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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Effects of Drug Control Policies on Individual and Community Health for People of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26401.
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Appendix A

References

BBC News. 2018. Fentanyl crisis: Is China a major source of illegal drugs? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45564744 (accessed October 1, 2021).

Beckett, K. 2012. Race, drugs and law enforcement: Toward equitable policing. Criminology and Public Policy 11(4):641–653.

Bidwell, L. C., R. Martin-Willett, and H. C. Karoly. 2021. Advancing the science on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health. Drug Alcohol Review 40(6):900–913.

Caulkins, J. P., B. Kilmer, M. A. R. Kleiman, R. J. MacCoun, G. Midgette, P. Oglesby, R. Liccardo Pacula, and P. Reuter. 2015. Considering marijuana legalization: Insights for Vermont and other jurisdictions. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR864.html (accessed October 4, 2021).

Drug Policy Alliance. 2018. Ten facts about cocaine. https://drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/cocainefacts_august_2018_1.pdf?_ga=2.121462536.1452113269.1633096225-811092019.1633096225 (accessed October 1, 2021).

Duster, T. 1971. The legislation of morality: Law, drugs, and moral judgment. New York: Free Press.

Fellner, J. 2009. Race, drugs, and law enforcement in the United States. Stanford Law and Policy Review 2(20):257–291.

Ghandnoosh, N., and C. Anderson. 2017. Opioids: Treating an illness, preventing a war. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/opioids-treating-illness-ending-war/ (accessed October 1, 2021).

Hetey, R. C., and J. L. Eberhardt. 2018. The numbers don’t speak for themselves: Racial disparities and the persistence of inequality in the criminal justice system. Current Directions in Psychological Science 27(3):183–187.

Hughes, C. E., and A. Stevens. 2010. What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs? British Journal of Criminology 50(6):999–1022.

Huntington Williams, E. 1914. Negro cocaine “fiends” are a new southern menace; murder and insanity increasing among lower class blacks because they have taken to “sniffing” since deprived of whisky by prohibition. The New York Times.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Effects of Drug Control Policies on Individual and Community Health for People of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26401.
×

LaFraniere, S., and A. W. Lehren. 2015. The disproportionate risks of driving while black. New York Times, October 24. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/us/racial-disparity-traffic-stops-driving-black.html (accessed October 1, 2021).

Liberman A. M., and J. Fontaine. 2015. Reducing harms to boys and young men of color from criminal justice system involvement. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/39551/2000095-Reducing-Harms-to-Boys-and-Young-Men-of-Color-from-Criminal-Justice-System-Involvement.pdf (accessed September 29, 2021).

Males, M., and L. Buchen. 2014. Reforming marijuana laws: Which approach best reduces the harms of criminalization? A five-state analysis. http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/cjcj_marijuana_reform_comparison.pdf (accessed October 4, 2021).

NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine). 2015. Public health implications of raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18997 (accessed June 3, 2022).

NASEM. 2017. Pain management and the opioid epidemic: Balancing societal and individual benefits and risks of prescription opioid use. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

NBC News. 2016. A short history of Gov. Lepage’s controversial comments. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/maine-gov-paul-lepage-has-history-controver-sial-remarks-n492826 (accessed February 5, 2019).

Nellis, A. 2021. The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/ (accessed August 31, 2021).

Sentencing Project. 2018. Report to the United Nations on racial disparities in the U.S. criminal justice system. https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities (accessed August 31, 2021).

Vancouver Coastal Health. 2016. 86% of drugs checked at insite contain fentanyl. http://www.vch.ca/about-us/news/news-releases/86-of-drugs-checked-at-insite-contain-fentanyl (accessed May 27, 2022).

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Effects of Drug Control Policies on Individual and Community Health for People of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26401.
×
Page 39
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Effects of Drug Control Policies on Individual and Community Health for People of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26401.
×
Page 40
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The United States has a complex system of laws and policies that attempt to regulate the distribution, manufacture, and use of a variety of non-legal drug substances as part of its overall criminal justice system. Laws regarding drug use have disproportionately impacted individuals and communities of color at every step of the journey through the criminal justice system, including arrest, conviction, sentencing, and incarceration. These disparities have clear outcomes for both individual and community health. To examine the effects of drug control policies on the health of individuals and communities of color, the Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity held a workshop on October 8, 2018, in Washington, DC. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.

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