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ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMTC Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation 2021 2021
TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM The nationâs growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is nec- essary to solve operating problems, adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and intro- duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Coopera tive Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit indus- try can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report 213âResearch for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recog- nized the need for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the successful National Coop- erative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), undertakes research and other technical activities in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes various transit research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Proposed by the U.S. Department of Trans- portation, TCRP was authorized as part of the Inter- modal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), reauthorized in June 1998 by the Transpor- tation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), again reauthorized in August 2005 by the Safe, Account- able, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), reauthorized again in 2012 by Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21), and reauthorized in 2015 by the Fixing Americaâs Surface Transportation (FAST) Act. On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement outlin- ing TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooperating organizations: FTA; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research organi- zation established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Commission. This memorandum agreement was updated on January 12, 1999. Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by any- one at any time. It is the responsibility of the TOPS Com mission to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS Com mission defines funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contrac- tors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and select- ing research agencies has been used by TRB in man- aging cooperative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Because research cannot have the desired effect if products fail to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on disseminating TCRP results to the intended users of the research: transit agen- cies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry practitioners. TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively address common operational problems. TCRP results support and complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. For additional information, go to www.trb.org/TCRP. ADDRESS INFORMATION TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Cooperative Research Programs 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20001 Phone: 202-334-3224 www.trb.org ON THE COVER Front: Essential Workers Ride Mass Transportation to Work Back: Mass Transportation Disinfection Worker Cover Images: Carolyn Olson http://carolynolson.net Cover design: National Academies Press
TCRP iiiT R A N S I T C O O P E R AT I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
2021 A N N U A L R E P O R T O F P R O G R E S Siv COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF Director Christopher J. Hedges Deputy Director and NCHRP Manager Lori L. Sundstrom NCHRP Associate Program Manager Waseem Dekelbab Senior Program Officers Kerry L. Ahearn Velvet Basemera-Fitzpatrick Mark S. Bush Jordan Christensen Camille Crichton-Sumners Zuxuan Deng B. Ray Derr Mariela Garcia-Colberg Jo Allen Gause Lawrence D. Goldstein Matthew J. Griffin Amir N. Hanna Edward T. Harrigan Ann M. Hartell Leslie C. Harwood David M. Jared Inam Jawed Andrew C. Lemer Christopher T. McKenney Sid Mohan Joseph D. Navarrete Stephan A. Parker Richard A. Retting William C. Rogers Theresia H. Schatz Dianne S. Schwager Gail R. Staba Trey Joseph Wadsworth Jennifer L. Weeks Melissa Welch-Ross Associate Program Officer/ Business Analyst Sarah Kosling Administrative Coordinator Joseph J. Snell Administrative Associate Cynthia E. Butler Program Coordinators Emily Griswold Deborah Irvin Brittany Summerlin-Azeez Program Associate Sheila A. Moore Travel Specialists Daniel J. Magnolia Robert Turner II Senior Program Assistants Anthony P. Avery Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain Cheryl Keith Thu M. Le Jarrel McAfee Tyler Smith Hana Vagnerova Demisha Williams Publications Senior Advisor Eileen P. Delaney Director of Publications Natalie Barnes Associate Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis Senior Editors Ellen M. Chafee Linda A. Dziobek Doug English Hilary Freer Margaret B. Hagood Scott E. Hitchcock Janet M. McNaughton Editors Kami Cabral Lea Camarda Cassandra J. Franklin-Barbajosa Sharon Lamberton Sreyashi Roy Lisa Whittington Publishing Projects Manager Jennifer J. Weeks Assistant Editor Jennifer Correro Senior Editorial Assistant Kathleen Mion Systems Analyst Roy N. Mesler Web Developer Natassja K. Linzau TCRP Manager Gwen Chisholm Smith ACRP Manager Marci A. Greenberger
TCRP vT R A N S I T C O O P E R AT I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M CONTENTS Annual Report of Progress, 1 Introduction, 1 How TCRP Programs Are Formulated, 2 Research Program, 4 Financing the Program, 6 How TCRP Is Organized to Administer Research Programs, 7 Project Panels, 8 How Projects Are Placed Under Contract, 9 Monitoring Research in Progress, 10 Promoting Dissemination and Application of Research Results, 10 Current Status, 11 Accomplishments in 2021, 11 Fiscal Year 2022 Program, 23 Policies on Bias and Conflict of Interest, 23 Summary, 25 Publications of the Transit Cooperative Research Program, 26 Summary of Project Status, 45 Summary of Project D-7 Status, 87 Summary of Project J-4 Status, 89 Summary of Project J-5 Status, 97 Summary of Project J-6 Status, 103 Summary of Project J-7 Status, 109 Summary of Project J-9 Status, 123 Summary of Project J-10 Status, 124 Summary of Project J-11 Status, 126 New Projects and Continuations, 129 Notice to Readers, 130 How to Order, 130
2021 A N N U A L R E P O R T O F P R O G R E S Svi PHOTO CREDITS: Page 1 Waiting for a Ride in Times Square, New York Photo: LeoPatrizi, gettyimages Page 8 App-Based Bicycle Sharing Network, Seattle, Washington Photo: VDB Photos, shutterstock Page 25 Bus to Downtown Denver, Colorado Photo: Timothy Yue, shutterstock
