Appendix A

References

Bloom, K., F. van den Berg, and P. Arbuthnot. 2021. Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Gene Ther 28(3-4):117-129.

Bosch, B., M. A. DeJesus, N. C. Poulton, W. Zhang, C. A. Engelhart, A. Zaveri, S. Lavalette, N. Ruecker, C. Trujillo, J. B. Wallach, S. Li, S. Ehrt, B. T. Chait, D. Schnappinger, and J. M. Rock. 2021. Genome-wide gene expression tuning reveals diverse vulnerabilities of M. tuberculosis. Cell 184(17):4579-4592.e4524.

Boyce, M. R., A. Attal-Juncqua, J. Lin, S. McKay, and R. Katz. 2021. Global fund contributions to health security in ten countries, 2014-20: Mapping synergies between vertical disease programmes and capacities for preventing, detecting, and responding to public health emergencies. Lancet Glob Health 9(2):e181-e188.

Branigan, D. 2020. Advancing access through market interventions: Lessons learned from the GeneXpert tuberculosis test buy-down. Treatment Action Group. September. https://www.treatmentactiongroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tag_geneXpert_lessons_learned_brief_final.pdf (accessed September 5, 2021).

Brazier, B., and H. McShane. 2020. Towards new TB vaccines. Semin Immunopathol 42(3):315-331.

Brito, L. A., M. Chan, C. A. Shaw, A. Hekele, T. Carsillo, M. Schaefer, J. Archer, A. Seubert, G. R. Otten, C. W. Beard, A. K. Dey, A. Lilja, N. M. Valiante, P. W. Mason, C. W. Mandl, S. W. Barnett, P. R. Dormitzer, J. B. Ulmer, M. Singh, D. T. O’Hagan, and A. J. Geall. 2014. A cationic nanoemulsion for the delivery of next-generation RNA vaccines. Mol Ther 22(12):2118-2129.

Budd, J., B. S. Miller, E. M. Manning, V. Lampos, M. Zhuang, M. Edelstein, G. Rees, V. C. Emery, M. M. Stevens, N. Keegan, M. J. Short, D. Pillay, E. Manley, I. J. Cox, D. Heymann, A. M. Johnson, and R. A. McKendry. 2020. Digital technologies in the public-health response to COVID-19. Nat Med 26(8):1183-1192.

Cadena, A. M., J. L. Flynn, and S. M. Fortune. 2016. The importance of first impressions: Early events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection influence outcome. MBio 7(2):e00342-00316.

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2014. The difference between latent TB infection and TB disease. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/ltbiandactivetb.htm (accessed February 7, 2022).

CDC. 2020. Landmark TB trial identifies shorter-course treatment regimen. https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2020/landmark-tb-trial-media-statement.html (accessed June 29, 2022).

Celine, V., and L. Yuanqing. 2014. A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species. Front Immunol 5. doi:10.3389/fimmu. 2014.00316.

Cheney, C. 2021. Consensus or chaos? Pandemic response hinges on trust, experts say. Devex, January 22.

Chihota, V., Z. Waggie, V. Cardenas, N. Martinson, G. Yimer, A. L. Garcia-Basteiro, S. van den Hof, R. E. Chaisson, K. L Fielding, and G. Churchyard. 2021. Safety of short-course weekly rifapentine and isoniazid (3HP) for TB preventive treatment during pregnancy (abstract). Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 25(10, Supp 2):S61-S62.

Cilloni, L., H. Fu, J. F. Vesga, D. Dowdy, C. Pretorius, S. Ahmedov, S. A. Nair, A. Mosneaga, E. Masini, S. Sahu, and N. Arinaminpathy. 2020. The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tuberculosis epidemic a modelling analysis. EClinicalMedicine 28:100603.

Codlin, A. J., T. P. Dao, L. N. Q. Vo, R. J. Forse, V. V. Truong, H. M. Dang, L. H. Nguyen, H. B. Nguyen, N. V. Nguyen, K. Sidney-Annerstedt, B. Squire, K. Lönnroth, and M. Caws. 2021. Independent evaluation of 12 artificial intelligence solutions for the detection of tuberculosis. Sci Rep 11:23895.

Coleman, C. N., M. K. Mansoura, M. J. Marinissen, S. Grover, M. Dosanjh, H. D. Brereton, L. Roth, E. Wendling, D. A. Pistenmaa, and D. M. O’Brien. 2020. Achieving flexible competence: Bridging the investment dichotomy between infectious diseases and cancer. BMJ Glob Health 5(12):e003252.

Coler, R. N., S. Bertholet, S. O. Pine, M. T. Orr, V. Reese, H. P. Windish, C. Davis, M. Kahn, S. L. Baldwin, and S. G. Reed. 2013. Therapeutic immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an effective adjunct to antibiotic treatment. J Infect Dis 207(8):1242-1252.

Comstock, G. W., and C. E. Palmer. 1966. Long-term results of BCG vaccination in the southern United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 93(2):171-183.

Connolly, L. E., P. H. Edelstein, and L.Ramakrishnan. 2007. Why is long-term therapy required to cure tuberculosis? PLoS Med 4(3):e120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040120.

Crosby, S., J. L. Dieleman, S. Kiernan, and T. J. Bollyky. 2020. All bets are off for measuring pandemic preparedness. Think Global Health, June 30.

Cutler, D. M., and L. H. Summers. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic and the $16 trillion virus. JAMA 324(15):1495-1496.

Denayer, T., T. Stöhrn, and M. Van Roy. 2014. Animal models in translational medicine: Validation and prediction. New Horiz Transl Med 2(1):5-11.

Dooley, K. E., R. Savic, A. Gupte, M. A. Marzinke, N. Zhang, V. A. Edward, L. Wolf, M. Sebe, M. Likoti, M. J. Fyvie, I. Shibambo, T. Beattie, R. E. Chaisson, G. J. Churchyard, and D. S. Team. 2020. Once-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid for tuberculosis prevention in patients with HIV taking dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy: A phase 1/2 trial. Lancet HIV 7(6):e401-e409.

Dorman, S. E., P. Nahid, E. V. Kurbatova, S. V. Goldberg, L. Bozeman, W. J. Burman, K. C. Chang, M. Chen, M. Cotton, K. E. Dooley, M. Engle, P. J. Feng, C. V. Fletcher, P. Ha, C. M. Heilig, J. L. Johnson, E. Lessem, B. Metchock, J. M. Miro, N. V. Nhung, A. C. Pettit, P. P. J. Phillips, A. T. Podany, A. E. Purfield, K. Robergeau, W. Samaneka, N. A. Scott, E. Sizemore, A. Vernon, M. Weiner, S. Swindells, and R. E. Chaisson. 2020. High-dose rifapentine with or without moxifloxacin for shortening treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: Study protocol for TBTC study 31/ACTGa5349 phase 3 clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials 90:105938.

Dorman, S. E., P. Nahid, E. V. Kurbatova, P. P. J. Phillips, K. Bryant, K. E. Dooley, M. Engle, S. V. Goldberg, H. T. T. Phan, J. Hakim, J. L. Johnson, M. Lourens, N. A. Martinson, G. Muzanyi, K. Narunsky, S. Nerette, N. V. Nguyen, T. H. Pham, S. Pierre, A. E. Purfield, W. Samaneka, R. M. Savic, I. Sanne, N. A. Scott, J. Shenje, E. Sizemore, A. Vernon, Z. Waja, M. Weiner, S. Swindells, R. E. Chaisson, A. C. T. Group, and C. Tuberculosis Trials. 2021. Four-month rifapentine regimens with or without moxifloxacin for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 384(18):1705-1718.

Eregata, G. T., A. Hailu, K. Stenberg, K. A. Johansson, O. F. Norheim, and M. Y. Bertram. 2021. Generalised cost-effectiveness analysis of 159 health interventions for the Ethiopian essential health service package. Cost Eff Resour Alloc 19(1):2.

Ernest, J. P., N. Strydom, Q. Wang, N. Zhang, E. Nuermberger, V. Dartois, and R. M. Savic. 2021. Development of new tuberculosis drugs: Translation to regimen composition for drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 61:495-516.

Fourth Report (Fourth Report to the Medical Research Council by Its Tuberculosis Vaccines Clinical Trials Committee). 1972. BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Bull World Health Organ 46(3):371-385.

Fu, H., J. A. Lewnard, I. Frost, R. Laxminarayan, and N. Arinaminpathy. 2021. Modelling the global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis avertable by a post-exposure vaccine. Nat Commun 12(1):424.

G20 HLIP (High-Level Independent Panel on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response). 2021. A global deal for our pandemic age. https://www.bruegel.org/2021/07/a-global-deal-for-our-pandemic-age (accessed February 28, 2022).

Garçon, N., and A. Di Pasquale. 2017. From discovery to licensure, the Adjuvant System story. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13(1):19-33.

Geske, D. 2021. Nearly 17M Americans may have went undiagnosed with covid last year: Why these cases matter. International Business Times, June.

Global Fund (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). 2021. Results report 2021. Geneva, Switzerland: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

Global TB Caucus. 2017. The price of a pandemic. https://www.tbonline.info/posts/2017/11/26/price-pandemic-2017 (accessed February 24, 2022).

Golub, J. E., C. I. Mohan, G. W. Comstock, and R. E. Chaisson. 2005. Active case finding of tuberculosis: Historical perspective and future prospects. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 9(11):1183-1203.

Gorvett, Z. 2021. The race to understand “immune amnesia.” BBC Future. November 15.

Gupta, A., S. Swindells, S. Kim, M. D. Hughes, L. Naini, X. Wu, R. Dawson, V. Mave, J. Sanchez, and A. Mendoza. 2020. Feasibility of identifying household contacts of rifampin- and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases at high risk of progression to tuberculosis disease. Clin Infect Dis 70(3):425-435.

Hackett, M. 2020. Average cost of hospital care for COVID-19 ranges from $51,000 to $78,000, based on age. Healthcare Finance. November 5. https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/average-cost-hospital-care-covid-19-ranges-51000-78000-based-age (accessed January 5, 2022).

Heimbeck, J. 1948. BCG vaccination of nurses. Tubercle 29(4):84-88.

Imperial, M. Z., P. Nahid, P. P. J. Phillips, G. R. Davies, K. Fielding, D. Hanna, D. Hermann, R. S. Wallis, J. L. Johnson, C. Lienhardt, and R. M. Savic. 2018. A patient-level pooled analysis of treatment-shortening regimens for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Nat Med 24(11):1708-1715.

IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2011. The new profile of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Russia: A global and local perspective: Summary of a joint workshop by the Institute of Medicine and the Russian Academy of Medical Science. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13033 (accessed February 24, 2022).

IOM. 2012. Facing the reality of drug-resistant tuberculosis in India: Challenges and potential solutions: Summary of a joint workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

IOM. 2014. The global crisis of drug-resistant tuberculosis and leadership of China and the BRICS: Challenges and opportunities: Summary of a joint workshop by the Institute of Medicine and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/18346 (accessed February 24, 2022).

Jamison, D. T., L. H. Summers, G. Alleyne, K. J. Arrow, S. Berkley, A. Binagwaho, F. Bustreo, D. Evans, R. G. A. Feachem, J. Frenk, G. Ghosh, S. J. Goldie, Y. Guo, S. Gupta, R. Horton, M. E. Kruk, A. Mahmoud, L. K. Mohohlo, M. Ncube, A. Pablos-Mendez, K. S. Reddy, H. Saxenian, A. Soucat, K. H. Ulltveit-Moe, and G. Yamey. 2013. Global health 2035: A world converging within a generation. Lancet 382(9908):1898-1955.

Joung, J., A. Ladha, M. Saito, N. G. Kim, A. E. Woolley, M. Segel, R. P. J. Barretto, A. Ranu, R. K. Macrae, G. Faure, E. I. Ioannidi, R. N. Krajeski, R. Bruneau, M. W. Huang, X. G. Yu, J. Z. Li, B. D. Walker, D. T. Hung, A. L. Greninger, K. R. Jerome, J. S. Gootenberg, O. O. Abudayyeh, and F. Zhang. 2020. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 with Sherlock one-pot testing. N Engl J Med 383(15):1492-1494.

Kaplan, G. J., R. I. Fraser, and G. W. Comstock. 1972. Tuberculosis in Alaska, 1970. The continued decline of the tuberculosis epidemic. Am Rev Respir Dis 105(6):920-926.

Karonga Prevention Trial Group. Randomised controlled trial of single BCG, repeated BCG, or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi. 1996. Lancet 348(9019):17-24.

Kasaie, P., J. R. Andrews, W. D. Kelton, and D. W. Dowdy. 2014. Timing of tuberculosis transmission and the impact of household contact tracing. An agent-based simulation model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189(7):845-852.

Katz, R., and A. Vaught. 2017. Controlling tuberculosis in the United States: Use of isolation and other measures throughout the country. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 11(3):337-342.

Keshavjee, S., I. Y. Gelmanova, A. D. Pasechnikov, S. P. Mishustin, Y. G. Andreev, A. Yedilbayev, J. J. Furin, J. S. Mukherjee, M. L. Rich, E. A. Nardell, P. E. Farmer, J. Y. Kim, and S. S. Shin. 2008. Treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Tomsk, Russia: Developing programs that address the linkage between poverty and disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1136:1-11.

Korbee, C. J., M. T. Heemskerk, D. Kocev, E. van Strijen, O. Rabiee, K. L. Franken, L. Wilson, N. D. Savage, S. Džeroski, and M. C. Haks. 2018. Combined chemical genetics and data-driven bioinformatics approach identifies receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as host-directed antimicrobials. Nat Commun 9(1):1-14.

Kyu, H. H., E. R. Maddison, N. J. Henry, J. R. Ledesma, K. E. Wiens, R. Reiner, M. H. Biehl, C. Shields, A. Osgood-Zimmerman, J. M. Ross, A. Carter, T. D. Frank, H. Wang, V. Srinivasan, S. K. Agarwal, F. Alahdab, K. A. Alene, B. A. Ali, N. Alvis-Guzman, J. R. Andrews, C. A. T. Antonio, S. Atique, S. R. Atre, A. Awasthi, H. T. Ayele, H. Badali, A. Badawi, A. Barac, N. Bedi, M. Behzadifar, B. B. Bekele, S. A. Belay, I. M. Bensenor, Z. A. Butt, F. Carvalho, K. Cercy, D. J. Christopher, A. K. Daba, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, A. Daryani, F. M. Demeke, K. Deribe, S. D. Dharmaratne, D. T. Doku, M. Dubey, D. Edessa, Z. El-Khatib, S. Enany, E. Fernandes, F. Fischer, A. L. Garcia-Basteiro, A. K. Gebre, G. B. Gebregergs, T. G. Gebremichael, T. F. Gelano, D. Geremew, P. N. Gona, A. Goodridge, R. Gupta, H. Haghparast Bidgoli, G. B. Hailu, H. Y. Hassen, M. T. T. Hedayati, A. Henok, S. Hostiuc, M. A. Hussen, O. S. Ilesanmi, S. S. N. Irvani, K. H. Jacobsen, S. C. Johnson, J. B. Jonas, A. Kahsay, S. Kant, A. Kasaeian, T. D. Kassa, Y. S. Khader, M. A. Khafaie, I. Khalil, E. A. Khan, Y.-H. Khang, Y. J. Kim, S. Kochhar, A. Koyanagi, K. J. Krohn, G. A. Kumar, A. M. Lakew, C. T. Leshargie, R. Lodha, E. R. K. Macarayan, R. Majdzadeh, F. R. Martins-Melo, A. Melese, Z. A. Memish, W. Mendoza, D. T. Mengistu, G. Mengistu, T. Mestrovic, B. Moazen, K. A. Mohammad, S. Mohammed, A. H. Mokdad, M. Moosazadeh, S. M. Mousavi, G. Mustafa, J. B. Nachega, L. H. Nguyen, S. H. Nguyen, T. H. Nguyen, D. N. A. Ningrum, Y. L. Nirayo, V. M. Nong, R. Ofori-Asenso, F. A. Ogbo, I.-H. Oh, O. Oladimeji, A. T. Olagunju, E. Oren, D. M. Pereira, S. Prakash, M. Qorbani, A. Rafay, R. K. Rai, U. Ram, S. Rubino, S. Safiri, J. A. Salomon, A. M. Samy, B. Sartorius, M. Satpathy, S. Seyedmousavi, M. Sharif, J. P. Silva, D. G. A. Silveira, J. A. Singh, C. T. Sreeramareddy, B. X. Tran, A. G. Tsadik, K. N. Ukwaja, I. Ullah, O. A. Uthman, V. Vlassov, S. E. Vollset, G. Vu, F. Weldegebreal, A. Werdecker, E. M. Yimer, N. Yonemoto, M. Yotebieng, M. Naghavi, T. Vos, S. I. Hay, and C. J. L. Murray. 2018. Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990–2016: Results from the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors 2016 study. Lancet Infect Dis 18(12):1329-1349.

Lakshminarayana, S. B., T. B. Huat, P. C. Ho, U. H. Manjunatha, V. Dartois, T. Dick, and S. P. Rao. 2015. Comprehensive physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and activity profiling of anti-TB agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 70(3):857-867.

Lienhardt, C., and P. Nahid. 2019. Advances in clinical trial design for development of new TB treatments: A call for innovation. PLoS Med 16(3):e1002769.

Lomborg, B. 2015. The Nobel laureates guide to the smartest targets for the world 2016-2030. Tewksbury, MA: Copenhagen Consensus Center.

Lomborg, B. 2018. Prioritizing development: A cost benefit analysis of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

MacLean, E., M. Kohli, S. F. Weber, A. Suresh, S. G. Schumacher, C. M. Denkinger, and M. Pai. 2020. Advances in molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 58(10):e01582-01519.

Malone, R. W., P. L. Felgner, and I. M. Verma. 1989. Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86(16):6077-6081.

Menzies, N. A., M. Quaife, B. W. Allwood, A. L. Byrne, A. K. Coussens, A. D. Harries, F. M. Marx, J. Meghji, D. Pedrazzoli, J. A. Salomon, S. Sweeney, S. C. van Kampen, R. S. Wallis, R. M. G. J. Houben, and T. Cohen. 2021. Lifetime burden of disease due to incident tuberculosis: A global reappraisal including post-tuberculosis sequelae. Lancet Glob Health 9(12):e1679-e1687.

Miller, S. L., W. W. Nazaroff, J. L. Jimenez, A. Boerstra, G. Buonanno, S. J. Dancer, J. Kurnitski, L. C. Marr, L. Morawska, and C. Noakes. 2021. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event. Indoor Air 31(2):314-323.

Milton, D. 2020. A Rosetta Stone for understanding infectious drops and aerosols. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 9(4):413-415.

Mphaphlele, M., A. S. Dharmadhikari, P. A. Jensen, S. N. Rudnick, T. H. van Reenen, M. A. Pagano, W. Leuschner, T. A. Sears, S. P. Milonova, M. van der Walt, A. C. Stoltz, K. Weyer, and E. A. Nardell. 2015. Institutional tuberculosis transmission. Controlled trial of upper room ultraviolet air disinfection: A basis for new dosing guidelines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192(4):477-484.

Nakajima, H. 1993. Tuberculosis: A global emergency. World Health 46(4):3-3.

Napier, R. J., W. Rafi, M. Cheruvu, K. R. Powell, M. A. Zaunbrecher, W. Bornmann, P. Sal-game, T. M. Shinnick, and D. Kalman. 2011. Imatinib-sensitive tyrosine kinases regulate mycobacterial pathogenesis and represent therapeutic targets against tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 10(5):475-485.

Napier, R. J., B. A. Norris, A. Swimm, C. R. Giver, W. A. Harris, J. Laval, B. A. Napier, G. Patel, R. Crump, Z. Peng, W. Bornmann, B. Pulendran, R. M. Buller, D. S. Weiss, R. Tirouvanziam, E. K. Waller, and D. Kalman. 2015. Low doses of imatinib induce myelopoiesis and enhance host anti-microbial immunity. PLoS Pathog 11(3):e1004770.

Narasimhan, P., J. Wood, C. R. MacIntyre, and D. Mathai. 2013. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulm Med 828939. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/828939.

Nardell, E. A. 2021. Air disinfection for airborne infection control with a focus on COVID-19: Why germicidal UV is essential. Photochem Photobiol 97(3):493-497.

Nardell, E., P. Lederer, H. Mishra, R. Nathavitharana, and G. Theron. 2020. Cool but dangerous: How climate change is increasing the risk of airborne infections. Indoor Air 30(2):195.

Ndjeka, N., J. Hughes, A. Reuter, F. Conradie, M. Enwerem, H. Ferreira, N. Ismail, Y. Kock, I. Master, G. Meintjes, X. Padanilam, R. Romero, H. S. Schaaf, J. T. Riele, and G. Maartens. 2020. Implementing novel regimens for drug-resistant TB in South Africa: What can the world learn? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 24(10):1073-1080.

Nemes, E., H. Geldenhuys, V. Rozot, K. T. Rutkowski, F. Ratangee, N. Bilek, S. Mabwe, L. Makhethe, M. Erasmus, A. Toefy, H. Mulenga, W. A. Hanekom, S. G. Self, L. G. Bekker, R. Ryall, S. Gurunathan, C. A. DiazGranados, P. Andersen, I. Kromann, T. Evans, R. D. Ellis, B. Landry, D. A. Hokey, R. Hopkins, A. M. Ginsberg, T. J. Scriba, M. Hatherill, and C. S. Team. 2018. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with h4:Ic31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N Engl J Med 379(2):138-149.

Otu, A. A. 2013. Is the Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) an effective strategy for tuberculosis control in a developing country? Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 3(3):227-231.

Outterson, K., E. S. F. Orubu, J. Rex, C. Årdal, and M. H. Zaman. 2022. Patient access in 14 high-income countries to new antibacterials approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or Health Canada, 2010–2020. Clin Infect Dis 74(7):1183-1190.

Oxlade, O., S. den Boon, D. Menzies, D. Falzon, M. Y. Lane, A. Kanchar, M. Zignol, and A. Matteelli. 2021. TB preventive treatment in high- and intermediate-incidence countries: Research needs for scale-up. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 25(10):823-831.

Paget, C., and F. Trottein. 2019. Mechanisms of bacterial superinfection post-influenza: A role for unconventional T cells. Front Immunol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336.

Partners In Health. 2006. New guidelines and goals for treating MDR-TB announced. https://www.pih.org/article/new-guidelines-and-goals-for-treating-mdr-tb-announced (accessed February 2, 2022).

Polack, F. P., S. J. Thomas, N. Kitchin, J. Absalon, A. Gurtman, S. Lockhart, J. L. Perez, G. Perez Marc, E. D. Moreira, C. Zerbini, R. Bailey, K. A. Swanson, S. Roychoudhury, K. Koury, P. Li, W. V. Kalina, D. Cooper, R. W. Frenck Jr., L. L. Hammitt, O. Tureci, H. Nell, A. Schaefer, S. Unal, D. B. Tresnan, S. Mather, P. R. Dormitzer, U. Sahin, K. U. Jansen, W. C. Gruber, and C. C. T. Group. 2020. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 383(27):2603-2615.

Reid, M., and G. Yamey. 2019. A roadmap for ending the moral catastrophe of TB. Global Health Now, March 20. https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2019-03/roadmap-ending-moral-catastrophe-tb (accessed September 14, 2021).

Reid, M. J. A., N. Arinaminpathy, A. Bloom, B. R. Bloom, C. Boehme, R. Chaisson, D. P. Chin, G. Churchyard, H. Cox, L. Ditiu, M. Dybul, J. Farrar, A. S. Fauci, E. Fekadu, P. I. Fujiwara, T. B. Hallett, C. L. Hanson, M. Harrington, N. Herbert, P. C. Hopewell, C. Ikeda, D. T. Jamison, A. J. Khan, I. Koek, N. Krishnan, A. Motsoaledi, M. Pai, M. C. Raviglione, A. Sharman, P. M. Small, S. Swaminathan, Z. Temesgen, A. Vassall, N. Venkatesan, K. van Weezenbeek, G. Yamey, B. D. Agins, S. Alexandru, J. R. Andrews, N. Beyeler, S. Bivol, G. Brigden, A. Cattamanchi, D. Cazabon, V. Crudu, A. Daftary, P. Dewan, L. K. Doepel, R. W. Eisinger, V. Fan, S. Fewer, J. Furin, J. D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, G. B. Gomez, S. M. Graham, D. Gupta, M. Kamene, S. Khaparde, E. W. Mailu, E. O. Masini, L. McHugh, E. Mitchell, S. Moon, M. Osberg, T. Pande, L. Prince, K. Rade, R. Rao, M. Remme, J. A. Seddon, C. Selwyn, P. Shete, K. S. Sachdeva, G. Stallworthy, J. F. Vesga, V. Vilc, and E. P. Goosby. 2019. Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on Tuberculosis. Lancet 393(10178):1331-1384.

Reid, M. J. A., S. Silva, N. Arinaminpathy, and E. Goosby. 2020. Building a tuberculosis-free world while responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 396(10259):1312-1313.

Rueckert, C., and C. A. Guzmán. 2012. Vaccines: From empirical development to rational design. PLoS Pathog 8(11):e1003001.

Ruhwald, M., S. Carmona, and M. Pai. 2021. Learning from COVID-19 to reimagine tuberculosis diagnosis. Lancet Microbe 2(5):e169-e170.

Sabin, L. L., M. B. DeSilva, D. H. Hamer, K. Xu, J. Zhang, T. Li, I. B. Wilson, and C. J. Gill. 2010. Using electronic drug monitor feedback to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive patients in China. AIDS Behav 14(3):580-589.

Sharma, A., A. Hill, E. Kurbatova, M. van der Walt, C. Kvasnovsky, T. E. Tupasi, J. C. Caoili, M. T. Gler, G. V. Volchenkov, B. Y. Kazennyy, O. V. Demikhova, J. Bayona, C. Contreras, M. Yagui, V. Leimane, S. N. Cho, H. J. Kim, K. Kliiman, S. Akksilp, R. Jou, J. Ershova, T. Dalton, P. Cegielski, and Global Preserving Effective TB Treatment Study Investigators. 2017. Estimating the future burden of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in India, the Philippines, Russia, and South Africa: A mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 17(7):707-715.

Silva, S., N. Arinaminpathy, R. Atun, E. Goosby, and M. Reid. 2021. Economic impact of tuberculosis mortality in 120 countries and the cost of not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals tuberculosis targets: A full-income analysis. Lancet Glob Health 9(10):e1372-e1379.

Stop TB Partnership. 2020. The potential impact of the COVID-19 response on tuberculosis in high-burden countries: A modelling analysis. https://stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/Modeling%20Report_1%20May%202020_FINAL.pdf (accessed February 24, 2022).

Stop TB Partnership. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on the TB epidemic: A community perspective. https://www.stoptb.org/impact-of-covid-19-tb-epidemic-community-perspective (accessed February 24, 2022).

Stylianou, E., M. J. Paul, R. Reljic, and H. McShane. 2019. Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: A review of current approaches and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 18(12):1271-1284.

Subbaraman, R., R. R. Nathavitharana, S. Satyanarayana, M. Pai, B. E. Thomas, V. K. Chadha, K. Rade, S. Swaminathan, and K. H. Mayer. 2016. The tuberculosis cascade of care in India’s public sector: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 13(10):e1002149.

Subbaraman, R., L. de Mondesert, A. Musiimenta, M. Pai, K. H. Mayer, B. E. Thomas, and J. Haberer. 2018. Digital adherence technologies for the management of tuberculosis therapy: Mapping the landscape and research priorities. BMJ Glob Health 3(5):e001018.

Swindells, S., R. Ramchandani, A. Gupta, C. A. Benson, J. Leon-Cruz, N. Mwelase, M. A. Jean Juste, J. R. Lama, J. Valencia, A. Omoz-Oarhe, K. Supparatpinyo, G. Masheto, L. Mohapi, R. O. da Silva Escada, S. Mawlana, P. Banda, P. Severe, J. Hakim, C. Kanyama, D. Langat, L. Moran, J. Andersen, C. V. Fletcher, E. Nuermberger, R. E. Chaisson, and the B. T. A. S. Team. 2019. One month of rifapentine plus isoniazid to prevent HIV-related tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 380(11):1001-1011.

Tait, D. R., M. Hatherill, O. Van Der Meeren, A. M. Ginsberg, E. Van Brakel, B. Salaun, T. J. Scriba, E. J. Akite, H. M. Ayles, A. Bollaerts, M. A. Demoitie, A. Diacon, T. G. Evans, P. Gillard, E. Hellstrom, J. C. Innes, M. Lempicki, M. Malahleha, N. Martinson, D. Mesia Vela, M. Muyoyeta, V. Nduba, T. G. Pascal, M. Tameris, F. Thienemann, R. J. Wilkinson, and F. Roman. 2019. Final analysis of a trial of M72/AS01_E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 381(25):2429-2439.

TB Alliance. 2022. STAND. https://www.tballiance.org/portfolio/trial/5091 (accessed March 1, 2022).

TB DIAH (TB Data, Impact Assessment, and Communications Hub). 2021. Navigating tuberculosis indicators: A guide for TB programs. Chapel Hill, NC: TB DIAH, University of North Carolina.

Thomas, A., P. Gopi, T. Santha, V. Chandrasekaran, R. Subramani, N. Selvakumar, S. Eusuff, K. Sadacharam, and P. Narayanan. 2005. Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in south India. Int Tuberc Lung Dis 9(5):556-561.

UN (United Nations). 2018. Political declaration of the UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on the Fight Against Tuberculosis. New York: UN.

Uplekar, M., S. Atre, W. A. Wells, D. Weil, R. Lopez, G. B. Migliori, and M. Raviglione. 2016. Mandatory tuberculosis case notification in high tuberculosis-incidence countries: Policy and practice. Eur Respir J 48(6):1571-1581.

Van Der Meeren, O., M. Hatherill, V. Nduba, R. J. Wilkinson, M. Muyoyeta, E. Van Brakel, H. M. Ayles, G. Henostroza, F. Thienemann, T. J. Scriba, A. Diacon, G. L. Blatner, M. A. Demoitie, M. Tameris, M. Malahleha, J. C. Innes, E. Hellstrom, N. Martinson, T. Singh, E. J. Akite, A. Khatoon Azam, A. Bollaerts, A. M. Ginsberg, T. G. Evans, P. Gillard, and D. R. Tait. 2018. Phase 2b controlled trial of M72/AS01_E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 379(17):1621-1634.

Venkatesan, P. 2020. COVID-19 diagnostics—not at the expense of other diseases. Lancet Microbe 1(2):e64.

Verguet, S., C. Riumallo-Herl, G. B. Gomez, N. A. Menzies, R. Houben, T. Sumner, M. Lalli, R. G. White, J. A. Salomon, T. Cohen, N. Foster, S. Chatterjee, S. Sweeney, I. G. Baena, K. Lonnroth, D. E. Weil, and A. Vassall. 2017. Catastrophic costs potentially averted by tuberculosis control in India and South Africa: A modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 5(11):e1123-e1132.

Vigdor, N. 2021. Months into the pandemic, the U.S. had six times as many cases as reported, an N.I.H. study finds. New York Times, June 24.

Vo, L. N. Q., A. Codlin, T. D. Ngo, T. P. Dao, T. T. T. Dong, H. T. L. Mo, R. Forse, T. T. Nguyen, C. V. Cung, H. B. Nguyen, N. V. Nguyen, V. V. Nguyen, N. T. Tran, G. H. Nguyen, Z. Z. Qin, and J. Creswell. 2021. Early evaluation of an ultra-portable x-ray system for tuberculosis active case finding. Trop Med Infect Dis 6(3):163.

Walter, N. D., S. E. M. Born, G. T. Robertson, M. Reichlen, C. Dide-Agossou, V. A. Ektnitphong, K. Rossmassler, M. E. Ramey, A. A. Bauman, V. Ozols, S. C. Bearrows, G. Schoolnik, G. Dolganov, B. Garcia, E. Musisi, W. Worodria, L. Huang, J. L. Davis, N. V. Nguyen, H. V. Nguyen, A. T. V. Nguyen, H. Phan, C. Wilusz, B. K. Podell, N. D. Sanoussi, B. C. de Jong, C. S. Merle, D. Affolabi, H. McIlleron, M. Garcia-Cremades, E. Maidji, F. Eshun-Wilson, B. Aguilar-Rodriguez, D. Karthikeyan, K. Mdluli, C. Bansbach, A. J. Lenaerts, R. M. Savic, P. Nahid, J. J. Vásquez, and M. I. Voskuil. 2021. Mycobacterium tuberculosis precursor rRNA as a measure of treatment-shortening activity of drugs and regimens. Nat Commun 12(1):2899.

Wells, W., M. Wells, and T. Wilder. 1942. The environmental control of epidemic contagion. I. An epidemiologic study of radiant disinfection of air in day schools. Am J Hyg 35:97-121.

WHO (World Health Organization). 2011. Early detection of tuberculosos: An overview of approaches, guidelines and tools. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2014. WHO handbook for guideline development. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2015. The End TB strategy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2018. WHO treatment guidelines for isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2019. Global tuberculosis report 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2020. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2021a. Catalogue of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and their association with drug resistance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2021b. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB detection and mortality in 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2021c. Regional strategic plan towards ending TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region: 2021-2025. India: World Health Organization.

WHO. 2021d. Tuberculosis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis#:~:text=Multidrug%2Dresistant%20TB%20(MDR%2D,the%20cumulative%20reduction%20was%2011%25 (accessed March 1, 2022).

Young, C., G. Walzl, and N. Du Plessis. 2020. Therapeutic host-directed strategies to improve outcome in tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 13:190-204.

Yusuf, Y., T. Yoshii, M. Iyori, K. Yoshida, H. Mizukami, S. Fukumoto, D. S. Yamamoto, A. Alam, T. B. Emran, F. Amelia, A. Islam, H. Otsuka, E. Takashima, T. Tsuboi, and S. Yoshida. 2019. Adeno-associated virus as an effective malaria booster vaccine following adenovirus priming. Front Immunol 10:730.

Zaretsky, A. G., J. B. Engiles, and C. A. Hunter. 2014. Infection-induced changes in hematopoiesis. J Immunol 192(1):27-33.

Zhang, T., S. Y. Li, K. N. Williams, K. Andries, and E. L. Nuermberger. 2011. Short-course chemotherapy with TMC207 and rifapentine in a murine model of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184(6):732-737.