Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies (2022)

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A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 236 2022 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Planning and Forecasting • Terminals and Facilities Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies Gaël Le Bris Loup-Giang Nguyen Beathia Tagoe Philip Jonat WSP USA, Inc. Raleigh, NC Cedric Y. Justin Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA Eugene Reindel Katherine B. Preston HMMH Washington, DC Phillip J. Ansell Urbana, IL

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in transpor- tation of people and goods and in regional, national, and international commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for man- aging and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research pro- grams. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative High- way Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 236 Project 03-51 ISSN 2572-3731 (Print) ISSN 2572-374X (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-09458-0 Library of Congress Control Number 2022930194 © 2022 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transporta- tion Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published research reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under ACRP Proj - ect 03-51 by a multi-disciplinary team led by WSP USA. WSP USA, Inc. is the contractor for this project. Gaël Le Bris, C.M., P.E., Senior Aviation Planner and Senior Technical Principal at WSP USA, was the Project Director and Principal Investigator for this project. The other authors of this report are Loup-Giang Nguyen, Beathia Tagoe, and Philip Jonat (WSP USA); Cedric Y. Justin (Georgia Institute of Technology); Eugene Reindel and Katherine B. Preston (HMMH); and Phillip Ansell. Marla Engel and Paul Wheeler (WSP USA) contributed to the moderation of the industry workshops. Robin Christians, Benjamin N. Rudolph, and Tienna Kim (WSP USA) participated in the development of the toolkit. Michael L. Babin, Deborah Mandell, and Denise Short (WSP USA) assisted with the finalization of the deliverables. The work was done under the supervision of Gaël Le Bris. The market assessment was prepared by Ascension Global. The authors wish to thank the participants in the survey, interviews, and industry workshops conducted as part of this project, and to the stakeholders who shared data, perspectives, and materials with the project team. We particularly express appreciation to Richard Ambroise (Airbus UpNext), Thomas Budd (Cranfield University), P. Scott Cary (NREL), Jason Chua (Universal Hydrogen), Thomas Clagaard (Bye Aerospace), Evanicio Costa (The Boeing Company), Robert S. Dawson (The Boeing Company), Allen Dennis (EPRI), Kent Duffy (FAA), Godfrey Gabriel (Apsys), Roei Ganzarski (magniX), James L. Grimsley (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), Jim Halley (Texas DOT), Clint Harper (Urban Movement Labs), Robert C. Huck (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma), Robert Jackson (North Carolina DOT), Jacob D. Keady (Massachusetts DOT), Ashish Kumar (Zunum Aero), Olav Mosvold Larsen (Avinor), Ed Lovelace (Ampaire), Dana Mecomber (Port Authority of New York and New Jersey), Syed Mehdi (San Antonio Airport System), Todd Meyer (North Carolina DOT), Aram Missaghian (Exelon Corporation), Amy Nagengast (San Francisco International Airport), Brice Nzeukou (Ampaire), Zachary Owens (Colorado Energy Office), Lisa Perrone (Exelon Utilities), Thomas “Max” Platts (WSDOT), Joshua Portlock (Electro.Aero), William Reinhardt (FAA), Uday Sangar (ComEd), Owen Silbaugh (Massachusetts DOT), David Ulane (Colorado DOT), Christine Weydig (Port Authority of New York and New Jersey), Yolanka Wulff (Community Air Mobility Initiative), and Susan X. Ying (Ampaire). CRP STAFF FOR ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 236 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Marci A. Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications ACRP PROJECT 03-51 PANEL Field of Policy and Planning Jeannette M. Hilaire, Denver International Airport, Denver, CO (Chair) Casey Lamont, City of Burlington Electric Department, Burlington, VT Petra Kandus, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, New York, NY Timothy Mitchell, Safe Consulting Services, Seattle, WA Andrew Y. Ndolo, Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Washington, DC Tyler Richardson, Charlotte Douglas International Airport, Clover, SC Christina Nutting, FAA Liaison Melinda Z. Pagliarello, Airports Council International–North America Liaison

ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies and its accompanying electronic toolkit offer an introduction to the emerging electric aircraft industry, give estimates of potential market growth, and provide guidance to help airports estimate the potential impacts of electric aircraft on their facilities and to be prepared to accommodate them. The report and toolkit will be of particular interest to practitioners who wish to explore the benefits and challenges of accommodating this new technology in an airport setting. Design innovation for electrically powered and hybrid-electric aircraft is accelerating rapidly. While there are many potential benefits of electric aircraft and hydrogen technolo- gies, not all air service can be replaced by electrically powered aircraft in the near term. The advent of electric aircraft offers both significant opportunities and disruptions for airports and their surrounding communities. Airports may have new roles to play regarding energy generation and transmission; at the same time, electric aircraft may affect revenue from fuel sales. Airports needed research to help prepare for the introduction and accommodation of electric aircraft into the airport environment. The research, led by WSP USA, began with a review of literature related to electric aircraft and hydrogen technologies. A market assessment was then performed. To identify areas of the market that would be of greatest interest to airports, the research team also developed a framework for market segmentation based on aircraft payload and range, technology type, and mission profile. This was followed by incorporating risks and challenges (e.g., policy and regulatory uncertainty, infrastructure investment). The research effort continued with a detailed airport impact evaluation, including not only operational and facility consider- ations but also financial and economic implications. Once these were considered, the team identified strategies to address facility requirements. Given the level of uncertainty of this nascent technology, the effort included considerable stakeholder outreach through thought leader interviews and workshops with an ad hoc stakeholder working group to ensure the guidance was broad yet realistic. The analysis and findings from the research were then used to prepare the report and develop the toolkit. The report provides an introduction to electric aircraft, a market assessment, a discussion of federal and state policies, and a description of potential airport impacts and facility needs to accommodate electric aircraft. The report then offers general guidance to airports to help them incorporate electric aircraft into their operations and long-range planning. This is done by identifying two market segments: air carrier/military and air taxi/commuter/ general aviation and three forecast scenarios: a “downside scenario,” a “baseline scenario,” and an “upside scenario,” each having a higher share of electric aircraft activity relative to F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

overall airport activity. The guidance then examines airport facility needs with a focus on charging infrastructure and hydrogen supply chain, airside requirements, and passenger terminal facility needs. Finally, the report offers guidance to account for electric aircraft in airport master plans and other long-term planning documents. A series of appendices, available from the TRB website (trb.org) by searching for “ACRP Research Report 236” provides details on the assumptions and methods used in the research as well as helpful references for airport planning. The toolkit, available at https://www.dropbox.com/s/ db0x3kemf8r3b0d/A236_toolkit.zip?dl=0, includes a database of more than 100 electric aircraft and may be used by airports to estimate future electric power requirements at their airport based on local characteristics (e.g., climate, aviation activity levels, existing electrical demand).

1 Summary 3 Introduction 6 Chapter 1 Emergence of Electric Aviation 6 1.1 Introduction 6 1.2 A Brief History of Electric Aviation 7 1.3 Toward Electric Air Transportation 10 Chapter 2 What Are Electric Aircraft? 10 2.1 Electric Aircraft Concepts 13 2.2 Electric Aircraft Energy Efficiency 16 2.3 Integral Electric Aircraft Components 21 Chapter 3 The Stakeholder Ecosystem 21 3.1 Electric Aviation Stakeholders 23 3.2 Change Impact Assessment 27 Chapter 4 Market Assessment 27 4.1 Electric Propulsion System Application 28 4.2 Market Assessment 30 4.3 Infrastructure Development Market Assessment 32 4.4 Drivers of Electric Market Demand (Discussion) 35 4.5 Projected Barriers to Electrification (Discussion) 39 Chapter 5 Economic Impact 39 5.1 Economic Aspects and Policy Considerations 43 5.2 Economic Impact to Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 43 5.3 Case Study: Washington Electric Aircraft Feasibility Study (Economic Impact) 46 Chapter 6 Perspectives on Federal and State Policies 46 6.1 Federal Airport Policies 51 6.2 Environmental Issues 58 6.3 Statewide Policies and Plans 62 6.4 Electric Aviation Policies Abroad 67 Chapter 7 Impact of Electric Aviation on the Demand 67 7.1 Perspective on the Aviation Demand 81 7.2 Passenger Terminal Facilities 83 7.3 Lessons Learned from the Small Aircraft Transportation System C O N T E N T S

85 Chapter 8 Airside Requirements 85 8.1 Introduction 85 8.2 Electric Charging Infrastructure 89 8.3 Hydrogen Infrastructure 93 8.4 Developing Airside Requirements 99 8.5 Applicable Technical Standards and Guidance 101 Chapter 9 Developing Alternatives 101 9.1 Alternatives Development 102 9.2 Integrating Electric Aircraft into Alternatives Development 104 Chapter 10 Electric Industry Trends 104 10.1 Background 104 10.2 Renewables and Battery Technology 107 10.3 Related Transportation Trends 108 10.4 Conclusions and Next Steps 109 Chapter 11 Airport Electric Demand 109 11.1 Introduction 109 11.2 Load Growth and Sustainability 111 11.3 Case Study: JFK, Terminal 5, GSE Electrification 112 Chapter 12 Electric Aircraft Demand 112 12.1 Existing Charging Standards 113 12.2 Proprietary Charging Standards 113 12.3 Battery Swapping Solutions 115 Chapter 13 Power Generation and Management 115 13.1 Power Management 116 13.2 Power Generation and Backup 119 13.3 Utility Power Reliability 119 13.4 Backup Power Options 128 13.5 Future Planning 129 Chapter 14 Infrastructure Upgrades 129 14.1 Introduction 129 14.2 Aircraft Charging Infrastructure 129 14.3 Electricity Infrastructure 131 14.4 Hydrogen Infrastructure 132 Chapter 15 Financial Planning 132 15.1 Funding Sources 135 15.2 Financial Feasibility 135 15.3 Revenue Enhancement 137 Chapter 16 Airport Scenario Planning 137 16.1 Introduction 137 16.2 Existing Electric Demand 137 16.3 Electric Aircraft Requirements 139 16.4 Other Airside Requirements 143 16.5 Passenger Terminal Requirements 146 16.6 Landside Requirements

152 Chapter 17 Accounting for Electric Aircraft into Long-Term Planning Documents 152 17.1 Integration in Master Plans 156 17.2 Statewide Aviation Plans 158 Bibliography 161 Appendices A–F 162 Acronyms and Abbreviations Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions.