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100 Abuzwidah, M., M. Abdel-Aty, and M. M. Ahmed. 2014. âSafety Evaluation of Hybrid Mainline Toll Plazas.â Presented at the 93rd meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2010. Highway Safety Manual, First Edition. Antonucci, N., K. Hardy, K. Slack, R. Pfefer, and T. Neuman. 2004. NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementa- tion of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan; Volume 12: A Guide for Reducing Collisions at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Bagdade, J., A. Ceifetz, M. Myers, C. Redinger, B. N. Persaud, and C. A. Lyon. 2012. âEvaluating Performance and Making Best Use of Passing Relief Lanes.â Report No. RC-1565, Michigan Department of Transportation. Bahar, G. 2010. Methodology for the Development and Inclusion of Crash Modification Factors in the First Edition of the Highway Safety Manual. Transportation Research Circular, No. E-C142, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Science, Washington, D.C. Bahar, G., C. Mollett, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, A. Smiley, T. Smahel, and H. McGee. 2004. NCHRP Report 518: Safety Evaluation of Permanent Raised Pavement Markers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Bonneson, J. A. and M. P. Pratt. 2008. âProcedure for Developing Accident Modification Factors from Cross- Sectional Data.â Transportation Research Record 2083: 40â48. Carrasco, O., J. McFadden, and P. Chandhok. 2004. âEvaluation of the Effectiveness of Shoulder Rumble Strips on Rural Multi-lane Divided Highways in Minnesota.â Washington, D.C., 83rd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Carter, D., R. Srinivasan, F. Gross, and F. Council. 2012. âRecommended Protocols for Developing Crash Modi- fication Factors, Final Report to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee on Highway Traffic Safety.â NCHRP Project 20-7(314). Accessed April 2016 at http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/collateral/CMF_Protocols.pdf CMF Clearinghouse. 2011a. âHow can I apply multiple CMFs?â Online Posting. CMF Clearinghouse FAQs. http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/faqs.cfm#q4. CMF Clearinghouse. 2011b. âHow do I choose between CMFs in my search results that have the same star rating but different CMF values?â Online Posting. CMF Clearinghouse FAQs. http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/ faqs.cfm#q13 Council, F. M., and Y. M. Mohamedshah. 2009. HSIS Guidebook for the Illinois State Data Files. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Elvik, R. 2009. âDeveloping Accident Modification Functions. Exploratory Study.â Transportation Research Record 2103, Washington D.C. Fitzpatrick, K., D. Lord, and B. J. Park. 2009. âHorizontal Curve Accident Modification Factor with Consider- ation of Driveway Density on Rural, Four-Lane Highways in Texas.â Transportation Research Board 88th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers CD-ROM, Washington, D.C. Fleiss, J. L. 1973. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Graham, J. L., K. R. Richard, M. K. OâLaughlin, and D. W. Harwood. 2011. âSafety Evaluation of the Safety Edge Treatment.â Report No. FHWA-HRT-11-024, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Griffin, L. and R. Flowers. 1997. âA Discussion of Six Procedures for Evaluating Highway Safety Projects.â Report No. FHWA-RD-99-040. Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas. Gross, F., P. P. Jovanis, K. Eccles, and K. Chen. 2009. âSafety Evaluation of Lane and Shoulder Width Combina- tions on Rural, Two-Lane, Undivided Roads.â Federal Highway Administration, Report FHWA-HRT-09-031. Gross, F. and A. Hamidi. 2011. âInvestigation of Existing and Alternative Methods for Combining Multiple CMFs, White Paper.â Federal Highway Administration. Available online at: http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/ collateral/Combining_Multiple_CMFs_Final.pdf References
References 101  Harkey, D. L., F. M. Council, R. Srinivasan, C. Lyon, B. Persaud, K. Eccles, N. Lefler, et al. 2008. NCHRP Report 617: Accident Modification Factors for Traffic Engineering and ITS Improvements. Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences. Harwood, D., K. Bauer, I. Potts, D. Torbic, K. Richard, E. Kohlman-Rabbani, E. Hauer, and L. Elefteriadou. 2002. âSafety Effectiveness of Intersection Left- and Right-Turn Lanes.â Report No. FHWA-RD-02-089, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Harwood, D. W., F. M. Council, E. Hauer, W. E. Hughes, and A. Vogt. 2000. âPrediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways.â FHWA-RD-99-207, McLean, Virginia, Federal Highway Administration. Hauer, E. 1997. Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. Himes, S. and F. 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102 Guidelines for the Development and Application of Crash Modification Factors Rosenbaum, P. and D. Rubin. 1983. âThe Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects.â Biometrika, Vol. 70, No.1: 41â55. Sacchi, E., T. Sayed, and A. Osama. 2015. Developing Crash Modification Functions for Pedestrian Signal Improve- ment. Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 83: 47â56. Sasidharan, L. and E. Donnell. 2013. âApplication of Propensity Scores and Potential Outcomes to Estimate Effectiveness of Traffic Safety Countermeasures: Exploratory Analysis Using Intersection Lighting Data.â Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 50: 539â553. Simpson, C. E. and J. E. Hummer. 2010. âEvaluation of the Conversion from Two-Way Stop Sign Control to All-Way Stop Sign Control at 53 Locations in North Carolina.â Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, Vol. 2(3): 239â260. Srinivasan, R., J. Baek, D. Carter, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, K. Eccles, F. Gross, and N. Lefler. 2009. âSafety Evalua- tion of Improved Curve Delineation.â Report No. FHWA-HRT-09-045, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. Srinivasan, R., J. Baek, and F. Council. 2010. âSafety Evaluation of Transverse Rumble Strips on Approaches to Stop-Controlled Intersections in Rural Areas.â Presented at the 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Srinivasan, R., J. Baek, S. Smith, C. Sundstrom, D. Carter, C. Lyon, B. Persaud. et al. 2011. NCHRP Report 705: Evaluation of Safety Strategies at Signalized Intersections. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Srinivasan, R. and B. Lan. 2016. âEstimation of Crash Modification Functions Using Site-Level Information from Results of Empirical Bayes Before-After Evaluations, Final Report.â Southeastern Transportation Center, U.S. Department of Transportation Grant DTRT13-G-UTC34. Torbic, D., J. Hutton, C. Bokenkroger, K. Bauer, D. Harwood, D. Gilmore, J. Dunn, et al. 2009. NCHRP Report 641: Guidance for the Design and Application of Shoulder and Centerline Rumble Strips. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Turner, B. and M. Tziotis. 2008. âRoad Safety Engineering Risk Assessment: Recent and Future Research.â Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety 19 (1): 29â35. Woolf, G. 1955. âOn Estimating the Relationship between Blood Group and Disease.â Annals of Human Genetics. Vol., 19: 251â253. Wu, L. and D. Lord. 2016. âInvestigating the Influence of Dependence between Variables on Crash Modification Factors Developed using Regression Models.â Presented at the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, Paper No. 16-2432, Washington, DC. Zegeer, C. V., D. W. Reinfurt, W. W. Hunter, J. Hummer, R. Stewart, and L. Herf. 1988. âAccident Effects of Sideslope and Other Roadside Features on Two-Lane Roads.â Transportation Research Record 1195: 33â47 Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.