Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems 2021 Update, Volume 1: Updated and New Chapters (2022)

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HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-1 CHAPTER 31 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES9 Akhtar, J., Aust, M. L., Eriksson, R. J., Fagerlind, H., Hoye, A., Phillips, R. O., and Sagberg, F. (2010). Factors contributing to road fatalities: Analysis of in-depth investigation data from passenger car intersection crashes and from collisions between bicycles and motorized vehicles (Report No. 1067/2010). American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (2004). Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities. Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2010). Highway Safety Manual, 1st Edition. Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (2011). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th Edition. Washington, DC. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (2012). Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. (2018). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 7th Edition. Washington, DC. Angelastro, M., K. Ozbay. (2010). The Influence of Driver Sight Distance on Crash Rates and Driver Speed at Modern Roundabouts in the United States. ITE Journal, Vol. 80, Issue 7, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC. Anderson, I. A. (2019). Assessment of the HAWK Crosswalk Traffic Signal. Vermont Agency of Transportation. Arndt, O., K., and Troutbeck, R. J. (1988). Transportation Research Circular E-C003: Relationship Between Roundabout Geometry and Accident Rates. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Bahill, A.T., Adler, D., and Stark, L. (1975). Most naturally occurring human saccades have magnitudes of 15 degrees or less. Investigative Ophthalmology, 14(6), 468-469. Bella, F., and Silvestri, M. (2015). Effects of safety measures on driver's speed behavior at pedestrian crossings. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 83, pp. 111-124. 9 This chapter covers the references cited in the materials developed for NCHRP Web-Only Document 316. It augments rather than replaces Chapter 23 in the HFG Second Edition.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-2 Bertulis, T., and P. Furth. (2014). Oasis Greenways: A New Model of Urban Park and Bikeway Within Constrained Street Rights-of-Way. TRB 93rd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Blackburn, L., Zegeer, C., and Brookshire, K. (2017). Guide for improving pedestrian safety at uncontrolled crossing locations. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Brady, J. F., Mills, A. F., Loskorn, J. A., Duthie, J. C., and Machemehl, R. B. (2010). Effects of shared lane markings on bicyclist and motorist behavior along multi-lane facilities. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, CSCE 2010. Bullough, J. D. (2013). Ecoluminance: A new approach to visual guidance for roadways. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 8(2), pp. 127-150. Burke, C. M., and D. M. Scott. (2017). Identifying Sensible Locations for Separated Bike Lanes on a Congested Urban Road Network: Case Study in Toronto, Canada. TRB 96th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Butler, A. A., Lord, S. R., and Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2016) Perceptions of speed and risk: Experimental studies of road crossing by older people. PLoS One, 11(4), 16p. Caird, J., and Hancock, P. (1994). The perception of arrival time for different oncoming vehicles arriving at an intersection. Ecological Psychology, 6, 83-109. Campbell, J. L., R. Hull, and A. Maistros. (2018). Primer on the Joint Use of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) and the Human Factors Guidelines (HFG) for Road Systems. Contractor’s Report, NCHRP Project 20-07/Task 334. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.10 Campbell, J. L., K. Kar, R. Y. Szymkowski, S. C. Tignor, and J. B. Tuddao. (2016). Applying the Human Factors Guidelines for Road Systems (HFG) to the Road Safety Audit (RSA) Process. TRB 95th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. No. 16-3078. Campbell, J. L., M. G. Lichty, J. L. Brown, C. M Richard, J. S. Graving, J. Graham, M. O’Laughlin, D. Torbic, and D. Harwood. (2012). NCHRP Report 600: Human Factors Guidelines for Road System, Second Edition. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Chase, S., Gabree, S. H., and daSilva, M. (2013). Effect of gate skirts on pedestrian behavior at a highway-rail grade crossing (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-13/51). Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration. Chen, P., and Zhou, J. (2016). Effects of the Built Environment on Automobile-Involved Pedestrian Crash Frequency and Risk. Journal of Transport & Health, 3(4), pp. 448-456. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view/1439954 10 Elizabeth Wemple (formerly at Cambridge Systematics, but now at HDR) also made early contributions to this report.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-3 Chen, X., Y. Qi, and Y. Lu. (2014). Safety Effects of Using Short Left-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Median Openings. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2436, pp. 13–22. Chovan, J., Tijerina, L., Everson, J., Pierowicz, J., and Hendricks, D. (1994). Examination of Intersection, Left Turn Across Path Crashes and Potential IVHS Countermeasures (DOT HS 808 154). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Conway, A., N. Tavernier, V. Leal-Tavares, N. Gharamani, L. Chauvet, M. Chiu, and X. B. Yeap. (2016). Freight in a Bicycle-Friendly City: Exploratory Analysis with New York City Open Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2547, pp. 91–101. Crabtree, M., Lodge, C., and Emmerson, P. (2015). A review of pedestrian walking speeds and time needed to cross the road (Report No. PPR700). Wokingham, Berkshire United Kingdom: Transportation Research Laboratory. CTC & Associates. (2014). New approaches for roundabout lighting to enhance pedestrian safety. Transportation Research Synthesis 1413 (20p): Local Road Research Board, Minnesota Department of Transportation Research Services and Library. Cumming, B. (2012). High rate of crashes at roundabouts involving cyclists may be reduced with careful attention to conflict paths. Paper presented at the Australasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference, Wellington, New Zealand. Daniels, S., Brijs, T., Nuyts, E., and Wets, G. (2009). Injury crashes with bicyclists at roundabouts: Influence of some location characteristics and the design of cycle facilities. Journal of Safety Research, 40(2), pp. 141-148. Davis, G.A., and T. Swenson. (2004). Field Study of Gap Acceptance by Left-Turning Drivers. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.1899, pp. 71–75. De Ceunynck, T., Dorleman, B., Daniels, S., Laureshyn, A., Brijs, T., Hermans, E., and Wets, G. (2017). Sharing Is (S)caring? Interactions between Buses and Bicyclists on Bus Lanes Shared with Bicyclists. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 46, Part B, pp 301-315. Dickman, D., Falbo, N., Durrant, S., Gilpin, J., Gastaldi, G., Chesston, C., . . . Pressly, R. (2016). Small town and rural multimodal networks. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Dill, J., Monsere, C., and McNeil, N. (2011). Evaluation of bike boxes at signalized intersections. DuBose, B., Lasky, M. E., and Sallaberry, M. J. (2013). Separated bikeways. Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers Federal Highway Administration (2000). Roundabouts: An Informational Guide (Publication FHWA-RD-00-067). Washington, DC.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-4 Federal Highway Administration. (2010). Access management in the vicinity of intersections. Washington, DC. Federal Highway Administration. (2012). Manual on uniform traffic control devices for streets and highways. 2009 edition with revision numbers 1 and 2 incorporated. Washington, DC. Federal Highway Administration. (2015). Accelerating Roundabout Implementation in the United States—Volume 1: Evaluation of Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon (RRFB) at Multilane Roundabouts. U.S. Department of Transportation. Publication FHWA-SA-15-069. Washington, D.C. Federal Highway Administration. (2017). Making our roads safer one countermeasure at a time. 20 proven safety countermeasures that offer significant and measurable impacts to improving safety. Washington, DC. Federal Highway Administration. (2018a). Interim Approval for the Optional Use of Pedestrian- Actuated Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons at Uncontrolled Marked Crosswalks (IA-21). Federal Highway Administration. (2018b). Toolbox of pedestrian countermeasures and their potential effectiveness. Washington, DC. Federal Highway Administration. (n.d.a). Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse. Retrieved from http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org Federal Highway Administration. (n.d.b). PEDSAFE. Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System. Retrieved from http://www.pedbikesafe.org/PEDSAFE/ Federal Highway Administration. (n.d., November 20, 2018). Interim approvals issued by FHWA. Retrieved from https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/res-interim_approvals.htm Federal Railroad Administration. (2008). A Compilation of Pedestrian Safety Devices in Use at Grade Crossings. Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety. Fees, C. A., D. J. Torbic, K. M. Bauer, R. Van Houten, N. Roseberry, and J. LaPlante. (2015). Design Guidance for Bicycle Lane Widths. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2520, pp. 78–89. Findley, D., Searcy, S., Salamati, K., Schroeder, B., Williams, B., Bhagavathula, R., and Rodegerdts, L. (2015). Accelerating roundabout implementation in the United States: Volume VI of VII - investigation of crosswalk design and driver behaviors (Report No. FHWA-SA-15-074). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Fisher, D., and Garay-Vega, L. (2012). Advance yield markings and drivers' performance in response to multiple-threat scenarios at mid-block crosswalks. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 44(1), pp. 35-41. Fitzpatrick, K. (1991). Gaps Accepted at Stop-Controlled Intersections. Transportation Research Record, No. 1303, pp. 103–112.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-5 Fitzpatrick, K., Brewer, M. A., Avelar, R., and Lindheimer, T. (2017). Will you stop for me? An exploration of characteristics associated with a driver’s decision to stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk with a rectangular rapid-flashing beacon. ITE Journal, 87(3), pp. 36-41. Fitzpatrick, K., M. A. Brewer, W. L. Eisele, H. S. Levinson, J. S. Gluck, and M. R. Lorenz. (2013). NCHRP Report 745: Left-Turn Accommodations at Unsignalized Intersections. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Fitzpatrick, K., Chrysler, S. T., Van Houten, R., Hunter, W. W., and Turner, S. (2011). Evaluation of pedestrian and bicycle engineering countermeasures: Rectangular rapid-flashing beacons, hawks, sharrows, crosswalk markings, and the development of an evaluation methods report. Fitzpatrick, K., S. M. Turner, M. Brewer, P. J. Carlson, B. Ullman, N. D. Trout, E. S. Park, J. Whitacre, N. Lalani, and D. Lord. (2006). TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Fitzpatrick, K., J. Warner, M. A. Brewer, B. L. Bentzen, J. M. Barlow, and B. Sperry. (2015). TCRP Report 175: Guidebook on Pedestrian Crossings of Public Transit Rail Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172320.aspx Foletta, N., C. Nielson, J. Patton, J. Parks, and R. Rees. (2015). Green Shared Lane Markings on Urban Arterial in Oakland, California: Evaluation of Super Sharrows. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2492, pp. 61–68. Furth, P. G., and D. M. Dulaski. (2011). More Than Sharrows: Lane-Within-a-Lane Bicycle Priority Treatments in Three U.S. Cities. TRB 90th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Gattis, J. L., and S. T. Low. (1998). Intersection Angle Geometry and the Driver's Field of View. Transportation Research Record, No. 1612, pp. 10–16. doi:10.3141/1612-02. Godavarthy, R. P., and Russell, E. R. (2016). Study of Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon’s Effectiveness for Motorists at Midblock Pedestrian Crossings. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 3(6), pp. 531-539. Gómez, R. A., S. Samuel, M. R. E. Romoser, M. A. Knodler, J. Collura, and D. L. Fisher. (2014). Mitigation of Pedestrian–Vehicle Conflicts at Stop-Controlled T-Intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2464, pp. 20–28. Goodno, M., N. McNeil, J. Parks, and S. Dock. (2013). Evaluation of Innovative Bicycle Facilities in Washington, D.C.: Pennsylvania Avenue Median Lanes and 15th Street Cycle Track. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2387, pp. 139–148. Groeger, J.A. (2000). Understanding Driving: Applying Cognitive Psychology to a Complex Everyday Task. Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-6 Haddon, W. (1964). Accident research; methods and approaches. Harper & Row, NY. Haddon W. (1972) A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity, Journal of Trauma; 12:193-207. Haddon W. (1980) Advances in the epidemiology of injuries as a basis for public policy. Public Health Reports; 95; 411-421. Haleem, K., and Abdel-Aty, M. (2012). Association between access management and traffic safety: Median classification and spatial effect. ITE Journal, 82(4), pp. 22-27. Hallmark, S. L., Hawkins, N., and Knickerbocker, S. (2015, September 15-18). Use of DSFS as a speed transition zone countermeasure in small, rural communities. Paper presented at the 18th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). Hamed, M.M., Easa, S.M., and Batayneh, R.R. (1997). Disaggregate gap-acceptance model for unsignalized T-intersections. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 123(1), 36-42. Harwood, D.W., J. M. Mason, and R. E. Brydia. (2000). Sight Distance for Stop-Controlled Intersections Based on Gap Acceptance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1701, pp. 32–41. Harwood, D. W., J. M. Mason, R. E. Brydia, M. T. Pietrucha, and G. L. Gittings. (1996). Appendix H: Field Studies of Vehicle Dimensions and Vehicle-Stopping Positions on Minor-Road Approaches to Stop-Controlled Intersections. Contractor’s Appendices to NCHRP Report 383, NCHRP Project 15-14(1). Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Hauer, E. (2008). Observational before-after studies in road safety: estimating the effect of highway and traffic engineering measures on road safety. U.K.: Emerald Group Pub. Hillsman, E. L., Hendricks, S. J., & Fiebe, J. (2012). A summary of design, policies and operational characteristics for shared bicycle/bus lanes. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida. Hochmuth, J., and R. V. Houten. (2018). Influence of Advanced Placement of the In-Street Sign Gateway on Distance of Yielding from the Crosswalk. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2672, pp. 13–20. Hourdos, J., Lehrke, D., Duhn, M., Ermagun, A., Singer-Berk, L., and Lindsey, G. (2017). Traffic impacts of bicycle facilities. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2017/201723.pdf Hunter-Zaworski, K., and Mueller, J. (2012). Evaluation of alternative pedestrian control devices. Final Report. Hutton, J. M., Bauer, K. M., Fees, C. A., and Smiley, A. (2015). Evaluation of left-turn lane offset using the naturalistic driving study data. Journal of Safety Research, 54, 5.e1-15.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-7 Huybers, S., Van Houten, R., Malenfant, J. E. L. (2004). Reducing conflicts between motor vehicles and pedestrians: the separate and combined effects of pavement markings and a sign prompt. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(4), 445–456. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view/750238 Illuminating Engineering Society. American National Standard Practice for Design and Maintenance of Roadway and Parking Facility Lighting. ANSI/IES Standard RP-8-18. Illuminating Engineering Society of North American, New York. Isebrands, H., S. Hallmark, and N. Hawkins. (2014). Effects of Approach Speed at Rural High- Speed Intersections: Roundabouts Versus Two-Way-Stop Control. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2402, pp. 67–77. Isler, R.B., Parsonson, B.S., and Hansson, G.J. (1997) Age related effects of restricted head movements on the useful field of view of drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 29(6), 793-801. Jeng, O.-J. (2005). Human factors evaluation of design ideas for prevention of vehicle entrapment on railroad tracks due to improper left turns. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Institute of Technology. Jensen, S. U. (2013). Safety Effects of Converting Intersections to Roundabouts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2389, pp. 22–29. Johnson, M. (2019). Safety Impacts of Signing and Pavement Markings on Property-Damage-Only Crashes at Multi-Lane Roundabouts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2673, pp. 477–488. Jonsson, L., Hyden, C., and Svensson, A. (2007). Yielding behaviour and interaction at bicycle crossings. Paper presented at the 3rd Urban Street Symposium: Uptown, Downtown, or Small Town: Designing Urban Streets That Work, Seattle, WA. Jorgensen, B. (2009). Driver Behavior Toward Circulating Cyclists At Roundabouts: Vehicle Study with Concurrent Collection of Eye Movements. Paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Kassim, A., K. Ismail, and S. Woo. (2017). Investigation of the Effect of Super-Sharrows on Cyclist and Vehicle Behavior. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2659, pp. 224–232 Kiefer, R.J., Cassar, M.T., Flannagan, C.A., Jerome, C.J., and Palmer, M.D. (2005). Surprise Braking Trials, Time-to-Collision Judgments, and “First Look” Maneuvers under Realistic Rear-End Crash Scenarios (Forward Collision Warning Requirements Project, Tasks 2 and 3a Final Report, DOT HS 809 902). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Advanced Safety Research. Kinzel, C. S. (2003). Signing and pavement-marking strategies for multi-lane roundabouts: An informal investigation. Paper presented at the 2nd Urban Street Symposium, Anaheim, CA.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-8 Kittelson, W.K., and Vandehey, M.A. (1991). Delay Effects on Driver Gap Acceptance Characteristics at Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections. Transportation Research Record, No. 1320, pp. 154-159. Knapp, K., Chandler, B., Atkinson, J., Welch, T., Rigdon, H., Retting, R., . . . Porter, R. J. (2014). Road diet informational guide. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Kyte, M., C. Clemow, N. Mahfood, B. K. Lall, and C. J. Khisty. (1991). Capacity and Delay Characteristics of Two-Way Stop-Controlled Intersections. Transportation Research Record, No. 1320, pp. 160–167. Lerner, N., Huey, R.W., McGee, H.W., and Sullivan, A. (1995). Older Driver Perception-Reaction Time for Intersection Sight Distance and Object Detection. Volume I, Final Report. (FHWA- RD-93-168). Washington, DC: FHWA. Levi, S., De Leonardis, D. M., Antin, J., and Angel, L. (2013). Identifying countermeasure strategies to increase safety of older pedestrians (Report No. DOT HS 811 798). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Liu, Y.-C., and Tung, Y.-C. (2014). Risk analysis of pedestrians’ road-crossing decisions: Effects of age, time gap, time of day, and vehicle speed. Safety Science, 63, pp. 77-82. Love, D. C., Breaud, A., Burns, S., Margulies, J., Romano, M., and Lawrence, R. (2012). Is the three-foot bicycle passing law working in Baltimore, Maryland? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 48, pp. 451-456. Lutkevich, P., and P. Hasson. (2005). An Examination and Recommendation for Current Practices in Roundabout Lighting. In Transportation Research Circular E-C083: National Roundabout Conference. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Mansfield, T. J., Peck, D., Morgan, D., McCann, B., and Teicher, P. (2018). The effects of roadway and built environment characteristics on pedestrian fatality risk: A national assessment at the neighborhood scale. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 121, pp. 166-176. Mantilla, J., and Burtt, D. (2016). Safer road design for older pedestrians. Victoria Walks, Melbourne. Version 1.1. August 2016. McNeil, N., C. M. Monsere, and J. Dill. (2015). Influence of Bike Lane Buffer Types on Perceived Comfort and Safety of Bicyclists and Potential Bicyclists. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2520, pp. 132–142. Mead, J., Zegeer, C., and Bushell, M. (2013). Evaluation of pedestrian-related roadway measures: A summary of available research. Chapel Hill, NC: Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center. Mehta, K., B. Mehran, and B. Hellinga. (2015). Evaluation of the Passing Behavior of Motorized Vehicles when Overtaking Bicycles on Urban Arterial Roadways. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2520, pp. 8–17.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-9 Monsere, C. M., N. Foster, J. Dill, and N. McNeil. (2015). User Behavior and Perceptions at Intersections with Turning and Mixing Zones on Protected Bike Lanes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2520, pp. 112–122. Nabors, D., Schneider, R. J., Leven, D., Lieberman, K., and Mitchell, C. (2008). Pedestrian safety guide for transit agencies. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Nambisan, S. S., Vasudevan, V., Dangeti, M., Virupaksha, V., and Board, T. R. (2008). Advanced Yield Markings and Pedestrian Safety: Analyses of Use with Danish Offsets and Median Refuge Islands. TRB 87th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view/848875 National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2016). Transit Street Design Guide. Island, Press. National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2013). Urban street design guide. New York, NY. National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2014). NACTO urban bikeway design guide (2nd ed.). New York, NY. National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2019). Don’t Give Up at the Intersection. New York, NY. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (2015). Critical Reasons for Crashes Investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (DOT HS 812 115). Washington, DC: NHTSA. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (2016). Traffic Safety Facts 2016. A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System (DOT HS 812 554). Washington, DC: NHTSA. Naveteur, J., Delzenne, J., Sockeel, P., Watelain, E., and Dupuy, M. A. (2013). Crosswalk time estimation and time perception: An experimental study among older female pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, pp. 42-49. Nordback, K., and Sellinger, M. (2014). Methods for estimating bicycling and walking in Washington state. (Rep. No. WA-RD 828.1). Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Transportation. Pessaro, B., Catalá, M., Wang, Z., and Spicer, M. (2017). Impact of transit stop location on pedestrian safety. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida. Qi, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., and Lu, Y. (2014). Left-turn lanes at unsignalized median openings. Houston, TX: Texas Southern University.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-10 Raborn, C., D. J. Torbic, D. K. Gilmore, L. J. Thomas, J. M. Hutton, R. Pfefer, T. R. Neuman, K. L. slack, V. Bond and K. K. Hardy. (2008). NCHRP Report 500: Guidance for Implementation of the AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan, Volume 18: A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Bicycles. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Richard, C.M., Campbell, J.L., and Brown, J.L. (2006). Task Analysis of Intersection Driving Scenarios: Information Processing Bottlenecks. (FHWA-HRT-06-033). Washington, DC: FHWA. Richter, T., Sachs, J.-C. (2016). Turning accidents between vehicles and cyclists driving straight ahead. Paper presented at the Road safety on five continents (RS5C): 17th international conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Road safety audits (RSA) [FHWA Website]. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/ Rodegerdts, L., J. Bansen, C. Tiesler, J. Knudsen, E. Myers, M. Johnson, M. Moule, B. Persaud, C. Lyon., S. Hallmark, H. Isebrands, R. B. Crown, B. Guicet, and A. O'Brien. (2010). NCHRP Report 672: Roundabouts: An Informational Guide–Second Edition. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Rodegerdts, L., M. Blogg, E. Wemple, E. Myers, M. Kyte, M. Dixon, G. List, A. Flannery, R. Troutbeck, W. Brilon, N. Wu, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, D. Harkey, and D. Carter. (2007). NCHRP Report 572: Roundabouts in the United States. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Rodgers, M. O., Hunter, M., Samoylov, A., Gbologah, F., and Berrebi, S. J. (2016). Evaluation of current practice for illumination at roundabouts: Safety and illumination of roundabouts (Phase I). Forest Park, GA: Georgia Department of Transportation. Rossi, R., M. Gastaldi, F. Biondi, and C. Mulatti. (2013). Approaching Roundabouts: Experiments with a Driving Simulator. TRB 92nd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Ryus, P., K. Laustsen, K. Blume, S. Beaird, and S. Langdon. (2016). TCRP Report 183: A Guidebook on Transit-Supportive Roadway Strategies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Salamati, K., B. J. Schroeder, D. R. Geruschat, and N. M. Rouphail. (2013). Event-Based Modeling of Driver Yielding Behavior to Pedestrians at Two-Lane Roundabout Approaches. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2389, pp. 1–11. Salamati, K., B. Schroeder, N. M. Rouphail, C. Cunningham, Y. Zhang, and D. Kaber. (2012). Simulator Study of Driver Responses to Pedestrian Treatments at Multilane Roundabouts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2312, pp. 67–75.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-11 Samuel, S., M. R. E. Romoser, L. R. Gerardino, M. Hamid, R. A. Gómez, M. A. Knodler, J. Collura, and D. L. Fisher. (2013). Effect of Advance Yield Markings and Symbolic Signs on Vehicle– Pedestrian Conflicts: Field Evaluation. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2393, pp. 139–146. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2393-16 Sando, T. (2014). Operational analysis of shared lane markings and green bike lanes on roadways with speeds greater than 35 mph. Jacksonville, FL: University of North Florida. Schneider, R. J., M. C. Diogenes, L. S. Arnold, V. Attaset, J. Griswold, and D. R. Ragland. (2010). Association Between Roadway Intersection Characteristics and Pedestrian Crash Risk in Alameda County, California. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2198, pp. 41-51. Schroeder, B., R. Hughes, N. Rouphail, C. Cunningham, K. Salamati, R. Long, D. Guth, R. W. Emerson, D. Kim, D., J. Barlow, B. L. Bentzen, L. Rodegerdts, and E. Myers. (2011). NCHRP Report 674: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Schroeder, B., L. Rodegerdts, P. Jenior, E. Myers, C. Cunningham, K. Salamati, S. Searcy, S. O’Brien, J. Barlow, and B. L. Bentzen. (2016). NCHRP Research Report 834: Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with Vision Disabilities: A Guidebook. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Schurr, K., J. Abos-Sanchez. (2007). Effects of Central Island Landscaping at Single-Lane Roundabouts. Proceedings of the European Transport Conference 2007, Leiden, The Netherlands. Shurbutt, J., Van Houten, R., Western Michigan University, K., and Administration, F. H. (2010). Effects of Yellow Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacons on Yielding at Multilane Uncontrolled Crosswalks. Son, Y. T., S. G. Kim, and J. K. Lee. (2002). Methodology to Calculate Sight Distance Available to Drivers at Skewed Intersections. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the National Academies, No, 1796, pp. 41–47. Srinivasan, R. and Bauer, K., (2013). Safety Performance Function Development Guide: Developing Jurisdiction-Specific SPFs. (FHWA-SA-14-005). Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation- Federal Highway Administration. Staplin, L., Lococo, K., Byington, S., and Harkey, D. (2001). Guidelines and Recommendations to Accommodate Older Drivers and Pedestrians. (FHWA-RD-01-051). McLean, VA: FHWA, Research, Office of Safety R&D. Strauss, J., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., and Morency, P. (2014). Multimodal injury risk analysis of road users at signalized and non-signalized intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 71, pp. 201-209.

HFG ADDITIONAL REFERENCES VERSION 2.1 31-12 Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc., Iowa State University Center for Transportation Research and Education (CTRE), Pennsylvania State University, Kittelson & Associates, Inc., and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). (2006). FHWA road safety audit guidelines (FHWA-SA-06-06). Retrieved from http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/guidelines/index.htm Taylor, S., Giang, C., Chau, P., and Aumann, P. (2017). Cycling aspects of austroads guides (Report No. 9781925451641). Thomas, L., N. J. Thirsk, and C. V. Zegeer. (2016). NCHRP Synthesis 498: Application of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments for Streets and Highways. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Thompson, A., and Kennedy, B. J. (2016). Engineering design for pedestrian safety at highway-rail grade crossings (Report No. DOT/FRA/ORD-16/24). Washington, DC: Federal Railroad Administration. Torbic, D. J., Bauer, K. M., Fees, C. A., Harwood, D. W., Van Houten, R., LaPlante, J., and Roseberry, N. (2014). NCHRP Report 766: Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths For Various Roadway Characteristics. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Treat, J.R., Tumbas, N.S., McDonald, S.T., Shinar, D., Hume, R.D., Mayer, R.E., Stansifer, R.L., Castellan, N.J. (1979). Tri-level study of the causes of traffic accidents (Executive Summary). (Report No. DOT HS-805 099). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Tsongos, N.G., and Schwab, R.N. (1970). Driver judgments as influenced by vehicular lighting at intersections. Highway Research Record, 336, 21-32. Van Houten, R., and Malenfant, L. (2008). An Analysis of Rectangular-shaped Rapid-Flashing LED Beacons to Increase Yielding to Pedestrians Using Crosswalks on Multilane Roadways in the City of St. Petersburg, FL. Van Houten, R., Hochmuth, J., Western Michigan University, K., and Transportation, M. D. of. (2016). Comparison of Alternative Pedestrian Crossing Treatments: Follow-Up Report. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdot/SPR-1643_552737_7.pdf Wang, J., and G. Lindsey. (2017). Equity of Bikeway Distribution in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2605, pp. 18–31. Ward, L. (2006). FHWA Road Safety Audit Guidelines (Publication No. FHWA-SA-06-06). Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Yan, X., Ma, M., Huang, H., Abdel-Aty, M., and Wu, C. (2011). Motor vehicle-bicycle crashes in Beijing: Irregular maneuvers, crash patterns, and injury severity. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), pp. 1751-1758.