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Suggested Citation:"ENDNOTES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Biodiversity at Risk: Today's Choices Matter. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26384.
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ENDNOTES

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Suggested Citation:"ENDNOTES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Biodiversity at Risk: Today's Choices Matter. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26384.
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Suggested Citation:"ENDNOTES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Biodiversity at Risk: Today's Choices Matter. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26384.
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89 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Safeguarding the Bioeconomy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25525.

90 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25259.

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91 Valiela, I., J. L. Bowen, and J. K. York. 2001. Mangrove forests: One of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51(1):807–815.

92 Alongi, D. M. 2020. Global significance of mangrove blue carbon in climate change mitigation. Science 2(3):67. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/2/3/67.

93 Greenwald, N., K. F. Suckling, B. Hartl, and L. A. Mehrhoff. 2019. Extinction and the U.S. Endangered Species Act. PeerJ 7:e6803.

94 Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. 1970.

95 Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq. 1972.

96 Grantham, H. S., A. Graham, T. D. Evans, K. R. Jones, H. L. Beyer, R. Schuster, J. Walston, J. C. Ray, J. G. Robinson, M. Callow, T. Clements, H. M. Costa, A. DeGemmis, P. R. Elsen, J. Ervin, P. Franco, E. Goldman, S. Goetz, A. Hansen, E. Hofsvang, P. Jantz, S. Jupiter, A. Kang, P. Langhammer, W. F. Laurance, S. Lieberman, M. Linkie, Y. Malhi, S. Maxwell, M. Mendez, R. Mittermeier, N. J. Murray, H. Possingham, J. Radachowsky, S. Saatchi, C. Samper, J. Silverman, A. Shapiro, B. Strassburg, T. Stevens, E. Stokes, R. Taylor, T. Tear, R. Tizard, O. Venter, P. Visconti, S. Wang, and J. E. M. Watson. 2020. Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity. Nature Communications 11:5978. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3.

97 Gurney, G. G., E. S. Darling, G. N. Ahmadia, V. N. Agostini, N. C. Ban, J. Blythe, J. Claudet, G. Epstein, A. HimesCornell, H. D. Jonas, D. Armitage, S. J. Campbell, C. Cox, W. R. Friedman, D. Gill, P. Lestari, S. Mangubhai, E. McLeod, N. A. Muthiga, J. Naggea, R. Ranaivoson, A. Wenger, I. Yulianto, and S. D. Jupiter. 2021. Biodiversity needs every tool in the box: Use OECMs. Nature 595:646–649.

98 United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre and International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2021. Protected Planet Report 2020. Cambridge, UK, and Gland, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre and International Union for Conservation of Nature.

99 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2016. Listing salamanders as injurious due to risk of salamander chytrid fungus. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, January 12. Available at: https://www.fws.gov/injuriouswildlife/salamanders.html.

100 Hluhluwe Game Reserve. 2020. Anti-poaching technology in Africa. Hluhluwe Game Reserve. Available at: https://gamereservehluhluwe.com/anti-poaching-technology-in-africa.

101The Atlantic. One solution to rhino poaching: Use sensors to monitor the other animals. 2018. TheAtlantic.com. Sponsored Content. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/sponsored/ibm-2018/rhino-poaching/1880.

102 United Nations Environment Programme. 2016. The Rise of Environmental Crime: A Growing Threat to Natural Resources, Peace, Development and Security, edited by C. Nellemann, R. Henriksen, A. Kreilhuber, D. Stewart, M. Kotsovou, P. Raxter, E. Mrema, and S. Barrat. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.

103 Chanyadura, A., V. K. Muposhi, E. Gandiwa, and N. Muboko. 2021. An analysis of threats, strategies, and opportunities for African rhinoceros conservation. Ecology and Evolution 11(11):5892–5910.

104 African Wildlife Foundation. 2018. AWF rhino conservation fact sheet. Available at: https://www.awf.org/sites/default/files/public%3A/media/Resources_0/Facts%20%26amp%3B%20Brochures/2018_Factsheet_Rhino_Conservation.pdf.

105 Frankfurt Zoological Society. Available at: https://fzs.org/en/projects.

106 Schuster, R., R. R. Germain, J. R. Bennett, N. J. Reo, and P. Arcese. 2019. Vertebrate biodiversity on Indigenous-managed lands in Australia, Brazil, and Canada equals that in protected areas. Environmental Science and Policy 101:1–6.

107 Raygorodetsky, G. 2018. Indigenous peoples defend Earth’s biodiversity—but they’re in danger. National Geographic, November 16. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic. com/environment/article/ can-indigenousland-stewardship-protect-biodiversity-?loggedin=true.

108 United Nations. 1987. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. New York: United Nations.

109 World Conservation Union. 1973. CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Geneva, Switzerland: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

110 ICCA Consortium. 2021. Territories of life: 2021 report. ICCA Consortium: Worldwide. Available at: report.territoriesoflife.org.

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111 United Nations Environment Programme. 1992. Convention on Biological Diversity. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.

112 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2015. The Paris Agreement. New York: United Nations.

113 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25121.

114 Pörtner, H. O., R. J. Scholes, J. Agard, E. Archer, A. Arneth, X. Bai, D. Barnes, M. Burrows, L. Chan, W. L. Cheung, S. Diamond, C. Donatti, C. Duarte, N. Eisenhauer, W. Foden, M. A. Gasalla, C. Handa, T. Hickler, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, K. Ichii, U. Jacob, G. Insarov, W. Kiessling, P. Leadley, R. Leemans, L. Levin, M. Lim, S. Maharaj, S. Managi, P. A. Marquet, P. McElwee, G. Midgley, T. Oberdorff, D. Obura, E. Osman, R. Pandit, U. Pascual, A. P. F. Pires, A. Popp, V. Reyes-García, M. Sankaran, J. Settele, J. Shin, D. W. Sintayehu, P. Smith, N. Steiner, B. Strassburg, R. Sukumar, C. Trisos, A. L. Val, J. Wu, E. Aldrian, C. Parmesan, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. C. Roberts, A. D. Rogers, S. Díaz, M. Fischer, S. Hashimoto, S. Lavorel, N. Wu, and H. T. Ngo. 2021. Science Outcomes of the IPBES-IPCC Co-Sponsored Workshop on Biodiversity and Climate Change. Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat.

115 Dasgupta, P. 2021. The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. London, UK: HM Treasury.

116 Gore, T. 2020. Confronting carbon inequality: Putting climate justice at the heart of the COVID-19 recovery. OXFAM Media Briefing, September 21. Available at: https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621052/mb-confronting-carbon-inequality-210920-en.pdf.

117 World Wildlife Fund. 2018. What are the biggest drivers of tropical deforestation? World Wildlife Magazine, Summer. Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/magazine/issues/summer-2018/articles/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-oftropical-deforestation.

118 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25121.

119 Selinske, M. J., G. E. Garrard, E. A. Gregg, A. M. Kusmanoff, L. R. Kidd, M. T. Cullen, M. Cooper, W. L. Geary, M. A. Hatty, F. Hames, S. Kneebone, E. M. McLeod, E. G. Ritchie, Z. E. Squires, J. Thomas, M. A. W. Willcock, S. Blair, and S. A. Bekessy. 2020. Identifying and prioritizing human behaviors that benefit biodiversity. Conservation Science and Practice 2(9):e249. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.249.

120 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 2019. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, edited by S. Díaz, J. Settele, E. S. Brondízio, H. T. Ngo, M. Guèze, J. Agard, A. Arneth, P. Balvanera, K. A. Brauman, S. H. M. Butchart, K. M. A. Chan, L. A. Garibaldi, K. Ichii, J. Liu, S. M. Subramanian, G. F. Midgley, P. Miloslavich, Z. Molnár, D. Obura, A. Pfaff, S. Polasky, A. Purvis, J. Razzaque, B. Reyers, R. Roy Chowdhury, Y. J. Shin, I. J. Visseren-Hamakers, K. J. Willis, and C. N. Zayas. Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat.

121 For example, following frameworks such as Business for Nature. See https://www.businessfornature.org.

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IMAGE CREDITS: Front and back cover CHBD; Inside front cover Giordano Cipriani; p. vii Brais Seara; p. viii Peter Berglund; p. 1 Anup Shah; p. 2 Steven WWild Media; p. 3 Jay Dickman; p. 4 Sunphol Sorakul (top), Kathleen Reeder Wildlife Photography (bottom); p. 5 Melissa McMasters (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license) (top), CasarsaGuru (bottom); p. 6 Frank Glaw (CC by 4.0) (top), Katy Clemmans (bottom); p. 7 soft light istock; p. 8 Kokhanchikov (top), Sumiko Scott (bottom); p. 9 Walter Bibikow (top), JurgaR (bottom); p. 10 Mark Newman; p. 11 Nathan Dappen (CC by-NC-SA 2.0) (top), Gerardo Ceballos (bottom); p. 12 Alexander Spatari (top), Andy Sacks (bottom); p. 13 Muslianshah Masrie; p. 14 Lea Scaddan (top), Rich Carey (bottom); p. 15 Pavel Kirillov (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license) (top), Allison Culliney (bottom); p. 16 Andrea Hill; p. 17 Dikkyoesin1; p. 18 Mark Newman (top), Thoman Kline Design Pics (bottom); p. 19 Philip Dumas (top), Pixdeluxe (bottom); p. 20 Guido Mieth (top), Zimon Eizner (center), Hill Street Studios (bottom); p. 21 Laura Hedien (top), James Kendi (bottom); p. 22 @ Tim Laman / naturepl.com; p. 23 Westend61 (top); Kieran Stone (bottom); p. 24 Tony Zhao; p. 25 FotoshopTofs (top), Gert-Peter BRUCH (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license) (bottom); p. 26 UNESCO Christelle ALIX (CC by-NC-ND 2.0) (top), CITES at GCIS (CC by-ND 2.0) (bottom); p. 27 Inside Creative House (top), Tempura (bottom); p. 28 Selinske et al. 2020; p. 29 Iuliia Bondar; p. 31 Ashley Cooper; p. 33 Giordano Cipriani; Inside back cover Juan Carlos Vindas

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A growing body of evidence has sounded the alarm that the biodiversity that supports and sustains life on Earth is at risk. Habitat destruction, resource exploitation, and climate change are among the many stressors that have put 1 million species under threat of extinction and sharply reduced the populations of many plant and animal species. While researchers and global leaders ramp up efforts to address this existential threat, the significance of species loss and the value of preserving biodiversity is not widely recognized by policy makers or the public. This booklet, produced by an international committee of experts, provides a publicly accessible overview of the many dimensions of biodiversity and why it's vital to the health of all life on the planet. The booklet also examines the causes of biodiversity loss and presents actions that can be taken from the individual to the global level to stop this decline.

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