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Committee on Options for Improving the Safety of Amphibious Vessels (DUKW Boats) When Used in Passenger Service Marine Board A Consensus Study Report of Options for Improving the Safety of DUKW Type Amphibious Vessels TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD SPECIAL REPORT 342
Transportation Research Board Special Report 342 Subscriber Categories: Marine transportation; policy Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www. TRB.org or nationalacademies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organi- zational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eli- gible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This publication was reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine. This study was sponsored by the United States Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-27628-3 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-27628-4 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26447 Library of Congress Control Number: 2022933319
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v COMMITTEE ON OPTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE SAFETY OF AMPHIBIOUS VESSELS (DUKW BOATS) WHEN USED IN PASSENGER SERVICE EUGENE A. VAN RYNBACH, Herbert Engineering Corp., Charlotte, North Carolina, Chair CAPT SCOTT ANDERSON (United States Coast Guard, retired), First Command Financial Services, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania CAPT ROBERT K. COOK, The Pilotsâ Association for the Bay and River Delaware, Lambertville, New Jersey TIMOTHY A. GRAUL, Timothy Graul Marine Design (retired), Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin JENNIFER KOLLMER, Rolls-Royce Marine North America, Walpole, Massachusetts MAGGIE NATE, Gibbs & Cox, Alexandria, Virginia RADM JOEL R. WHITEHEAD (United States Coast Guard, retired), J. Whitehead & Associates, Inc., Mandeville, Louisiana JOHN WOMACK, Chesapeake Shipbuilding Corporation, Salisbury, Maryland Transportation Research Board Staff MARK S. HUTCHINS, Study Director, Consensus and Advisory Studies THOMAS R. MENZIES, JR., Director, Consensus and Advisory Studies ANUSHA JAYASINGHE, Program Officer, Consensus and Advisory Studies Consultant SARAH JO PETERSON, 23 Urban Strategies, LLC
vii In September 2020, the United States Coast Guardâs (USCGâs) Office of Design and Engineering Standards (CG-ENG), Naval Architecture Division (CG-ENG-2) requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- ing, and Medicine (the National Academies), through the Transportation Research Boardâs (TRBâs) Marine Board, provide guidance to USCG on actions it could take that would increase safety on DUKW boats used for commercial passenger service. To conduct the study, the National Acad- emies appointed a committee of eight experts in the fields of naval archi- tecture, vessel design, and engineering; USCG regulation and inspection activity; safety standards development; vessel safety and operations; and shipbuilding. The committeeâs full Statement of Task is provided in Chap- ter 1. The committeeâs analysis on risk assessment in Chapter 8 was based on its own application of the principles outlined in the guidance notes cited. This report represents the consensus efforts of these eight individuals, who served uncompensated in the public interest. Their biographical informa- tion is provided in Appendix A. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The committee met seven times over a 10-month period to gather informa- tion relevant to the study, draft sections of its report, and deliberate on the reportâs content, findings, and recommendations. The committee wishes to thank the individuals participating in the briefings and discussions over the course of the study and making other contributions to the committeeâs work: Preface
viii PREFACE From USCG, CAPT Daniel H. Cost, Chief, Office of Design and Engineer ing Standards; CAPT Robert C. Compher, former Chief, Office of Design and Engineering Standards; and Jaideep Sirkar, Chief, Naval Archi- tecture Division. The committee especially wishes to thank LCDR Dimitri Wiener and Andrew J. Lachtman of the Naval Architecture Division who served as the principal contacts between USCG and the committee and coordinated information requests from the committee to offices within the agency. The committee also wishes to thank the industry representatives who provided valuable information to the committee: Eric Christensen, Director of Regulatory Affairs and Risk Management of the Passenger Vessel Asso- ciation (PVA); Cindy Brown, Chief Executive Officer, Boston Duck Tours; and Tony Cerulle, Chief Engineering Officer, Boston Duck Tours; and Alex Moyers, former owner of Chattanooga Ducks. Mark S. Hutchins managed the study and assisted the committee in the preparation of its report under the guidance of Thomas R. Menzies, Jr., Director, Consensus and Advisory Studies. Sarah Jo Peterson supported the writing of the report. Anusha Jayasinghe, Program Officer, provided extensive support to the committee. Karen Febey, Senior Report Review Officer, managed the report review process. This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. The committee thanks the following individuals for their review of this report: MICHAEL DINE, University of California, Santa Cruz THOMAS H. GILMOUR, United States Coast Guard (retired) TOM GRUBER, American Bureau of Shipping KYLE McAVOY, Robson Forensic, Inc. T. BLAKE POWELL, JMS Naval Architects JOHN WATERHOUSE, Elliott Bay Design Group Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or rec- ommendations of this report, nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of the report was overseen by CHRIS T. HENDRICKSON, Carnegie Mellon University, and CRAIG PHILIP, Vanderbilt University. They
PREFACE ix were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Respon- sibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.
xi Contents ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1 INTRODUCTION 7 Study Origins, Charge, and Approach, 8 Report Organization, 11 2 DUKW BOATS AND SAFETY 13 Brief History, 14 Major Casualty Events on Water, 15 DUKW Fleet Size and Location, 18 USCG Regulatory Oversight, 19 Review of Casualty Data, 25 Recommendations from Casualty Reports and Safety Bulletins, 26 Overview of Survivability, 29 3 FLOODING AND SURVIVABILITY 33 Flooding and Casualty Events, 33 Regulations and NVIC 1-01, 35 Survivability, Stability Standards, and Flooding, 38 Remaining Afloat and Upright During Flooding, 39 Flooding Through Hull Penetrations, 45 Flooding Through Engine Cooling Air Vents, 51 Summary, 54
xii CONTENTS 4 OPERATING AREAS 57 Operating Areas and Casualty Events, 58 Regulations and NVIC 1-01, 59 Factors for Evaluating Operating Areas, 61 Operating Restrictions During Severe Weather, 63 Summary, 66 5 CANOPIES AND ESCAPE DURING EMERGENCIES 69 Introduction, 69 Canopies, Life Jackets, and Loss of Life, 70 Regulations and NVIC 1-01, 72 Recommendations from Studies and Investigations, 73 Types of Canopies in Use, 75 Other Canopy Solutions, 84 Summary, 85 6 WEARING LIFE JACKETS 87 Life Jackets and Casualty Events, 87 Regulations and NVIC 1-01, 88 Investigations and Studies, 90 Wearing Life Jackets When Waterborne, 91 Type III Life Jackets, 92 Summary, 93 7 OPERATIONS AND SAFETY 95 Regulations and NVIC 1-01, 96 Number of Personnel on Board, 96 Tour Preparations, 97 Passenger Actions During Emergencies, 99 Summary, 100 8 RISK ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS 103 Summary of Findings on Higher Risk Operations, 104 Lower Risk Operations and Reserve Buoyancy, 106 Committee Recommendations, 106 Risk-Assessment Matrix, 110 Sample Hazard Register, 113 APPENDIXES A Study Committee Biographical Information 115 B Time to Sink Analysis 121 C Simplified HAZID Register for Water Segment of the Tour 125
xiii APV amphibious passenger vehicle CFR Code of Federal Regulations COI Certificate of Inspection (issued by USCG to a regulated vessel) DUKW collective term for WWII DUKW, Stretch Duck, and/or Truck Duck MAIB Marine Accident Investigation Branch (United Kingdom) MISLE Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database (USCG) MSC Marine Safety Center (USCG) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board NVIC Navigation and Vessel Inspection Circular (issued by USCG) NWS National Weather Service OCMI Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection PFD personal flotation device PVA Passenger Vessel Association SMS safety management system Acronyms and Abbreviations
xiv ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS SST Simplified Stability Test USCG United States Coast Guard WEA Weather Emergency Alert WWII DUKW DUKW manufactured during World War II
