043 | 24–721 | 64–117 | 95–182 | ||||
ND–438; summer average = 166 | ND–1,298; summer average = 597 | ND | ND–191; summer average = 110 | 0.5–7,806 | |||
ND | up to 25.1 | ||||||
ND–172; summer average = 108 | ND–366; summer average = 235 | ND | ND–1.55; summer average = ND | Maximum = 3,634; average = 530 | |||
ND | |||||||
ND–32 ND–154; summer average = 44 | ND–303; summer average = 173 | ND | ND ND | Maximum = 3,093; average = 160 | |||
ND | |||||||
10.5 (median); < 1.6–276.8 | 65.5 (median); < 6.7–792.0 | ||||||
57.2 (median); < 5.2–260.2 | 422.6 (median); 19.8–1770.3 | ||||||
~10 | ND | ||||||
ND–~10 | ND |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee Blaney, 2021 Presentation to Committee | Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | ~50–~125 | ~10–~25 | ~25–~50 | ||
Lee Blaney, 2021 Presentation to Committee | Lower Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay, MD | ~50–~150 | ~100–~200 | ~10–~50 | ||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Anse Beach, Grenda | 123 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Houwan Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 566 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Houbiu Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 118 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | South Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 230 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Small Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 216 | ||||
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Sandvika Beach, Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations | 13.4–439.9 | 65.3–7,301 | |||
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Huk Beach, near Oslo Norway | 5.4–32.1 | ND–63.2 | |||
O’Malley et al., 2021 | Enogerra Reservoir, Australia based on bar charts and reported values | ~200–~700 | ND (not commonly used in Australia) | 1,380–4,660 | Present at low levels | |
Tsui et al., 2014b | New York City including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges | 23–178 | 89–574 | 91–114 | 117–128 | ND |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Los Angeles at Huntington Beach | 227–601 | ND | 142–270 | 145–377 | 53–120 |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Shantou, China at beach | 55–188 | ND | ND | 75–107 | ND |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Chao Phraya River at Bangkok, Thailand | 86–116 | 89–95 | 29–59 | 153–205 | 28–56 |
Li et al., 2018 | Popular beaches along coastline of Shenzhen, China | ND–172 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND–~150 | |||||||
~10–~25 | |||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
60.4–389.9 | |||||||
38.6–159.2 | |||||||
Present at low levels | 424–1,130 | Present at low levels | 2,550–7,330 | ||||
89–150 | 70–87 | 72–92 | ND | ||||
91–138 | 67–109 | 29–96 | ND | ||||
52–78 | 53–100 | ND | ND | ||||
88–95 | 36–38 | 63–71 | ND | ||||
ND–89 | ND–69 | ND–10.1 | ND–644 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach PR | 238.7 (median); 32.8–979.8 | 14.7 (median); < 4.2–228.7 | 60.6 (median); 9.2–536.2 | 374.5 (median); 61.2–973.1 | |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Emerald Beach, Okinawa, Japan | ND–141 | ND–34 | 0.2–78 | ND–10 | |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Sunset Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 10–448 | 0.6–87 | 0.5–27 | ND–3.3 | |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 0.5–428 | 0.6–67 | 2.3–79 | ND–2.1 | |
Grabicova et al., 2013 | Recreational ponds in Czech Republic | 21–550 | 4–46 | |||
Tovar-Sánchez, 2013 | Popular beaches on Majorca Island, Spain, sampled 2 days in August | 76–155 with max at 1 beach of 400 at midday to afternoon | ||||
Bratkovics et al., 2015 | Coast Guard Stations Estuarine Research Reserve, SC | ND–467: summer average = 2332 | ND–311; summer average = 162 | |||
Nguyen et al., 2011 | 3 locations along the Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June –August 2010 | ND–118 | ||||
He et al., 2019a | Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 52.7–113.7 | 71.9–187.9 | 24.5–43.7 | ||
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach Hawaii Nearshore | 8.8–142.7 | 93.7–686.6 | 0.3–29.1 | 39.1–66 | |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach Hawaii–offshore | 9.4–73.1 | 107.3–192.0 | 2.7–8.6 | 43.1–79.1 | |
Bratkovics et al., 2015 | Myrtle Beach, SC | ND–575; summer average = 329 | ND | ND–382; summer average = 261 | ||
Bratkovics et al., 2015 | North Inlet National Estuarine Research Reserve, SC | ND–138; summer average = 34 | ND | ND–77; summer average = 26 | ||
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AL | 3.7 (median); < 1.4–158.0 | < 1.3 (median); < 1.3–34.7 | < 2.4(median); < 2.4–84.8 | 20.9 (median); < 2.8–183.2 | |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach CA | 9.6 (median); < 1.4–182.6 | < 1.3 (median); < 1.3–176.3 | < 2.4 (median); < 2.4–102.2 | 52.7 (median); < 2.8–768.5 | |
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013 | Llobregat River, NE Spain for 5 samples in 2011 | ND–37.8 | 30.4–862 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
71.0 (median); < 1.6–756.4 | 307.5 (median); 35.6–1,163.2 | ||||||
ND–143 | ND–0.6 | ||||||
0.1–14 | ND–0.8 | ||||||
ND–25 | ND | ||||||
24–930 | |||||||
ND | 1 (but higher in surface micro-layer) | ||||||
ND–235; summer average = 37 | ND–138; summer average = 69 | ND | ND–28; summer average = 9 | Maximum = 744; average = 192 | |||
ND–83 | |||||||
21.0–28.9 | |||||||
ND–1.5 | ND | 0.1–4.5 | 184.8–791.5 | ||||
ND | ND | 2–12.4 | 187.6–298.6 | ||||
ND–35; summer average = 12 | ND–425; summer average = 160 | ND | ND–104; summer average is 35 | Maximum = 1,287; average = 327 | |||
ND–140; summer average = 55 | ND–158; summer average = 71 | ND | ND–77; summer average = 28 | Maximum = 554; average = 118 | |||
< 5.2 (median); < 1.6–65.4 | < 6.7 (median); < 2.0–314.3 | ||||||
7.3 (median); < 1.6–109.9 | 23.5 (median); < 2.0–737.1 | ||||||
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pedrouzo et al., 2010 | 3 rivers in Catalonia, Spain; part of methods development | 6–28 | ND | |||
Wick et al., 2010 | sampling in 2 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September; streams are tributaries to the Main River in Germany | ND–47 | 332–1,980 | |||
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Greifensee, Switzerland | surface 20–30 | surface < 2–5 | |||
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Hüttnersee, Switzerland | surface 23–35 | < 2 | |||
Tsui et al., 2014b | Tokyo Bay | 24–86 | 71–136 | 65–110 | 87–108 | 71–95 |
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Near offshore WWTP outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July | ND–15.5 | ND–31.2 | |||
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Open waters of fjord off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July | 5.4–32.1 | ND–63.2 | |||
Li et al., 2018 | Less popular or undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline | ND–28.7 | ||||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Leinster Bay, USVI | ND–< 100 | ND–< 100 | ND | ||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Brown Bay, USVI | 1.6–133 | 53–633.5 | ND | ||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Great Lameshure Bay, USVI | ND–< 100 | ND–< 100 | ND | ||
da Silva et al., 2015 | Tieta River at Jau Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling | ND–24 | ND–208 | ND | ||
Downs et al., 2016 | Maunalua Bay, Oahu, HI | > 100–19,200 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | |||||||
1,310–3,240 | |||||||
Surface < 2 | |||||||
surface 3–5 | |||||||
46–95 | 78–104 | 76–96 | ND | ||||
164.1–189.3 | |||||||
38.6–159.2 | |||||||
ND–53 | ND–49 | ND–7.6 | ND–67 | ||||
ND–~10 | ND | ||||||
15–20 | ND | ||||||
> 10; < 100 | ND | ||||||
ND–755 | |||||||
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ekpeghere et al., 2016 | Rivers in South Korea determined from box plots. Rivers include Nakdong River (9 sites), Guemho River (1 site) and Nam River (1 site) | ~5–~50 | ~30–~150 | |||
Tsui et al., 2014b | Chaozhou, China at beach | 37–49 | ND–49 | ND | 36–102 | 121–128 |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea | 17–33 | ND | ND | 26–31 | ND |
Fent et al., 2010 | River Glatt below a WWTP, Switzerland | 56 and 68 | ||||
He et al., 2019a | Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 52–96 | 15.5–22.2 | 21.6–42.4 | ||
Emnet et al., 2015 | Erubus Bay near a research station, Antarctica | 2.6–88.4 | ||||
He et al., 2019a | Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay,MD | 40.4–59.3 | 78.4–99.8 | 11.9–20.6 | ||
He et al., 2019a | Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay,MD | 31.1–32 | 78.4–91.3 | 12.0–13.3 | ||
Kung et al., 2018 | Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 41.4 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Scichong River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 45.4 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 23 | ||||
Kung et al., 2018 | Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 18.8 | ||||
Labille et al., 2020b | 3 beaches along French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day) | < 1–78 | < 5–420 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
~20–~250 | |||||||
ND–79 | ND | ND | |||||
25–66 | 18–70 | 2–3.3 | |||||
6 | |||||||
ND–115.0 | |||||||
12.0–21.4 | |||||||
7.6–18.6 | |||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
ND | |||||||
< 5–8.8 | < 5–309 | < 8 | 3.6–541 | ND–11.9 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labille et al., 2020b | 3 beaches along French Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day) | < 1–26.7 | < 5–141.6 | |||
Dominguez-Morueco et al., 2021 | Northern Atlantic Peninsula | ND–59 | ||||
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008a,b | River Taff (South Wales) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007 | ND–44 | ND–371 | |||
Kameda et al., 2011 | Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 | ND–41 | ND–29 | ND–9 | ND–38 | |
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013 | Undeveloped coastal location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September | 36 | ||||
Wu et al., 2013 | 2 rivers in northern Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater | 12.3–15.4 | ND | ND–10.6 | ||
Rodil et al., 2008a | 2 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in June 2007 | 27–55 | ND–4 | 126–250 | 51 | |
Rodil et al., 2008a | 2 rivers around Leipzig Germany in May 2007 | ND–30 | ND–5 | ND–16 | ND | |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 25.8 (wet); 29.1 (dry) | 13.1 (wet); ND (dry) |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 5 | < 5–48.1 | < 8 | 4.7–5.9 | ND–3.7 | |||
ND–1,040 | ND–2 | ||||||
ND | |||||||
20–33 | 2–5 | ||||||
ND–21 | ND–3 | ||||||
ND | ND |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sharp Island, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 24.4 (wet); 31.7 (dry) | 9.7 (wet); ND (dry) | |||
Tsui et al., 2017 | Wu Pai, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 13.9 (wet); 13.8 (dry) | 11.9 (wet); ND (dry) | |||
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 13.2 (wet) | 8.9 (wet); ND (dry) | |||
Grabicova et al., 2013 | Rivers with pollution in Czech Republic | 16–67 | 4.6–390 | |||
da Silva et al., 2015 | Araraquara or Tietje Rivers at Araraquara, Brazil (river water intake) monthly sampling over 1 year | ND–38 | ND | ND | ||
da Silva et al., 2015 | Tiete River at Bauru (river water intake) 6 months sampling | ND–28 | ND–188 | ND | ||
da Silva et al., 2015 | Feij≥o River at S≥o Carlos Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling | ND–44 | ND | ND | ||
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Shallow | 4.7–11.3 | ND | ND–2.9 | ND | |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Deep | 0.1–48.1 | ND–457.6 | 0.3–45.5 | ND | |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over1 year at beach MP | 4.6 (median); < 1.4–27.1 | < 1.3 (median); < 1.3–< 4.2 | < 2.4 (median); < 2.4–51.5 | 23.8 (median); < 9.3–359.1 | |
Tsui et al., 2019 | Coastal Hong Kong and adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward) | 2.2–36.7 | 2.9–27.8 | 3.6–41.8 | 2.2–71.9 | 0.8–27.8 |
Fisch et al., 2017 | Rivers draining to Baltic and coastline, Germany | ND–11.4 | ND | ND–30.8 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
11–500 | |||||||
ND–65 | |||||||
ND–669 | |||||||
ND–101 | |||||||
ND | ND | 0.1–3.9 | 6.4–15.4 | ||||
ND | ND | 0.1–9.1 | 6.2–467.6 | ||||
< 1.6 (median); < 1.6–16.1 | < 6.7 (median); < 2.0–188.4 | ||||||
3.8–55.6 | ND | ||||||
ND |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008b | River Ely (South Wales, UK) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007 | ND | ND–323 | |||
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Zürichsee, Switzerland | surface 10–20; deep (20 m) 10–11 | surface < 2–~3; deep (20 m) < 2 | |||
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Jörisee, Switzerland | < 2 | < 2 | |||
Allinson et al., 2018 | Three estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Australia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter) | 4.3–7.1 | 2–109 | ND–31.6 | ||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Trunk Bay, USVI at 210 m from shoreline | 2.7 | 116.3 | ND | ||
Wick et al., 2010 | Rhine River in Koblenz, Germany, in March 2008 | ND | 51 | |||
Downs et al., 2016 | Caneel Bay, USVI | ND | ||||
Downs et al., 2016 | Kapalua Bay, Maui, HI | ND | ||||
Downs et al., 2016 | Kahekili Beach, Maui, HI | ND | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Anse Bay, Grenada deep | 7 | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Mal, Grenada surface | 7 | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Mal, Grenada deep | ND | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | True Blue, Grenada surface | ND | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Quarantine Reef, Grenada surface | ND | ||||
Horricks et al., 2019 | Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep | ND |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
surface < 2–7; deep (20 m) < 2 | |||||||
< 2 | |||||||
8.9–640 | ND–0.4 | ||||||
5.8 | ND | ||||||
48 | |||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | |||||||
8 | ND | ||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | ND | ||||||
ND | ND |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–nearshore | 2.6–7.1 | 38.5–119.0 | 0.3–25.4 | 46–121.2 | |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–offshore | 0.1–7.5 | 120.7–456.4 | 0.3–4.2 | 27.5–60.4 | |
Fagervold et al., 2019 | Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France | < 5 | ||||
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Sorobon, Bonaire November, 2018 | < 10 | 160 | |||
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire during August | 10 | < 20 | |||
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Cai Reef, Bonaire | < 10 | < 20 | |||
Li et al., 2018 | Drinking water reservoir in Shenzhen, China | 9.2 | ||||
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan | ND–9 | ND–0.8 | ND–2.5 | ND–1.8 | |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | CR coral reef site 660 m from Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan | ND–0.4 | ND | ND–8.1 | ND–0.6 | |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | BR Reef Site, 520 m from Emerald Bay, Okinawa, Japan | ND–3.8 | ND–3.2 | ND–0.5 | ND–0.1 | |
Rodil et al., 2012 | 6 locations along Mero River in Galicia Spain, samples were collected on several occasions from November 2007 to September 2008 | ND | ND–603 | |||
Barbosa et al., 2018 | Ave River, Portugal | |||||
Barbosa et al., 2018 | Antua River, Portugal | |||||
Barbosa et al., 2018 | Certima River, Portugal | |||||
Barbosa et al., 2018 | Leca River, Portugal | |||||
Gondikas et al., 2014 | Old Danube Recreational Lake, Vienna, Austria |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | ND | ND–0.1 | 108.8–251.1 | ||||
ND–1.5 | ND | 0.1–7.8 | 166.9–534.5 | ||||
14.5 (average for July and August) | |||||||
ND | 29.59 | ND | 161 | ||||
ND–3.9 | ND | ||||||
ND–1.5 | ND | ||||||
ND–2.3 | ND | ||||||
< 10–< 100 | |||||||
ND–168 | |||||||
ND–~225 | |||||||
ND–562 | |||||||
ND–~125 | |||||||
~1–~4 with Ti/Al ratios indicating elevated Ti during the bathing season |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Sulisobenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene | Octisalate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Woodley (unpublished data) | Near-shore waters Buck Island and Salt River Bay, St.Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands | |||||
Woodley (unpublished data) | Popular snorkeling reefs in the Florida Keys during a time of low visitation | |||||
Picot-Groz et al., 2018 | 3 shoreline/beach sites along Gulf of Lion–1 day in July at beginning of tourist season | ND–369 and illustrates diurnal variation | ||||
Sankoda et al., (2015) | 4 beaches in Japan during summer | 4.3–23.1 for mean concentrations | ||||
Sankoda et al., (2015) | 4 beaches in Japan during winter | 2.0–3.8 for mean concentrations | ||||
Total Measurements | 122 | 30 | 46 | 79 | 35 |
Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Ensulizole | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic | Titanium Dioxide (µg/L) | Zinc Oxide(µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1–31 | |||||||
4.1–13.3 | |||||||
ND–106 and illustrates diurnal variation | |||||||
210–1,080 for mean concentrations | |||||||
11–20 for mean concentrations | |||||||
92 | 32 | 36 | 5 | 49 | 16 | 4 | 3 |
TABLE C.2 Spatial Analysis of Oxybenzone Measurements
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group A: Measurements > 1,000 ng/l | ||||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Trunk Bay, USVI | 6,073 | Beach | Swimming beach frequented by tourists |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Hawksnest Bay, USVI | > 1,000; < 10,000 | Beach | Swimming beach frequented by tourists |
Downs et al., 2021 | Hanauma Bay, HI | 30–27,880 with 40% > 1,000 | Beach | At beach within bathing area with high density |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Hong Kong Harbor | 39–5,429 | Beach | Considered highly polluted; highest values associated with a popular beach |
Bratcovics et al., 2015 | Fishing Pier at Folly Beach area, SC | ND–2,203; summer average = 1,533 | Beach | Park with family amenities |
Bratkovics and Sapozhnikova, 2015 | Wash Out Beach at Folly Beach, SC | ND–1,766; summer average = 787 | Beach | Mostly residential popular local beach |
Downs et al., 2016 | Trunk Bay, USVI | 580,000–1,395,000 | Beach | ~180 in water; ~130 on beach at time of sampling |
Kung et al., 2018 | Wanlitong Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event | 1,233 | Beach | Popular beach |
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Sorobon, Bonaire. August | 1,540 | Beach | Higher beach use in August |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Tropical Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 2.2–1,258 | Beach | Popular beach |
Bratcovics et al., 2015 | County Park and beach on Folly Island, SC | ND–2,126; summer average = 1,264 | Beach | Park with family amenities; may receive inputs from adjacent inlet |
Tarazona et al., 2010 | 3 beaches on Mediterranean coast of Spain in summer | 1,340–3,300 | Beach | Popular beach areas in summer months |
Downs et al., 2016 | Hawknest Bay, USVI | 75,000–95,000 | Beach | 230 people on day of sampling |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AM | 91.0 (median); 12.7–2675.7 | Beach | Most touristic activity is focused |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MG | 343.2 (median); 54.2–3316.7 | Beach | Most touristic activity is focused |
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics | ||||
Group B: Measurements 100–999 ng/l | ||||
Bargar et al., 2015 | Cinnamon Bay, USVI | > 100; < 1,000 | Beach | Swimming beach frequented by tourists |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Maho Bay, USVI | > 100; < 1,000 | Beach | Moderate tourist |
Lee Blaney, Presentation to Committee | Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | ~50–~125 | River | Rural watershed |
Lee Blaney, Presentation to Committee | Lower Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay, MD | ~50–~150 | River | Rural watershed |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Along beach; nearshore | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Along beach; nearshore | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 3 | 0 | 0 |
At the beach | Low tidal amplitude in semi-enclosed bay | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Adjacent to sources and receives polluted inflows | Moderate mixing open to sea | 2 | 1 | 0 |
At beach | Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy | 2 | 1 | 0 |
At beach | Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Close proximity to beach and coral reef | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Along beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay but somewhat exposed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Close to beach | Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Close to beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 1 | 0 |
At beach | Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Within swimming area | Exposed to the open sea with low tidal range | |||
Close proximity to beach and coral reef | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 3 | 0 | 0 |
At beach | Semi-enclosed; moderate tides | 3 | 0 | 0 |
At beach | Semi-enclosed; moderate tides | 3 | 0 | 0 |
21 | 3 | 0 | ||
Close to beach | Low tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed to open water | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Close to beach | Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Within watershed with diffuse sources | River flow and low/moderate tide | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Within watershed with diffuse sources | River flow and low/moderate tide | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Anse Beach, Grenda | 123 | Beach | Main tourist beach |
Kung et al., 2018 | Houwan Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event | 566 | Beach | Popular beach |
Kung et al., 2018 | Houbiu Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event | 118 | Beach | Popular beach |
Kung et al., 2018 | South Bay, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent | 230 | Beach | Popular beach |
Kung et al., 2018 | Small Bay, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent | 216 | Beach | Popular beach |
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Sandvika Beach, Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations | 13.4–439.9 | Beach | In bathing area with reported ~200 people (mostly children) at two of the locations |
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Huk Beach, near Oslo Norway | 5.4–32.1 | Beach | No specifics in paper but apears to be a beach with moderate activity |
O’Malley et al., 2021 | Enogerra Reservoir, Australia based on bar charts and reported values | ~200–~700 | Lake (Reservoir) | Recreational reservoir |
Tsui et al., 2014b | New York City including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges | 23–178 | Coastal | Receives discharges from multiple sources |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Los Angeles at Huntington Beach | 227–601 | Beach | Popular beach |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Shantou, China at beach | 55–188 | Beach | Popular beach |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Chao Phraya River at Bangkok, Thailand | 86–116 | River | Large watershed with agricultural and urban inputs as well as effluents |
Li et al., 2018 | Popular beaches along coastline of Shenzhen, China | ND–172 | Beach | Popular beaches |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach PR | 238.7 (median); 32.8–979.8 | Beach | Most touristic activity is focused |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Emerald Beach, Okinawa, Japan | ND–141 | Beach | Popular beach |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Sunset Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 10–448 | Beach | Popular beach |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan | 0.5–428 | Beach | Popular beach |
Grabicova et al., 2013 | Recreational ponds in Czech Republic | 21–550 | Lake (Reservoir | Recreational pond |
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013 | Popular beaches on Majorca Island, Spain, sampled two days in August | 76–155 with max at one beach of 400 at midday to afternoon | Beach | Popular beach in summer |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Near beach | Low tidal amplitude; semi enclosed but open to ocean | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay but more exposed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Within bathing area | Semi-enclosed area with limited flushing | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Within the bathing area | Open to flushing with the fjord, considered in the paper to be a higher energy area than other sampled beach | 1 | 2 | 0 |
At the beach | Low energy | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Adjacent to many diffuse sources including wastewater effluents | Part of this area (Jamaica Bay) is poorly flushed and receives effluent | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Within bathing area | Open to the ocean and higher energy | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Within bathing area | Moderate mixing | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Adjacent and downstream of diffuse sources | Dilution within a large river | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Within bathing area | Exposed to sea and expected to have moderate mixing and transport | 2 | 1 | 0 |
At beach | Semi-enclosed; moderate tides | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Low to moderate tidal amplitude; open to the sea | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Near beach | Pond with long residence time | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Within swimming area | Moderate, semi-enclosed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bratcovics et al., 2015 | Coast Guard Stations Estuarine Research Reserve, SC | ND–467: summer average = 233 | Beach | Some beach use |
Nguyen et al., 2011 | 3 locations along the Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June–August 2010 | ND–118 | Coastal | Not specified but Ligurion Sea is bordered by several cities |
He et al., 2019a | Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 52.7–113.7 | River | Rural watershed |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach Hawaii Nearshore | 8.8–142.7 | Beach | Popular beach area; unclear on number of people |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach Hawaii–offshore | 9.4–73.1 | Coastal | Popular beach area; unclear on number of people |
Bratcovics et al., 2015 | Myrtle Beach, SC | ND–575; summer average = 329 | Beach | Popular beach area; unclear on number of people |
Bratcovics et al., 2015 | North Inlet National Estuarine Research Reserve, SC | ND–138; summer average = 34 | River | Drains watershed |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AL | 3.7 (median); < 1.4–158.0 | Beach | Local community beach |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach CA | 9.6 (median); < 1.4–182.6 | Beach | Local community beach |
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics | ||||
Group C: 10–99 ng/l | ||||
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013 | Llobregat River, NE Spain for 5 samples in 2011 | ND–37.8 | River | Watershed has diffuse sources |
Pedrouzo et al., 2010 | 3 rivers in Catalonia, Spain; part of methods development | 6–28 | River | Rivers drain agricultural and urban areas |
Wick et al., 2010 | Sampling in 2 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September | ND–47 | River | WWTPs upstream |
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Greifensee, Switzerland | surface 20–30 | Lake | Inputs of UV filters are expected; important recreational area |
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Hüttnersee, Switzerland | surface 23–35 | Lake | The number of bathers relative to the lake volume and water throughflow is considered high |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Tokyo Bay | 24–86 | Coastal | Diffuse sources |
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Near offshore WWTP outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July | ND–15.5 | Coastal | Near WWTP outfall located offshore of Oslo Norway |
Langford and Thomas, 2008 | Open waters of fjord off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July | 5.4–32.1 | Coastal | Located in open waters of fjord |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Near beach | Moderate tide and river flow | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Offshore location | Open water with higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Within watershed with diffuse sources | River flow and low/moderate tide | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Bathing area of beach | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Offshore location | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
At beach | Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Represents sources entering the watershed | Moderate tide and river flow | 0 | 3 | 0 |
At beach | Open to ocean; moderate tides | 1 | 1 | 1 |
At beach | Open to ocean; moderate tides | 1 | 1 | 1 |
50 | 41 | 5 | ||
Adjacent and downstream from diffuse sources | Mixing and dilution in large river | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Adjacent and downstream from diffuse sources | Major rivers offering dilution | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Downstream | Some dilution in the streams | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Within recreational waters | High input to volume with P/Q of 0.303 persons/ m3/d | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Remote location but used heavily for recreation | P/Q of 0 people/m3/d; short residence time of ~120 days | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Adjacent to but distant from sources | Moderate flushing | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Various distances from outfall; sampling was at the surface and effluent subject to initial dilution | Deep water high energy area; sampling was near the surface | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Distant from recreational areas and discharges | High energy flushing | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al., 2018 | Less popular or undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline | ND–28.7 | Beach | Less popular beach |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Leinster Bay, USVI | ND–< 100 | Beach | Moderate tourist |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Brown Bay, USVI | 1.6–133 | Beach | Low tourist |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Great Lameshure Bay, USVI | ND–< 100 | Beach | Low tourist |
da Silva et al., 2015 | Tieta River at Jau Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling | ND–24 | River | Pollution is known to exist well upriver but is retained to some extent by reservoirs such as the Barra Bonita Reservoir |
Downs et al., 2016 | Maunalua Bay, Oahu, HI | > 100–19,200 | Beach | Collected within a public swimming area |
Ekpeghere et al., 2016 | Rivers in South Korea determined from box plots. Rivers include Nakdong River (nine sites), Guemho River (one site) and Nam River (one site) | ~5–~50 | River | Paper reports continuous inputs to the rivers |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Chaozhou, China at beach | 37–49 | Beach | Popular beach |
Tsui et al., 2014b | Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea | 17–33 | Coastal | No major direct sources |
Fent et al., 2010 | River Glatt below a WWTP, Switzerland | 56 and 68 | River | River downstream of WWTP |
He et al., 2019a | Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 52–96 | River | Rural watershed |
Emnet et al., 2015 | Erubus Bay near a research station, Antarctica | 2.6–88.4 | Coastal | Remote location but near a research station |
He et al., 2019a | Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 40.4–59.3 | Coastal | Low contact recreation |
He et al., 2019a | Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 31.1–32 | River | Rural watershed |
Kung et al., 2018 | Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent | 41.4 | River | Diffuse, mixed, river flow |
Kung et al., 2018 | Scichong River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 45.4 | River | Diffuse, mixed, river flow |
Kung et al., 2018 | Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 23 | Beach | Popular beach |
Kung et al., 2018 | Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event | 18.8 | Beach | Popular beach |
Labille et al., 2020 | Three beaches along French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day) | < 1–78 | Beach | Active on day of sampling |
Labille et al., 2020 | Three beaches along French Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day) | < 1–26.7 | Beach | Active on day of sampling |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Within bathing areas | Relatively exposed and higher energy | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Close proximity to beach | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Close proximity to beach | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Close proximity to beach | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and upstream sources | One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado (state) so large flow expected | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Close proximity to beach | Low tidal range; open face to ocean | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Adjacent | Mixing and advection in river flow. Nakdong River is one of the longest and largest rivers in South Korea; the other two rivers are among its tributaries | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Within bathing areas | Exposed with higher energy | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Distant from known sources | High energy environment | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Receives point and nonpoint sources | Mixed within small river system: 9 m3/s | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Within watershed with diffuse sources | River flow and low/moderate tide | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Near a research station but relatively remote | Open to the ocean | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Distant from nonpoint sources | Open water | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Within watershed with diffuse sources | River flow and low/moderate tide | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Many sources but sampling is distant from them | River flow with mixing at delta | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Many sources but sampling is distant from them | River flow with mixing at delta | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Near beach | Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Near beach | Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water | 2 | 0 | 1 |
At beach | Open to sea | 2 | 1 | 0 |
At beach | Open to sea | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008a,b | River Taff (South Wales) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007 | ND–44 | River | Water bodies received domestic wastewater |
Kameda et al., 2011 | Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 | ND–41 | River | Water bodies received domestic wastewater |
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013 | Undeveloped coastal location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September | 36 | Coastal | Remote location |
Wu et al., 2013 | 2 rivers in northern Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater | 12.3–15.4 | River | Rivers receive municipal wastewater |
Rodil et al., 2008a | 2 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in June 2007 | 27–55 | Lake | Recreational lakes but early in the season |
Rodil et al., 2008a | 2 rivers around Leipzig Germany in May 2007 | ND–30 | River | Drains agricultural and urban areas |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 25.8 (wet); 29.1 (dry) | Coastal | Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sharp Island, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 24.4 (wet); 31.7 (dry) | Coastal | Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Wu Pai, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 13.9 (wet); 13.8 (dry) | Coastal | Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons | 13.2 (wet) | Coastal | Coral reef adjacent to remote island; low degree of visitation due to strong currents |
Grabicova et al., 2013 | Rivers with pollution in Czech Republic | 16–67 | River | Rivers known to have pollution |
da Silva et al., 2015 | Araraquara or Tietje Rivers at Araraquara, Brazil (river water intake) monthly sampling over 1 y | ND–38 | River | Urban and agricultural development in watershed; no information on recreational use |
da Silva et al., 2015 | Tiete River at Bauru (river water intake) 6 months sampling | ND–28 | River | Pollution is known to exist well upriver but is retained to some extent by reservoirs such as the Barra Bonita Reservoir |
da Silva et al., 2015 | Feij≥o River at S≥o Carlos Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling | ND–44 | River | Urban and agricultural development in watershed; no information on recreational use |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Shallow | 4.7–11.3 | Beach | High impact tourist, scuba and recreation site |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Upstream and downstream | Large river with high dilution from receiving waters | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Downstream | Moderate with dilution from receiving waters | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Remote | Open to the sea | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Downstream | Moderate dilution expected following initial dilution | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Likely in bathing area | Lakes have longer residence times | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Adjacent and down river from diffuse sources | Dilution afforded by the river flow | 0 | 3 | 0 |
At coral reef | Open to ocean; expected higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
At coral reef | Open to ocean; expected higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
At coral reef | Open to ocean; expected higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
At coral reef | Strong currents; high energy environment | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Downstream | Mixed with river flow | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Watershed adjacent to river | Smaller river system | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and upstream sources | One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado (state) so large flow expected | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Drains large watershed | River flow would cause mixing and advection | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Near surface | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Deep | 0.1–48.1 | Coastal | Tourist, scuba and recreation site |
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015 | Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MP | 4.6 (median); < 1.4–27.1 | Beach | Most touristic activity is focused |
Tsui et al., 2019 | Coastal Hong Kong and adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward) | 2.2–36.7 | Coastal | Coastal and open ocean locations |
Fisch et al., 2017 | Rivers draining to Baltic and coastline, Germany | ND–11.4 | River | Rivers known to have pollution |
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics | ||||
Group D: < 10 ng/l | ||||
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008b | River Ely (South Wales, UK) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007 | ND | River | Water bodies received domestic wastewater |
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Zürichsee, Switzerland | Surface 10–20; deep (20 m) 10–11 | Lake | Significant direct and indirect |
Balmer et al., 2005 | Lake Jörisee, Switzerland | < 2 | Lake | Negligible input from watershed or recreation |
Allison et al., 2018 | 3 estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Australia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter) | 4.3–7.1 | River | Small WWRP in upper catchments, urban runoff, recreational use low because of winter |
Bargar et al., 2015 | Trunk Bay, USVI at 210 m from shoreline | 2.7 | Beach | Popular beach but rain kept people away |
Wick et al., 2010 | Rhine River in Koblenz, Germany in March 2008 | ND | River | Diffuse sources along the river |
Downs et al., 2016 | Caneel Bay, USVI | ND | Beach | 17 people on beach over 48h |
Downs et al., 2016 | Kapalua Bay, Maui, HI | ND | Beach | 14 swimmers on day of sampling |
Downs et al., 2016 | Kahekili Beach, Maui, HI | ND | Beach | 71 swimmers within 200 m at time of sampling |
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Anse Bay, Grenada deep | 7 | Coastal | Diving |
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Mal, Grenada surface | 7 | Coastal | Nearer shore |
Horricks et al., 2019 | Grand Mal, Grenada deep | ND | Coastal | Diving |
Horricks et al., 2019 | True Blue, Grenada surface | ND | Beach | Nearer shore |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
At depth | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 0 | 2 | 1 |
At beach | Open to ocean; moderate tides | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Some locations at distance from source areas | Open ocean areas | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Downstream | Mixed with river flow | 0 | 2 | 1 |
30 | 78 | 33 | ||
Upstream and downstream | Small shallow river with limited dilution | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources | P/Q of 0.043 people/m3/d | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Distant from sources | P/Q of 0 people/m3/d | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Downstream of sources | Mixing with river water and estuarine flushing with the Bay | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Close proximity of beach | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources | Large river with associated dilution | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Close proximity to beach and coral reef | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Close proximity to beach and remnant coral | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Close proximity of beach | Low tidal range; open face to ocean | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Offshore location | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Considered upcurrent of source areas | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Considered upcurrent of source areas | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Near beach | Low tidal range; semi enclosed | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone (µg/L) | Environment Classification | Intensity of Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Horricks et al., 2019 | Quarantine Reef, Grenada surface | ND | Coastal | Divers |
Horricks et al., 2019 | Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep | ND | Coastal | Divers |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii Nearshore | 2.6–7.1 | Coastal | Area of low recreational use and remote from communities |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–offshore | 0.1–7.5 | Coastal | Area of low recreational use and remote from communities |
Rohée et al., 2019 | Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France | < 5 | Lake | Popular recreational area |
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Sorobon, Bonaire November, 2018 | < 10 | Beach | Lower beach use due to rain |
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire during August | 10 | Coastal | Nearby beach with elevated levels |
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018 | Cai Reef, Bonaire | < 10 | Coastal | Divers, at distance from beach with elevated levels |
Li et al., 2018 | Drinking water reservoir in Shenzhen, China | 9.2 | Lake | Area of low recreational use and remote from communities |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan | ND–9 | River | Diffuse, mixed, river flow |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | CR coral reef site 660 m from Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan | ND–0.4 | Coastal | Divers |
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013 | BR Reef Site, 520 m from Emerald Bay, Okinawa, Japan | ND–3.8 | Coastal | Divers |
Rodil et al., 2012 | 6 locations along Mero River in Galicia Spain, samples were collected over a year | ND | River | River drains agricultural and urban areas |
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics |
Proximity to Source | Residence Time | # High | # Moderate | # Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low | ||||
Offshore of beaches, periodic divers | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Offshore of beaches, periodic divers | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 0 | 3 |
Within bathing area and near fringe reef | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Offshore | Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy | 0 | 0 | 3 |
At beach | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Near beach | Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 2 | 0 | 1 |
At distance from beach | Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Dive site | Open to ocean, adjacent to channel | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Sources not proximal | Moderate mixing and residence time as this is a reservoir | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Many sources but sampling is distant from them | River flow with mixing at delta | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Dive site distant from beach | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Dive site distant from beach | Exposed to open ocean | 0 | 1 | 2 |
Adjacent to diffuse sources | Moderate dilution with river flow | 0 | 3 | 0 |
17 | 24 | 37 |
TABLE C.3 Reported Concentrations of UV Filters in Sediments (ng/g)
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baron et al., 2013 | Conception Bay, Chile | ND | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | San Vencente Bay | ND–1.42 | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | Lenga Estuary, Chile | ND–2.96 | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | Biobio River, Chile | ND–1.05 | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | Coronel Bay, Chile | ND | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | West Coastal Line, Colombia | ND–2.52 | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | Bocas de Ceniza and Mallorquin Swamp, Colombia | ND–4.85 | ||
Baron et al., 2013 | Magdalena River, Colombia | ND–5.38 | ||
Allinson et al., 2018 | 3 estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Austrailia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter) | ND | ND | |
Combi et al., 2016 | Northern Adriatic | ND–0.23 | 4–40.7 | |
Combi et al., 2016 | Central Adriatic | ND–0.1 | 0.8–33.7 | |
Combi et al., 2016 | Southern Adriatic | 0.9–19.0 | ||
Díaz-Cruz et al., 2019 | Evrotas River, Greece | <LOQ | 0.1–0.7 | |
Fagervold et al., 2019 | Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer, France | ~ 10–50 | ||
Fagervold et al., 2019 | Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France | ~ 10–20 | ||
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | Guadalquivir River, Spain | ND–22.5 | ||
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2011 | Ebro River, Spain | up to 27 | up to 2,400 | |
Kaiser et al., 2012b | Lakes in RhineMain area near Frankfurt | up to 3.6 | up to 642 | |
Kaiser et al., 2012b | Rivers in RhineMain area near Frankfurt | ND | up to 25.2 | |
Mizukawa et al., 2019 | Palmital River, Brazil | ND–32.7 | 25.9–117 | |
Mizukawa et al., 2019 | Atuba River, Brazil | <LOQ–36.8 | <LOQ–322.2 | |
Mizukawa et al., 2019 | Belem River, Brazil | <LOQ–50.9 | 48.5–313.8 | |
Mizukawa et al., 2019 | Iguaçu River, Brazil | <LOQ–67.2 | <LOQ–160.8 | |
Astel et al., 2020 | Southern Baltic beach sediments | <LOD–0.074 | ||
Pintado-Herrera etal., 2017 | Cadiz Bay, Atlantic coast (Andalusia, Spain) | 0.1–1.6 | 0.1–9.8 | 4.6–43.6 |
Pintado-Herrera etal., 2017 | Huelva Estuary, Atlantic coast (Andalusia, Spain) | 0.5–1.2 | 0.1–2.4 | 1.7–38 |
Sánchez-Brunete etal., 2011 | Sediments from 5 rivers in Spain | ND | ND | |
Sánchez-Brunete etal., 2011 | Sediment from marine sediment, Spain | ND | ND |
Octisalate | Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND–17.8 | |||||
ND–39.0 | |||||
ND–47 | |||||
ND | ND–17.6 | ND | |||
1–10.4 | |||||
0.9–6.9 | |||||
1.3–10 | |||||
7.5–22.9 | |||||
up to 4.4 | |||||
up to 6.8 | |||||
up to 3.4 | |||||
ND–43 | ND | <LOQ | |||
ND–121.2 | ND | <LOQ | |||
< LOQ–166.8 | ND–<LOQ | <LOQ | |||
< LOQ–129.6 | ND–<LOQ | <LOQ | |||
0.2–7.7 | 0.4–23.8 | 8–74.4 | |||
4.3–6.4 | 0.4–17 | 10.7–58.2 | |||
ND–20 | |||||
13.3 |
Citation | Location | Oxybenzone | Homosalate | Octocrylene |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach, HI—nearshore | 0.02–0.72 | ND–9.08 | 0.02–27.54 |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Waikiki Beach, HI—offshore | ND–0.02 | ND–8.74 | ND–0.98 |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay, HI—shallow | ND–0.55 | 2.56–20.84 | 0.59–10.48 |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Kaneohe Bay, HI—deep | ND–4.49 | 5.59–38.84 | 1.38–7.36 |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, HI—nearshore | ND–0.75 | ND–5.53 | ND–0.01 |
Mitchelmore et al., 2019 | Ka’a’awa Bay, HI—offshore | ND–0.02 | ND–5.86 | ND–0.02 |
He et al., 2019a | Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 8.2–10.1 | 50.4–74.2 | 0.9–2.9 |
He et al., 2019a | Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 8.1–9.4 | 47.6–48.8 | 0.2–1.3 |
He et al., 2019a | Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD | 6.9–10.8 | 20.0–60.5 | 0.2–0.8 |
Amine et al., 2012 | 3 rivers in Lebanon flowing to eastern Mediteranean, multiple samples from 3 months in 2010 and 2011 | ~15–~95 with max of 128 | ||
Amine et al., 2012 | Coastal sediments off mouths of 3 rivers in Lebanon, multiple samples from 3 months in 2010 and 2011 | ~10–~65 | ||
Amine et al., 2012 | Coastal sediments along El-Mina, Lebanon coastline influenced by sewage discharges | ~40–~79 | ||
Amine et al., 2012 | River sediments from Lez River, France downstream of a municipal wastewater discharge | 32.8 | ||
Kameda et al., 2011 | Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008 | ND | ND–26 | ND–635 |
Rodil et al., 2008b | 3 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in August 2007 | 61–93 | ||
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Wu Pai | 9.8 (wet); 17 (dry) | 2.6 (wet); ND | |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Sharp Island | 6.5 (wet); 8.1 (dry) | 2.7 (wet); ND | |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Ung Kong | 6.1 (wet); 4.2 (dry) | 2.1 (wet); ND | |
Tsui et al., 2017 | Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Sung Kong | 8.5 (wet) | 3.1 (wet) | |
Tsui et al., 2015 | Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in August | 1–39.8 | ND | 0.04–15.2 |
Tsui et al., 2015 | Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in February | 2.5–2.5 | ND | 5–12.4 |
Tsui et al., 2015 | Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in June (wet) | 0.05–10.2 | ND | 0.7–15.6 |
Tsui et al., 2015 | Tokyo Bay—8 locations in July | ND | ND | ND |
Total Measurements | 44 | 18 | 38 |
Octisalate | Octinoxate | Avobenzone | Dioxybenzone | Padimate O | Reported as Total Organic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ND–7.96 | 0–0.08 | ND–7.99 | ND | 0.56–41.32 | |
ND–3.9 | ND | ND–0.08 | ND | 0.4–11.55 | |
2.42–42.83 | ND–31.43 | 0.48–7.73 | ND | 15.28–100.18 | |
2.42–20.71 | ND–7.79 | ND–0.48 | ND | 24.87–72.49 | |
ND–7.12 | ND–0.05 | ND–0.08 | ND | 0.3–12.73 | |
ND–7.82 | ND–0.08 | ND | ND | 0.02–13.34 | |
3.3–4.4 | |||||
3.6–3.7 | |||||
3.8–6.5 | |||||
ND–35.8 with max of 45 | ~1–~11 with max of 17.9 | ||||
ND–~8 | ~1–~4 | ||||
~5–~8 | ~5–~10 | ||||
7.9 | ND | ||||
ND | ND–101 | ND | |||
14–34 | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | |||||
ND | 1.4–447 | 4.3–43.9 | 2.7–42.2 | 8–81.6 | |
ND | 0.8–291 | 5.5.–18.6 | 0.8–38.4 | 15.2–21.8 | |
ND | 0.6–119 | 4.3–16 | 2.4–62.2 | 1.5–150 | |
ND | 0.3–54.5 | 2.5–64.5 | 1.3–14.1 | 0.8–13.9 | |
16 | 40 | 10 | 12 | 21 | 8 |
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