Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts (2022)

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45   References AC Transit. (2020). Board Policy No. 333: Fare Policy Goals and Methodology. Amendment effective Nov. 12, 2020. https://www.actransit.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/BP%20333%20-%20Fare%20Policy%20Goals %20and%20Methodology.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2021. AC Transit. (n.d.). Fares, Tickets, and Transfers. https://www.actransit.org/fares-tickets-transfers. Accessed March 4, 2021. Bandegani, M., and Akbarzadeh, M. (2016). Evaluation of Horizontal Equity under a Distance-Based Transit Fare Structure. Journal of Public Transportation, 19 (3): 161–172. Bartinique, I., and Hassol, J. (2019). Mobility Payment Integration: State-of-the-Practice Scan. Federal Transit Administration Report No. 0143. Bondemark, A., Andersson, H., Wretstrand, A., and Brundell-Freij, K. (2020). Is it Expensive to be Poor? Public Transport in Sweden. Transportation, 1–26. Brakewood, C. (2020). TCRP Synthesis 148: Business Models for Mobile Fare Apps. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Brown, A.E. (2018). Fair Fares? How Flat and Variable Fares Affect Transit Equity in Los Angeles. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 6, 765–773. Burroughs, D. (2019). Swiping Right to Simplify Ticketing. International Railway Journal. March 11, 2019. https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/swiping-simplify-ticketing Capital District Transit Authority. (2017). Prepayment System Navigator Now Available. Jan. 12, 2017. https:// www.cdta.org/news/navigator-launches. Capital District Transit Authority. (n.d.). Navigator Fare Products. https://www.cdta.org/navigator-fare-products. Accessed March 7, 2021. Capital MetroBlog. (2020). CapMetro Fare Initiatives Expand Equity in Austin. Nov. 23, 2020. https://capmetroblog. com/2020/11/23/capmetro-fare-initiatives-expand-equity-austin/. Chalabianlou, R., Lawrence, A., and Baxter, B. (2015). A Review and Assessment of Fare Capping as a Passenger Incentive Mechanism for Australia and New Zealand. 37th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2015. Champaign–Urbana Mass Transit District. (2020). Champaign–Urbana Mass Transit District Board, Meeting Minutes, Feb. 26, 2020. https://mtd.org/media/2782/2-2020-board-packet.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2021. Chatham Area Transit. (2021). CAT Introduces Mobile Ticketing. Mass Transit. March 2, 2021. https://www. masstransitmag.com/technology/fare-collection/mobile-applications/press-release/21212370/chatham- area-transit-cat-cat-introduces-mobile-ticketing. CTtransit. (2018). The Simplest Way to Get the Lowest Fare. Published Oct. 30, 2018. https://www.cttransit.com/ news/simplest-way-get-lowest-fare. Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. (2020). Examples of Fare Capping Programs in Portland, Oregon and Dallas, Texas. https://www.dvrpc.org/ETA/CaseStudies/pdf/Fare_Capping_Programs.pdf. Accessed Feb. 20, 2021. Derby, A. (2019). Fare Capping: How it Works in Portland. Mass Transit. July 8, 2019. https://www.masstransitmag. com/technology/passenger-info/article/21087563/fare-capping-how-it-works-in-portland. Downtown Dayton Partnership. (2021). Fast Facts: Greater Dayton RTA Begins Fare-Capping System to Promote Equity. Feb. 5, 2021. https://www.downtowndayton.org/fast-facts-greater-dayton-rta-begins-fare-capping- system-to-promote-equity/. Frederick County. (2020). Rider Bulletin: Token Transit Now Has Fare Capping. Feb. 19, 2020. https://www. frederickcountymd.gov/DocumentCenter/View/324627/Fare-Capping-Rider-Bulletin. Graham, P. (2010). Cash or Prepay? Motivations for Passenger Payment. Research Report ITLS-RR-10-01 of the Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, University of Sydney.

46 Fare Capping: Balancing Revenue and Equity Impacts Greater Dayton RTA. (n.d.). Tapp Pay: What Is Fare Capping? http://www.i-riderta.org/how-to-ride/tapp- pay#Fare%20Capping. Accessed Feb. 23, 2021. Greater Portland METRO. (2020). Southern Maine Transit Agencies Introduce DiriGo TouchPass, a Contactless and Safer Electronic Fare System on October 1, 2020 [press release]. Sept. 15, 2020. https://gpmetro.org/ DocumentCenter/View/647/FIN-PRESS-RELEASE---OCT-1-DiriGo-TouchPass. Hickey, R.L., Lu, A., and Reddy, A. (2010), Using Quantitative Methods in Equity and Demographic Analysis to Inform Transit Fare Restructuring Decisions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2144, Vol. 1, pp. 80–92. IndyGo. (2019). IndyGo Rider Guidelines. Aug. 2019. http://www.indygo.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ Rider_Guidelines_2019.pdf. Infrastructure Victoria. (2020). Fair Move: Better Public Transport Fares for Melbourne. https://www.infrastructure victoria.com.au/project/fair-move-better-public-transport-fares-for-melbourne. Interurban Transit Partnership. (2021). Interurban Transit Partnership Board of Directors, Present Performance & Service Committee, Meeting Minutes, Jan. 12, 2021. https://www.ridetherapid.org/assets/files/11p/ pps-meeting-packet-1-12-21.pdf. Accessed Feb. 1, 2021. Jones, P., and Lucas, K. (2012). The Social Consequences of Transport Decision-Making: Clarifying Concepts, Synthesising Knowledge and Assessing Implications. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, pp. 4–16. Kiriazes, R. (2020). Fare Capping in the U.S. April 2020. https://rebeccakiriazeseportfolio.wordpress.com/2020/ 04/30/fare-capping-in-the-us/. Litman, T. (2021). Evaluating Transportation Equity: Guidance for Incorporating Distributional Impacts in Transportation Planning. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Luas. (2012). Introducing Leap Card Luas Capping Frequently Asked Questions. https://luas.ie/assets/files/ RPA%20Marketing%20Campaign/Leap%20Card%20Luas%20Capping%20FAQs.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2021. Mass Transit Railway. (n.d.). About the Scheme: Purpose and Features. https://www.ptfss.gov.hk/en-main.html#/ en-sch-01. Accessed May 18, 2021. Matas, A., Raymond, J., and Ruiz, A. (2020). Economic and Distributional Effects of Different Fare Schemes: Evidence from the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 138, pp. 1–14. McCollom, B.E., and Pratt, R.H. (2004). Chapter 12: Transit Pricing and Fares. In TCRP Report 95: Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Metro Transit. (n.d.). Gateway Card. https://www.metrostlouis.org/gatewaycard/. Accessed March 4, 2021. Metropolitan Transit System. (n.d.). Ride PRONTO: Coming Summer 2021. http://www.ridepronto.com. Accessed May 18, 2021. Miami-Dade Transit. (2019). Miami-Dade Transit Launches Contactless Payment, a New and Easier Option for Metrorail Riders to Pay for their Fares [press release]. Aug. 21, 2019. http://www.miamidade.gov/releases/ 08-21-19-dtpw-contactless-payment.asp. Multisystems, Inc. (2003). TCRP Report 94: Fare Policies, Structures and Technologies: Update. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Nuworsoo, C., Golub, A., and Deakin, E. (2009). Analyzing equity impacts of transit fare changes: Case study of Alameda–Contra Costa Transit, California. Evaluation and Program Planning, 32(4), 360–368. Okunieff, P. (2017). TCRP Synthesis 125: Multiagency Electronic Fare Payment Systems, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Piedmont Authority for Regional Transportation. (n.d.). PART Rewards Program. https://www.partnc.org/319/ PART-Rewards-Program. Accessed March 7, 2021. Regional Transit Service. (2020). RTS to Launch New RTS Go Fare Payment System and Reinstate Fare Collection on July 15, 2020. June 15, 2020. https://www.myrts.com/Newsroom/News/Article/303/RTS-to-Launch- New-RTS-Go-Fare-Payment-System-and-Reinstate-Fare-Collection-on-J. Rhode Island Public Transit Authority. (2020). RIPTA Launches Wave – A New Smart Fare Collection System That Makes It Easier Than Ever Before to Use Transit. Sept. 8, 2020. https://www.ripta.com/ripta-launches- wave-a-new-smart-fare-collection-system-that-makes-it-easier-than-ever-before-to-use-transit/. Rubensson, I., Susilo, Y., and Cats, O. (2020). Is Flat Fare Fair? Equity Impact of Fare Scheme Change. Transport Policy, 91, pp. 48–58. Skagit Transit. (n.d.). TouchPass. https://www.skagittransit.org/tp/. Accessed March 7, 2021. SolTrans. (2019). Token Transit. Oct. 24, 2019. https://soltrans.org/news/news/token-transit/. Streeting, M., and Charles, P. (2006). Developments in Transit Fare Policy Reform. 29th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Queensland, Australia. Tawfik, N.S. (2014). From Fare Zones to Fair Zones: The Impact of Differentiated Transit Fares on Metro Vancouver Transit Riders. Master’s thesis, Simon Fraser University.

References 47   Taylor K.C., and Jones E.C. (2012). Fair Fare Policies: Pricing Policies that Benefit Transit-Dependent Riders. In Community-Based Operations Research (M. Johnson, ed.), International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Vol. 167, Springer, New York. Utah Transit Authority. (n.d.). FAREPAY Fare Cap Pilot. https://rideuta.com/Fares-And-Passes/FAREPAY-Card/ FAREPAY-Fare-Cap-Pilot. Accessed Feb. 20, 2021. Valley Transit Authority. (n.d.). Fares: Day Pass Accumulator. https://www.vta.org/go/fares#accordion-day-pass- accumulator. Accessed March 7, 2021. Verbich, D., and El-Geneidy, A. (2017). Public Transit Fare Structure and Social Vulnerability in Montreal, Canada. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 96, pp. 43–53. Wang, S., Liu, Y., and Corcoran, J. (2021). Equity of Public Transport Costs Before and After a Fare Policy Reform: An Empirical Evaluation using Smartcard Data. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 144, pp. 104–118. West Hawaii Today. (2020). Honolulu Proposes Increase to Senior, Disabled Bus Fares. Feb. 17, 2020. https:// www.westhawaiitoday.com/2020/02/17/hawaii-news/honolulu-proposes-increase-to-senior-disabled-bus- fares/. Yes Weekly. (2019). PART Introduces TouchPass Mobile and Smartcard Ticketing: Commuting in the Triad Just Got Even Easier. Aug. 1, 2019. https://www.yesweekly.com/news/part-introduces-touchpass-mobile- and-smartcard-ticketing-commuting-in-the-triad-just-got-even-easier/.