Strategies for Deterring Trespassing on Rail Transit and Commuter Rail Rights-of-Way, Volume 1: Guidebook (2022)

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71   1. Federal Railroad Administration (2011). Federal Railroad Administration Guide for Preparing Accident/ Incident Reports. FRA Report D-17/02. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 2. Topel, K. (January 2019). Transportation Research Circular (E-C242): A Literature Review of Rail Trespassing and Suicide Prevention Research. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 3. Federal Transit Administration (January 2020). National Transit Database 2020 Safety and Security Policy Manual. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 4. Federal Railroad Administration (October 2018). Report to Congress: National Strategy to Prevent Tres- passing on Railroad Property. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 5. Federal Transit Administration (2020). National Transit Database 2020 Policy Manual. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 6. Korve, H. W., J.I. Farran, D.M. Mansel, H.S. Levinson, T. Chira-Chavala, and D.R. Ragland (1996). TCRP Report 17: Integration of Light Rail Transit into City Streets. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. 7. Federal Transit Administration (2018). National Transit Database (NTD). https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd. 8. Federal Railroad Administration (2018). Accident Query. Office of Safety Analysis, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/Default.aspx. 9. Federal Railroad Administration (2019). 4.11—Suicide Casualties by State/Railroad. Office of Safety Analysis, U.S. Department of Transportation. https://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/publicsite/Query/suiabbr.aspx. 10. Federal Transit Administration (November 2019). Hazard Management versus Safety Risk Management Guide. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 11. Federal Transit Administration (August 2019). Guide to Developing the Safety Risk Management Compo- nent of a Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 12. Federal Transit Administration (August 2019). Sample Hazard Classification System—Public Transporta- tion Agency Safety Plan (PTASP) Implementation, Version 1. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing- ton, DC. 13. Federal Transit Administration (September 2019). Sample Safety Risk Assessment Matrices for Rail Transit Agencies, Version 1. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 14. Federal Railroad Administration (2019). Highway-Rail Grade Crossing and Trespass Prevention: Compliance, Procedures, and Programs Manual. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 15. Federal Railroad Administration (2007). FRA Approach to Managing Gap Safety. Office of Railroad Safety, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 16. DaSilva, M., and T. Ngamdung (2014). Trespass Prevention Research Study—West Palm Beach, FL. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 17. Federal Railroad Administration (2007). Collision Hazard Analysis Guide: Commuter and Intercity Passenger Rail Service. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 18. American Public Transportation Association (2006). Manual for the Development of System Safety Program Plans for Commuter Railroads. APTA Commuter Rail Safety Management Program, Washington, DC. 19. International Union of Railways (September 2014). Reduction of Suicides and Trespasses on Railway Prop- erty (RESTRAIL) Practical Guide. 20. Havârneanu, G.M., Burkhardt, J-M., and Silla, A. (2016). Optimizing suicide and trespass prevention on railways: A problem-solving model from the RESTRAIL project. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 24(4), 469–486, doi:10.1080/17457300.2016.1232275. 21. Maryland Department of Transportation, Maryland Transit Administration (n.d.). Material provided via email from Chase Aiken-Brown, Jan. 12, 2021. References and Other Resources

72 Strategies for Deterring Trespassing on Rail Transit and Commuter Rail Rights-of-Way 22. Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority (n.d.). Incident Management System (IMS). Provided through correspondence with Israel Herevia, June 5, 2019. 23. Federal Transit Administration (November 30, 2020). Real-Time Transit Infrastructure and Rolling Stock Condition Assessment Research and Demonstration Program. News release. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ research-innovation/real-time-transit-infrastructure-and-rolling-stock-condition-assessment-research. 24. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (n.d.). Material provided via email correspondence, Feb. 1, 2021. 25. Illinois Department of Transportation (September 2019). Special Study of Trespassing on the Chicago Transit Authority. State Safety Oversight Authority. 26. Amtrak (n.d.). Material provided via email from Michelle Jennings, Jan. 22, 2021. 27. Federal Railroad Administration (July 2018). Characteristics of Trespassing Incidents in the United States (2012–2014). U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 28. Federal Railroad Administration (2013). Rail Trespasser Fatalities: Demographic and Behavioral Profiles. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 29. RESTRAIL (2012). Current Knowledge of Railway Suicides and Trespassing Accidents. http://www.restrail. eu/IMG/pdf/restrail_wp1_kau_wop_001_310712_a_final_draft.pdf. 30. Chase, S., and D. Hiltunen (April 2020). Consistent Trespasser Intent Determination Criteria Pilot Project. Office of Railroad Policy and Development, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transpor- tation, Washington, DC. 31. Federal Railroad Administration (November 2014). Trespass Event Risk Factors. U.S. Department of Trans- portation, Washington, DC. 32. Skladana, P., P. Skladany, P. Tucka, M. Bidovsky, and B. Sulikova (2016). Trespassing Railway Property— Typology of Risk Localities. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 2091–2100. 33. Havârneanu, G., M.-H. Bonneau, and J. Colliard (May 2016). Lessons Learned from the Collaborative European Project RESTRAIL: Reduction of Suicides and Trespasses on RAILway Property. European Transport Research Review, 8, 16. 34. Australasian Centre for Rail Innovation (2019). Trespass/Self-Harm. Project number PF14. 35. Federal Railroad Administration (March 25, 2014). Critical Incident Stress Plans: Final Rule. Federal Register, 79(57). 36. Stanchak, K., F. Foderaro, and M. DaSilva (2015). High-Security Fencing for Rail Right-of-Way Applica- tions: Current Use and Best Practices. DOT-VNTSC-FRA-14-08. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 37. Utah Transit Authority (n.d.). Material provided via email from Tina Bartholomew, Jan. 28, 2021. 38. Transport for London, London Underground (n.d.). Material provided via email from Simon Abernethy, Jan. 11, 2021. 39. Silla, A., and J. Luoma (2011). Effect of Three Countermeasures against the Illegal Crossing of Railway Tracks. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(3), 1089–1094. 40. Horton, S., and F. Foderaro (2016). Law Enforcement Strategies for Preventing Rail Trespassing. DOT- VNTSC-FRA-14-07. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 41. Global Railway Alliance for Suicide Prevention (November 2019). Notes from International Meetings: November 2019. Volpe Center, U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.volpe.dot.gov/rail-suicide- prevention/grasp. 42. Ceccato, V., and A. Uittenbogaard (2016). Suicides in Commuting Railway Systems: The Case of Stockholm County, Sweden. Journal of Affective Disorders, 198, 206–221. 43. Fitzpatrick, K., J. Warner, M.A. Brewer, B.L. Bentzen, J.M. Barlow, and B. Sperry (2015). TCRP Report 175: Guidebook on Pedestrian Crossings of Public Transit Rail Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 44. Korve, H.W., B.D. Ogden, J.T. Siques, D.M. Mansel, H.A. Richards, S. Gilbert, E. Boni, M. Butchko, J.C. Stutts, and R.G. Hughes (2001). TCRP Report 69: Light Rail Service: Pedestrian and Vehicular Safety. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. 45. Cleghorn, D., A. Clavelle, J. Boone, M. Masliah, and H.S. Levinson (2009). TCRP Report 137: Improving Pedestrian and Motorist Safety Along Light Rail Alignments. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. 46. RESTRAIL (July 17, 2019). RESTRAIL Toolbox: 10.1 Removal of Vegetation to Increase Visibility. http:// www.restrail.eu/toolbox/spip.php?article112. 47. Ngamdung, T., and M.P. DaSilva (2019). Effect of Anti-trespass Guard Panels on Pedestrian Behavior. DOT/ FRA/ORD-19/23. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 48. RESTRAIL (n.d.). RESTRAIL Toolbox: 8.5 Anti-trespass Panels. http://restrail.eu/toolbox. 49. L.B. Foster (n.d.). Anti-trespass Panels Info Sheet. http://www.lbfoster.com/en/news/details/2019-10-17-anti- trespass-panels-installed-in-ontario.

References and Other Resources 73   50. Thompson, A., and B. Kennedy (2016). Engineering Design for Pedestrian Safety at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 51. RESTRAIL (2014). Evaluation of Measures, Recommendations and Guidelines for Further Implementation— Pilot Test #5: A Combination of Measures at Ayden Station—TCDD. 52. ProRail (n.d.). Material provided via email from Roald van der Valk. Jan. 14, 2021. 53. Law, C.K., and P.S. Yip (2011). An Economic Evaluation of Setting up Physical Barriers in Railway Stations for Preventing Railway Injury: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 65(10), 915–920. 54. Hunter-Zaworski, K., D. Anderson, U. Rutenberg, E. Tomaszewska, and J. McConnell (2017). TCRP Research Report 189: Manual to Improve Rail Transit Safety at Platform/Vehicle and Platform/Guideway Interfaces. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. 55. RESTRAIL (July 22, 2019). RESTRAIL Toolbox: 8.4 Sliding Doors at Platforms. http://www.restrail.eu/ toolbox/spip.php?article105. 56. Global Railway Alliance for Suicide Prevention (August 2018). Notes from International Meetings: August 2018. Volpe Center, U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.volpe.dot.gov/rail-suicide-prevention/grasp. 57. Gabree, S.H., D. Hiltunen, and E. Ranalli (2019). Railroad Implemented Countermeasures to Prevent Suicide: Review of Public Information. DOT/FRA/ORD-19/04. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 58. Law, C.K., P.S. Yip, W.S. Chan, K.W. Fu, P.W. Wong, and Y.W. Law (2009). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Barrier Installation for Preventing Railway Suicides in Hong Kong. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1–3), 254–262. 59. Barker, E., K. Kolves, and D. De Leo (2017). Rail-Suicide Prevention: Systematic Literature Review of Evidence-Based Activities. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 9(3), e12246. 60. 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Trivedi, and X. Liu (2018). Automated Detection of Grade-Crossing-Trespassing Near Misses Based on Computer Vision Analysis of Surveillance Video Data. Safety Science, 110, 276–285. 66. Sherry, P. (2016). Remedial Actions to Prevent Suicides on Commuter and Metro Rail Systems. MTI Report 12-41. Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose, CA. 67. DH News Vancouver (2017). Are Glass Sliding Platform Edge Doors Feasible for Skytrain Stations? https:// dailyhive.com/vancouver/glass-sliding-platform-screen-doors-feasible-skytrain-stations. 68. Catalano, A., F.A. Bruno, M. Pisco, A. Cutolo, and A. Cusano (2014). An Intrusion Detection System for the Protection of Railway Assets Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors. Sensors, 14(10), 18268–18285. 69. Federal Railroad Administration (2007). Alternative Rail Intruder and Obstacle Detection Systems. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 70. Silla, A., and J. Luoma (2009). 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74 Strategies for Deterring Trespassing on Rail Transit and Commuter Rail Rights-of-Way 77. RESTRAIL (Feb. 23, 2018). RESTRAIL Toolbox: 11.2 Detection Systems Combined with Sound Warnings. http://www.restrail.eu/toolbox/spip.php?article114. 78. Metropolitan Transportation Authority Metro-North Railroad (n.d.). Material provided via email from Jami Spordone, Jan. 28, 2021. 79. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (n.d.). Material provided via email from Vijay Khawani, Jan. 8, 2021. 80. Havârneanu, G. (2019). Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Community-Based Trespass Prevention Model. TR News, No. 322, July–August, 6–22. 81. Vonashek, J., D. Mitchell, L. Ebbighausen, K. Meyer, and L. Katz (2019). Safety Education and Community Outreach Initiatives for Trespasser Prevention: Metro-North and Long Island Rail Road. TR News, No. 322, July–August, 36–38. 82. Silla, A., and V.-P. Kallberg (2015). Effect of Railway Safety Education on the Safety Knowledge and Behaviour Intention of Schoolchildren. Evaluation and Program Planning, 55, 9–16. 83. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (n.d.). SEPTA System Safety Twitter Page. https:// twitter.com/SEPTASafety. 84. Operation Lifesaver, Inc. (2018). Best Practices for Rail Transit Safety Education. Washington, DC. 85. Federal Highway Administration (2004). Secretary’s Action Plan for Highway-Rail Crossing Safety and Trespass Prevention. Secretary of Transportation, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 86. American Public Transportation Association (2017). Rail Transit Grade Crossing Public Education. APTA RT-RGC-RP-002-02, Rev. 2. APTA Rail Transit Grade Crossings Working Group, Washington, DC. 87. Gabree, S.H., S. Chase, A. Doucette, and M. Martino (2014). Countermeasures to Mitigate Intentional Deaths on Railroad Rights-of-Way: Lessons Learned and Next Steps. DOT/FRA/ORD-14/36. Federal Rail- road Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 88. Gabree, S.H., and D. Hiltunen (2019). Review of Suicide Intervention Training Programs. DOT/FRA/ORD- 19/31. Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 89. American Public Transportation Association (2009). Security Awareness Training for Transit Employees. APTA Security Risk Management Working Group, Washington, DC. 90. American Public Transportation Association (2009). Identifying Suspicious Behavior in Mass Transit. APTA SS-SRM-RP-009-09. APTA Security Risk Management Working Group, Washington, DC. 91. Danaher, A., J. Wensley, A. Dunham, T. Orosz, R. Avery, K. Cobb, K. Watkins, C. Queen, S. Berrebi, M. Connor, and J. McLaughlin (2020). TCRP Research Report 215: Minutes Matter: A Bus Transit Service Reliability Guidebook. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.