Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Appendix F
Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters
The studies found in the appendix include in vivo and in vitro behavioral and physiological (genomic, biochemical/biomarker, and cell-based) assay systems for aquatic organisms. Findings from these studies are not typically used in ecological risk assessment without links to population-relevant endpoints, but may be informative to understanding mode(s) of action. These studies are summarized in Chapter 6 in the section Biomarkers, Biochemistry, and Physiology Studies Informing Mode(s) of Action. Inorganic UV filters are not included in this appendix because a representative (though not comprehensive) compilation can be found in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ECOTOX database and thus was not comprehensively compiled by the committee.
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.1 Avobenzone
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Activated sludge microbial community | Respiration inhibition | 3-h NOEC (EC10) 1,000,000 | ECHA |
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophila | Multi-xenobiotic resistance (MXR) inhibition | 1-h (dark) IC50 8,185 | Gao et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate | Daphnia magna | Phototactic response | 48-h response: 35% latent response over controls at 200 μg/L | Boyd et al., 2021 |
| 21-d response: no difference from controls | ||||
| Invertebrate (coral) | Pocillopora damicornis | Metabolomic profiling | 7-d exposure at 1,000 μg/L | Stien et al., 2020 |
| Metabolomic compound 14 was not affected by exposures | ||||
| Fish | Carassius auratus | Acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) inhibition | Time series 3 to 28-d. All exposures significantly inhibited activity from controls at 3.88 μg/L. | Ma et al., 2017 |
| Antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) activity | Time series over 28-d. Initial induction of antioxidant enzyme system followed by inhibition of CAT throughout the 28-d with other system components resolving to control levels by 28-d (response ranged from 3.88- 35.61 μg/L) | |||
| Fish | Danio rerio | Gene expression profiles (qRT-PCR) of embryos | 10-h embryo (2 hpf–12 hpf), 1–100 μg/L exposure. | Liu et al., 2021 |
| Embryonic cell population and gene expression functional effects | Embryonic cells (12 hpf) had altered gene expression associated oxidative stress along with neural and gonad development; while larvae exposed at 10 μg/L increased heart rate and decreased locomotion. Effects were not reversible with depuration. | |||
| Embryo development | ||||
| Locomotion |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Fish | Danio rerio | Gene expression: genes expressed only early in central nervous system development, stem cell differentiation and retinal system development | Exposure 10 μg/L, followed transcript production over development of nervous system (12, 72,144-h) altered expression of affected development program and stem cell differentiation | Liu et al., 2022 |
| Biomarkers of neurotoxicity (AChE) and oxidative stress (SOD, CAT) | ||||
| Transient expression of antioxidant genes that resolved to normal levels during recovery. | ||||
| Behavior: locomotion | ||||
| Sustained locomotion alterations in direction and reduced swimming speed were sustained through recovery period. |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.2 Dioxybenzone
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Photobactum phosphoreum | Bioluminescence inhibition | 15-min EC50 10,480 | Liu et al., 2015 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 10 | He et al., 2019c |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 1,000 | He et al., 2019c |
| Fish | Oryzias latipes | Oxidative stress markers | ROS not induced with exposures to 12.2 μg/L (50 nM). GR, CAT, GST increased but not in dose-dependent manner | Thia et al., 2020 |
| QPCR expression of estrogenic genes in male fish | Estrogenic genes (vtg2, chg, er- α, vtg1, chg) induced at 61,062–122,125 (250–500 μM) | |||
| Fish | Oryzias latipes | Locomotion: Turn angle | 96-h LOEC 1.22 | Thia et al., 2020 |
| Max velocity | 24-h LOEC 4.8 | |||
| Fish | Danio rerio (larvae) |
qRT-PCR gene expression for AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) and ER (estrogen receptor) pathway-related genes, sex differentiation -related genes with exposures at 10, 25, 50% of LC50 | Of the 12 genes tested in the AhR pathway, 3 were affected (AHRRA) upregulated at 24 and/or 96-h. | Meng et al., 2020 |
| ER pathway was upregulated at 24 at 10 and 25% exposures in 4 of the 5 genes tested; 3 of the 4 genes tested in the sex differentiation pathways were upregulated. | ||||
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo-larvae) |
Thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) | Thyroid hormone T3 in 6-dpf decreased at 32 μg/L without affecting T4 | Lee et al., 2018 |
| Transcriptional changes Stimulation of thyroid hormone synthesis, thyroid gland development, and thyroid hormone metabolism. | Transcription of all tested thyroid-related genes (8) were upregulated at 100 μg/L |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.3 Homosalate
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Activated sludge microbial community | Respiration Inhibition | NOEC 40,000 | ECHA |
| Microorganism | 27 marine bacterial strains from culture collection | Bacterial growth Screened all strains at 1,000 μg/L. Sensitive strains subjected to dose-response test (0–4,000 μg/L) |
A. ornithinivorans responded with 48-h EC50 of 772 μg/L; H. dabanensis 48-h EC50 1,000 μg/L. UV pre-exposure of homosalate lowered toxicity and no toxicity was demonstrated on stationary phase culture. |
Lozano et al., 2020 |
| Algae | Tetraselmis sp. | Flow cytometry: cell volume, chlorophyll a fluorescence, esterase activity, growth | 7-d LC50 74 μg/L | Thorel et al., 2020 |
| Concentrations of 100 and 1,000 μg/L were lethal to cultures. Cell volume and metabolic activity were also reduced at 10 μg/L. | ||||
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophila | Multi-xenobiotic inhibition assay (MXR): Rh123 (cationic fluorescent dye) accumulation | Weakly inhibited MXR accumulation of Rh123 not conc. dependent (1-h LOIC 2,623 μg/L; 10 μM) | Gao et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Pocillopora damicornis | Polyp retraction | 7-d exposure at 1,000 μg/L caused sustained polyp retraction | Stien et al., 2020 |
| Metabolomic profiling | Metabolome not altered from control |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.4 Octinoxate
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Activated sludge microbial community | Respiration rate | 30-min NOEC 1,000,000 | ECHA |
| Microorganism | Aliivibrio fisheri | Bioluminescence | 30-min EC50 1,060 | Vieira Sanches et al., 2021 |
| Microorganism | Aliivibrio fisheri | Bioluminescence (Microtox®) | 180-min EC50 400 | Gackowska et al., 2018 |
| Microorganism | Aliivibrio fisheri | Bioluminescence (Microtox®) | 35-min EC50 No Effect | Molins-Delgado et al., 2016 |
| Microorganism | Screening 27 marine bacterial strains from culture collection | Bacterial growth | Five of 27 bacterial phyla were sensitive in the initial screen including both gram positive and gram-negative species (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and α-proteobacteria). EC50 determinations were not calculated due to the non-monotonic nature of the dose-response curves. | Lozano et al., 2020 |
| Screened all strains at 1,000 μg/L. Sensitive strains subjected to dose-response test (0–4,000 μg/L) | ||||
| UV pre-exposure of octinoxate lowered toxicity and no toxicity was demonstrated on stationary phase culture. | ||||
| Algae | Chlorella sp. | Chlorophyll content, Photochemical efficiency and O2 rate, Photosynthetic electron transport, Oxidative damage, Oxidative stress | Photosynthesis impaired photosynthetic activity, increased levels of antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species with accumulation of oxidative damage (MDA) with significant differences from controls at the lowest test concentration and above (228–11,400 μg/L) | Tian et al., 2021 |
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophila | Rh123 (cationic fluorescent dye) accumulation i.e., unable to eliminate via multi-xenobiotic resistance (MXR) transporter | Weakly inhibited MXR demonstrated by accumulation of Rh123 accumulation that was not conc. (1-h LOIC 1,311.5 μg/L; 5 μM) | Gao et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate | Caenorhabditis elegans | Reproductive toxicity | < 290.4 μg/L. | Huang et al., 2022 |
| Germline apoptosis (acridine orange cell staining) | 72-h NOEC 1,452 μg/L (5 μM) | |||
| Gene expression: Vitellogenin Apoptosis-related genes | Depression of two vitellogenin genes, uprgulation of two pro-apoptotic gene transcripts (2,904 μg/L [10 μM]) |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Invertebrate | Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae) | Gene expression of 3 hormone receptor genes by qRTPCR (ecdysone receptor (EcR), ultraspiracle (USP), estrogen-related receptor (ERR)) |
Ecr upregulated with 24-h LOEC of 1,000 μg/L. No effect on gene expression for USP or ERR |
Ozáez et al., 2013 |
| Invertebrate | Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae) | Gene expression: hsp70 - qRTPCR | Hsp70 gene transcripts significantly upregulated at 1,000 μg/L | Ozáez et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate | Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae and embryos) | Gene expression: hsp70 (stress response used as marker for proteomic damage or metabolic alterations) EcR (ecdysone receptor gene as indicator of hormonal alterations) |
Single exposure of 1,000 μg/L significantly induced EcR in embryo and larval samples while hsp70 was induced only in larvae. | Ozáez et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments) | Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 10 | He et al., 2019b |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments) | Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 1,000 | He et al., 2019b |
| Fish | Oryzias latipes (adult males) | Vitellogenin plasma conc. | 7-d exposure (3,073.6–3,073,600 μg/L)—no significant effect on plasma levels. | Inui et al., 2003 |
| Liver gene expression (qRTPCT) of vitellogenin, choriogenin and sex hormone receptors | Gene expression levels increased in a dose-dependent manner for vitellogenin and choriogenin across the dose range. Only the estrogen receptor α increased expression across the dose range. |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | Oryzias latipes (F0: 17 and 38-hpf and F1: 38-d) | Gene expression | No changes in plasma estrogen levels in male or females or expression of sex hormone receptor genes (estrogen α or androgen α) in whole body or liver at exposures from 50-5,000 μg/L in 38-d juveniles. | Lee et al., 2019 |
| Sex hormones and receptor related gene expression | ||||
| Thyroid hormones and related gene expression | Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) decreased with increasing concentration (NOEC 158 μg/L). Gene expression was altered in thyroid-related genes in 38-dpf juvenile fish with dio2 particularly affected in F0 38-dpf whole fish homogenates. | |||
| Fish | Pimephales promelas | Gene expression of hormonal pathways and steroidogenesis in multiple organs (liver, gonads, brain) Physiological effects |
30, 300, 1,000, and 3,000 μg/L 14-d exposure nominal conc. Multiple hormonal activities were observed (antiestrogenic, estrogenic and antiandrogenic but only in livers of both sexes in a range of 37.5-394 μg/L. Vitellogenin protein was induced in males at 244.5 μg/L. Gonad histology was also disrupted in both sexes at 394 μg/L. | Christen et al., 2011 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (adult males) |
Gene expression of hormonal pathways by qRTPCR.- whole body and brain, liver, testes Microarrays Transcriptomic analysis Estrogen related genes (Vitellogenin 1 and 3) Sex-steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha and beta 1), androgen receptor) Steroidogenesis (hydroxysteroid 17-β dehydrogenase-3, P450aromA P450aromB) |
14-d exposure nominal: 3.0 or 3,000 μg/L; measured 2.2 and 890 μg/L. Altered gene expression in adult male fish related to GO processes involved in tissue remodeling, wound repair, immune system response, inflammatory response, cell differentiation, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis and were differentially altered at both exposure concentrations (2.2 and 890 μg/L) Target genes were differentially regulated depending on whole body, liver, brain or testes related to hormonal pathways and steroidogenesis. Most responses occurred at both concentrations. |
Zucchi et al., 2011b |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Fish | Danio rerio (4-mos adults exposed 21-d) |
Biochemical analyses (ELISA) Antioxidants Sex hormone markers (vitellogenin, estradiol, testosterone) |
Survival and behaviors not effected Antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage markers increased over the 21-d exposure at all test concentrations (1, 10, 100 μg/L). Estradiol and vitellogenin decreased in all 21-d exposure conc., while testosterone increased at all conc. |
Zhou et al., 2019a |
| Gene expression (qRT-PCR) Sex hormone-related genes |
21-d Gene expression levels showed an anti-estrogen effect (downregulation of estrogen and progesterone receptors-related genes) and androgen effect (up regulation of androgen receptor-related genes) in a concentration dependent manner (10, 100 μg/L) | |||
| Fish | Danio rerio (F0 120 dpf [exposure 4 mos], F1 embryos +/– octinoxate [5-d]) |
Development 3-d hatch rate F0 F1 (– octinoxate) F1 (+ octinoxate) 5-d malformation % F0 F1 (– octinoxate) F1 (+ octinoxate) 5-d survival % F0 F1 (– octinoxate) F1 (+ octinoxate) |
Exposure concentrations: 1, 10, 100 μg/L NOEC 1 μg/L LOEC 10 μg/L NOEC 1 μg/L LOEC 10 μg/L NOEC <1 μg/L LOEC 1 μg/L NOEC 10 μg/L LOEC 100 μg/L NOEC >100 μg/L NOEC 1 μg/L LOEC 10 μg/L NOEC 10 μg/L LOEC 100 μg/L NOEC >100 μg/L NOEC >100 μg/L |
Zhou et al., 2019b |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | Danio rerio (F0 120 dpf [exposure 4 mos], F1 embryos +/– octinoxate) |
Biochemical analyses (ELISA) | 40-d F0: Estradiol and vitellogenin levels decreased at all test concentrations (1–100 μg/L) while aromatase was not affected. 40-d F0: gene expression levels of sex hormone and receptor-related genes altered indicating anti-estrogenic at all test concentrations and androgenic effects at 10 and100 μg/L. |
Zhou et al., 2019b |
| Antioxidants Sex hormone markers (vitellogenin, estradiol, testosterone) |
||||
| Gene expression (qRT-PCR) | Neurotoxicity (acetylcholine esterase) F0, F1- and F1+ had elevated AchE was increased in F0 adults and F1 offspring with F1+ increased over F0 and F- at 10 and 100 μg/L after 5-d exposure. |
|||
| Sex hormone-related genes | ||||
| Oxidative stress (enzyme levels) Antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in F0, F1– and F1+ with F1+ showing increased levels over F0 or F–. Oxidative damage (MDA levels) was greater in 10 and 100 μg/L exposures than F0 or F–. |
||||
| DNA damage (DNA end labeling of F0 120-d liver histological tissue. Qualitative presentation of histological sections showing increased staining with increased treatment exposure. | ||||
| Fish | Danio rerio embryos | Biomarkers of developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, histology | Developmental deformities were observed at 72 and 96-hpf at 12,400 and 62,000 μg/L Hatching rate—no effect Decreased heart rate at 72 and 96-hpf at 62,000 μg/L Oxidative stress/antioxidants Neurotoxicity—acetylcholine esterase inhibited at 62,000 μg/L Histopathology: moderate changes in yolk sac and muscle abnormalities were observed |
Nataraj et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Fish | Danio rerio (adults, both sexes) |
Gene expression profiling – liver tissue Stress responsive genes (hsp70, nrf2, cyp1a, ahr) Antioxidant genes (sod1, sod2, cat, gstp1, gpx1a, gss, and gsr) |
The 21-d exposure of adult fish at 3 μg/L altered transcription levels of stress-responsive genes and antioxidant genes with a generalized decreased expression, that varied over time. | Nataraj et al., 2022 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (adult males and larvae) |
Thyroid hormone levels Gene expression Thyroid hormones Neurotoxicity nephrotoxicity |
Exposure 290.4, 871.2, 2,904.0, 8,712.1 μg/L 21-d adult male and 120-h larval exposure had decreases in thyroid hormones at 290.4-871.2 μg/L (1–3 μM) Alterations in thyroid related genes in various adult tissues and whole larvae mostly in the range of 871–2,904 μg/L, frequently a non-monotic response. Adult: No changes neurotoxicity-related genes, but down regulation in nephrotoxicity genes at the conc tested. Larvae: transcriptional alterations in neurotoxicity- and nephrotoxicity-related genes between 871.2–8,712 μg/L. |
Chu et al., 2021 |
| Fish | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Hematology Biochemical plasma indicators Oxidative stress indicators Histological examination |
6-wk dietary exposure 6.9 (low), 96.0 (medium) and 395.6 μg/kg (high). No behavioral or biometric differences. Decrease in white blood cells decreased at high conc. Other blood parameters within control levels. Plasma chemistry indicated metabolic disruption and oxidative stress indicated at med. and high conc. Histopathology indicated extensive liver damage to parenchyma at increasing conc. |
Cahova et al., 2021 |
| Danio rerio | Vitellogenin | 63-d NOEC ≥ 46.9 | ECHA |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.5 Octocrylene
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Activated sludge microbial community | Respiration Inhibition (OECD 209 test) | 30-min EC50 > 1,000,000 30-min NOEC ≥ 1,000,000 |
ECHA |
| Microorganism | Pseudomonas putida | Respiration Inhibition test (DIN 38412 part 27) | 30-min EC50 > 10,000,000 30-min NOEC ≥ 10,000,000 |
ECHA |
| Microorganism | Arthrobacter aurescens | Growth Inhibition (OD 620) | 60-h No effect at all conc. (up to 4,000 μg/L) | Lozano et al., 2020 |
| Algae | Tetraselmis spp. | Metabolic activity | 7-d LOEC 100 | Thorel et al., 2020 |
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophilia | Growth Inhibition | 24-h EC50 > 15,000 | Gao et al., 2013 |
| Cell viability | 6-h NOEC > 15,000 | |||
| Oxidative stress response | 24-h No effect (at 1 mg/L) | |||
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophilia | Evaluation of P-glycoprotein activity using rhodamine 123 accumulation | 60-min NOEC 360 | Gao et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate | Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study, 4th instar larvae) |
Electron transport chain activity increase CAT activity GST activity Total GSH LPO ACE activity |
48-h NOEC < 0.23 mg/kg WW (measured, significant at all concentrations) 48-h NOEC >25; 18.23 mg/kg WW (measured) 48-h NOEC>25; 18.23 mg/kg WW (measured) 48-h activity Significant increase but not in mid dose 48-h NOEC > 18.23 mg/kg WW (measured) 48-h NOEC > 18.23 mg/kg WW (measured) |
Campos et al., 2017 |
| Invertebrate (Coral) | Stylophora pistillata (adult fragments) |
Max photo efficiency (PSII) (adult fragments; semi-static, renewal) |
35-d NOEC 1,000 (519 measured) | Fel et al., 2019 |
| Invertebrate (Coral) | Pocillopora damicornis | Metabolomic profile (adult fragments, semi-static, daily renewal) |
7-d ≥ 50 increased level acylcarnitines | Stien et al., 2019 |
| Invertebrate (Coral) | Pocillopora damicornis | Mitochondrial dysfunction Metabolic change (steroid increase) (adult fragments, semi-static, daily renewal) |
7-d LOEC 50 7-d Effect 50 |
Stien et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Invertebrate (Coral) | Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 1,000 (831 measured) | He et al., 2019b |
| Invertebrate (Coral) | Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 1,000 (784 measured) | He et al., 2019b |
| Fish | Danio rerio | Multiple hormonal activities Ovary histological changes Gene expression related to hormonal activity |
28-d Increasing responses at increasing concentrations of 28.61, 505.62, and 1,248.70 | Zhang et al., 2016 |
| Fish | Oryzias latipes |
GSI, HSI Fertility Plasma sex hormones and vitellogenin levels Gene expression related to hormonal activity |
28-d Increases at 500 μg/L 28-d No statistical effect compared to controls 28-d Increase in males 5 μg/L and higher, females 50 μg/L and higher 28-d Increase at 5 μg/L and higher |
Yan et al., 2020 |
| Fish | Danio rerio |
Gene expression related to brain and liver function and hormonal activity |
Alteration of transcription of certain genes at 383 μg/L | Blüthgen et al., 2014 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.6 Oxybenzone
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Microorganism | Photobacterium phosphoreum | Bioluminescence inhibition | 15-min EC50 14,270 | Liu et al., 2015 |
| Microorganism | Epibacterium mobile | Growth inhibition | 60-h EC50 364 | Lozano et al., 2020 |
| Microorganism | Pelagibacterium | Growth inhibition | 48-h LOEC 100 | Lozano et al., 2020 |
| Microorganism | Vibrio fischeri | Bioluminescence inhibition | n.r. EC50 13,390 (after extrapolation as no effect) | Zhang et al., 2017 |
| Microorganism | S. typhimurium | Genotoxicity assay (SOS/umu assay) |
2-h No effect IR1.5 4960 |
Zhang et al., 2017 |
| Algae | Tetraselmis sp. | Cell morphology Chl a fluorescence Metabolic activity |
7-d Increase cell volume at 1,000 7-d Inhibition at 100 7-d Decrease at 100 |
Thorel et al., 2020 |
| Algae | Chlorella sp and Arthrospira sp. | Photo-bleaching Inhibition of photosynthetic and respiratory processes |
7-d Effect at 2,280 Effect at 228 |
Zhong et al., 2019 |
| Algae | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Various cytotoxic biomarkers | 24-h No effect | Esperanza et al., 2019 |
| Algae | Microcystis aeruginosa | Photosynthetic pigments; chl-a/carotenoid | 10-d Significant decrease/increase at 1 and 1,000 | Mao et al., 2017 |
| Algae | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Photosynthetic pigments; chl-a, carotenoid | 10-d Significant decrease at 0.1, 1, and 1,000 | Mao et al., 2017 |
| Invertebrate | Tetrahymena thermophila | Antioxidant enzymes | 24-h Effects At lowest dose only increase in catalyze; decrease in GSH | Gao et al., 2013 |
| Invertebrate | Daphnia magna | Metabolic rate | 21-d 25% increase | Boyd et al., 2021 |
| Invertebrate | Cassiopea xamachana (planulae) |
Swim speed/direction | 72-h LOEC 228 | Fitt and Hofmann, 2020 |
| Invertebrate | Cassiopea frondosa (planulae) |
Swim speed/direction | 72-h LOEC 22.8 | Fitt and Hofmann, 2020 |
| Invertebrate | Daphnia magna | Feeding behavior | 24-h NOEC > 400 | Pablos et al., 2015 |
| Invertebrate | Chironomus riparius | ECR gene expression USP gene expression ERR (estrogen) gene expression |
24-h No effect 24-h Sig. decrease at 10,000 24-h- No effect |
Ozáez et al., 2013 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Invertebrate (coral) | Stylophora pistillata (planula) |
DNA AP sites | 8-h NOEC 22.8 (light) 8-h NOEC 22.8 (dark) |
Downs et al., 2016 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC 10 | He et al., 2019a |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 7-d LOEC > 1000 | He et al., 2019a |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | 96-h EC50 4,590, 4,400, 2,160 (1,450 measured) | Conway et al., 2021 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Coral calicoblast primary cells from multiple species | Cell death (static, renewal 8hr) |
4-h LC50 671dark#, 42light# 4-h LC50 9light# 4-h LC50 74light# 4-h LC50 52light# 4-h LC50 340light# 4-h LC50 36light# 4-h LC50 8light# |
Downs et al., 2016 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo) | mRNA levels: Vitellogenin 1 Superoxide dismutase Glutathione peroxidase 1a Catalase |
48-h LOEC 1,000 (1,046 measured) 48-h NOEC 100 (101 measured) 48-h NOEC 1,000 (1,046 measured) 48-h NOEC 1,000 (1,046 measured) 48-h NOEC 1,000 (1,046 measured) |
Rodríguez-Fuentes et al., 2015 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo) | Testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3 hsd17b3 mRNA | 120-h LOEC 114 | Blüthgen et al., 2012 |
| Estrogen receptor alpha esr1 mRNA | 120-h LOEC 438 | |||
| Fish | Danio rerio (larvae) |
Various genes (CYP450, VTG, ER receptor) | 24 and 96-h effect Various responses; most up-reg and more at 24-h than 96-h |
Meng et al., 2020 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo) |
Thyroxine impact (disrupting potency and index) | 720h NOEC > 2,000 | Thienpont et al., 2011 |
| Fish | Poecilia reticulata | Condition factor Micronucleus (MN) Erythrocytes (ENA) Erythrocytye tox Comet assay | 96-h No effect 96-h No effect 96-h Increase at 1 96-h No effect 96-h Increase at 0.1 and 1 |
Almeida et al., 2019 |
| Fish | Betta splendens | Swim activity (max. velocity) Agonistic behavior (opercular display) |
28-d LOEC 1000 28-d effect Sig. diff. at 10 and 1,000 (not 100) |
Chen et al., 2016 |
| Fish | Oncorhynchus mykiss (juvenile male) |
Plasma VTG increase | 14-d LOEC 749 | Coronado et al., 2008 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | Oryzias latipes (sexually mature) |
Plasma VTG increase | NOEC 132.00 21-d LOEC 620.00 |
Coronado et al., 2008 |
| Fish | Oryzias latipes (adult) |
GSI, HSI Hormones |
14-d No effect 14-d effect Sig. increase testosterone (males); sig. decrease E2/T ratio males and females |
Kim et al., 2014 |
| Many genes (e.g., CYP450, steroids, endocrine) | 14-d Significant downregulation at 500 (90 measured) | |||
| Fish | Oryzias latipes | Locomotion (% time active) | 7day-LOEC 1.14 | Thia et al., 2020 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (adult) |
Behavior Various genes: esr1, ar, cyp19b cyp1a1 VTG gene liver VTG plasma Testes hsd17b3 gene Testes cyp19a gene |
14-d NOEC 600 (312 measured) 14d Significant decrease at 84 14d Significant increase at 312 14d No effect 14d No effect 14d Significant decrease 84 14d Significant increase 2.4 |
Blüthgen et al., 2012 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (larvae) (OECD T 234 test) |
Sex ratio Gonad maturation (Male) Gonad maturation (female) VTG level |
60-d NOEC 100 (191 measured) 60-d LOEC 320 (388 measured) 60-d NOEC 320 (388 measured) 60-d LOEC 500 (470 measured) 60-d NOEC 100 (191 measured) 60-d LOEC 320 (388 measured) 60-d No effect |
Kinnberg et al., 2015 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (adult) |
VTG level increase | 12-d Only at 320 (268 measured) | Kinnberg et al., 2015 |
| Fish | Carassius auratus | Oxidative stress (IBR-integrated biomarker response) | 28-d IBR ≅ 3 (at 500) IBR ≅ 12.6 (at 5000) |
Liu et al., 2015 |
| Fish | Sparus aurata | K/HSI factors Brain metabolome Liver / plasma metabolism |
14-d No effect at 50 mg/L 14-d No effect at 50 mg/L 14-d Some alterations at 50 mg/L |
Ziarrusta et al., 2018b |
| Fish | Danio rerio (larvae) |
Various gene target expression | 144-h Significant increase/decrease depending on gene | Zhang et al., 2017 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Fish | Betta splendens | Various behavioral assays | 28-d effects Various effects Decreases in courtship and aggression behaviors concentration dependent manner |
Portrais et al., 2019 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryos) |
Mortality Embryo malformations Immunohistochemistry - enteric neurons Gene expression Enteric neural crest cell markers MAPK/ERK signaling pathway |
Neuronal developmental defects Mechanism indicated impedance of enteric nervous system development through MAPK/ERK signaling pathway - animal model for Hirschsprung disease |
Wang et al., 2021 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryos) |
Developmental neuronal toxicity Motor behaviors Social behaviors Immunohistochemistry for neuron development Apoptosis Cell proliferation Gene expression - axonal growth |
Identified developmentally sensitive window of exposure resulting in developmental neurotoxicity. Motor behavior and social behaviors affected at 10 μg/L and higher when exposed between 6-24 hpf Morpholino able to rescue the oxybenzone-induced developmental toxicity |
Tao et al., 2020 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (larvae) |
Endocrine disruption Lipid metabolism Circadian rhythms |
5-d Significant effect 0.5 μmol/L. Core clock activity and obesogenic effects, as visualized and quantified by fluorescent lipid staining in the trunk area between the gall bladder and proximal intestine | Kopp et al., 2017 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo-larval) |
Thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) Transcriptional changes Stimulation of thyroid hormone synthesis, thyroid gland development, and thyroid hormone metabolism. |
Thyroid hormone T3 in 6-dpf decreased at 32 μg/L without affecting T4 Significant down-regulation of the Tsh, Trhr, and Tr genes at 32 μM. Significant upregulation of Nis, Tg and downregulation of Tpo. |
Lee et al., 2018 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo-larval) |
Cardiac frequency and aerobic metabolic scope | 96-h Reduced cardiac frequency and increased standard metabolic rate at10 μg/g | Lucas et al., 2021 |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryos) |
Biochemical and molecular biomarkers for neurotoxicity and antioxidant system | 72-h No effect antioxidant system biomarkers 72-h Significant AChE gene expression and activity at 10 μg/L |
Sandoval-Gío et al., 2021 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | Danio rerio (multigenerational) |
Sex ratio Embryo developmental toxicity |
F0: 42-dpf sex ratio disrupted at 2.3 and 38 μg/L, no intersex phenotype. F1: 24-hpf No significant effect on embryo movement. 96-hpf effect on hatching rate. 48-hpf significant reduction in heartbeat. 96-hpf reduced body length. |
Xu et al., 2021 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
TABLE F.7 Sulisobenzone
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algae | Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24) | SOD -elevated Oxidative stress |
13-d LOEC 10,000 μg/L | Huang et al., 2018 |
| Algae | Chlorella vulgaris (acclimated) | SOD -elevated Oxidative stress |
13-d LOEC 1,000 μg/L | Huang et al., 2018 |
| Algae | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Viability/vitality Oxidative stress Metabolic activity in fluxo Membrane potentials (cytoplasmic and mitochondrial) Chlorophyll α fluorescence Intracellular pH |
24-h Exposure (19, 38, 76 mg/L) Viability was not affected; oxidative stress increased at all conc. Mitochondrial membrane potential and metabolic activity reduced at 19,000–76,000 μg/L and Chl α and intracellular pH reduced at 76,000 μg/L |
Esperanza et al., 2019 |
| Invertebrate | Corbicula fluminea | 96-h post-exposure filtering capacity Oxidative stress biomarkers: lipid peroxidase (LPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) |
No effect on filtering Antioxidant enzymes were induced at 19,000-38,000 μg/L with lipid peroxide accumulation indicating oxidative damage with exposure likely overwhelming the antioxidant system with reactive oxygen species. |
Seoane et al., 2021 |
| Invertebrate (coral) | Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments) |
Polyp retraction | No effect | He et al., 2019a |
| Fish | Danio rerio (embryo-larvae) |
Thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) Stimulation of thyroid hormone synthesis, thyroid gland development, and thyroid hormone metabolism– transcriptional changes |
6-dpf no effect | Lee et al., 2018 |
| Fish | Danio rerio | Oxidative stress markers measured in liver: SOD, GST, GSH, MDA Treatments: 0.5 mg/L or 5 mg/L Duration: 7-d or 14-d. |
7-d exposure indicated an oxidative stress event with early antioxidant responses depressed, supporting evidence with increases in glutathione, the initial event was neutralized by 14-d with most antioxidant levels returning to control levels – Indicator of oxidative damage (MDA) however increased by 14-d indicating residual damage from the event at 500–5,000 μg/L | Huang et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
| Trophic Group | Species/Taxon | Biological Measurements | Observations (μg/L) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish | Danio rerio (2-4 hpf to 120hpf: eleutheroembryos) | Gene transcription: Estrogen related genes (Vitellogenin 1 and 3) Sex-steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha and beta 1, androgen receptor) Steroidogenesis (hydroxysteroid 17- dehydrogenase-3, P450aromA P450aromB) Thyroid hormone system-early development (paired box 8, pax8; homeobox protein hhex) |
5 d exposure 30 or 3,000 μg/L Altered gene expression in eleuthero-embryos estrogenic related genes with added alterations in steroidogenesis; upregulation of gene expression related to thyroid development. Most responses were at 3,000 μg/L. | Zucchi et al., 2011a |
| Fish | Danio rerio (adult males) | Gene transcription Estrogen related genes (Vitellogenin 1 and 3) Sex-steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha and beta 1), androgen receptor) Steroidogenesis (hydroxysteroid 17- dehydrogenase-3, P450aromA P450aromB) |
14 d exposure 30–3,000 μg/L Altered gene expression in male zebrafish: multiple hormonal pathway responses in different tissues affected at 300–3,000 μg/L with antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic effects in liver; estrogenic effects in brain and lower signal in testes. |
Zucchi et al., 2011a |
| Fish | Pimephales promelas (juvenile) |
Vitellogenin induction | 14-d exposure—no in vivo effect up to 5,000 μg/L | Kunz et al., 2006b |
| Fish | Carassius auratus | Hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers enzyme activities: SOD, CAT, GST, GSH Histopathology | 7, 14, 28-d exposures showed alterations in antioxidant system related to increased oxidative stress with some components overwhelmed. Liver did present with signs of slight liver damage at 28-d exposures on histology. Exposures were 490 and 4,900 μg/L) | Liu et al., 2015 |
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
Suggested Citation:"Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
×
