Developing a Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time (2022)

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NCHRP Web-Only Document 298 Developing a Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time H. David Jeong Kunhee Choi Chau Le MengWai Yaw Yangtian Yin Texas A&M University College Station, TX Douglas D. Gransberg Gransberg and Associates, Inc. Norman, OK Ali Touran Nan Gao Northeastern University Boston, MA Michael Rahgozar Keville Enterprises, Inc. Boston, MA Contractor’s Final Report for NCHRP Project 08-114A Submitted July 2021 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 298 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Associate Program Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Leslie Harwood, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Sharon Lamberton, Editor Jennifer Correro, Assistant Editor NCHRP PROJECT 08-114A Field of Transportation Planning—Area of Planning Methods and Processes Shannon Sweitzer, S&ME, Inc., Raleigh, NC (Chair) Amitabha Bandyopadhyay, SUNY Farmingdale, Farmingdale, NY James J. Blankenship, Tennessee Department of Transportation, Nashville, TN Jason L. Humphrey, South Dakota Department of Transportation, Pierre, SD MaryLou Nebergall, Washington State Department of Transportation, Tumwater, WA James R. Primeau, Rhode Island Department of Transportation, Providence, RI Ivan E. Ramirez, Contra Costa Transportation Authority, Walnut Creek, CA Amy C. Tootle, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL Richard B. Duval, FHWA Liaison Nelson H. Gibson, TRB Liaison .

iv Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Research Objectives and Tasks ....................................................................................... 2 1.3. Report Outline ................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 2. Research Methodology ......................................................................................... 5 Chapter 3. Synthesis of Literature ......................................................................................... 7 3.1. Review of CTD Manuals on PDE ................................................................................... 8 3.1.1. PDE Using Bottom-Up Scheduling Methods ......................................................... 9 3.1.2. PDE Using Top-Down Scheduling Methods ........................................................ 17 3.2. Review of CTD Manuals on Milestone and Completion Date Constraints .................. 19 3.3. Alternative Project Delivery Methods and CTD .......................................................... 21 3.3.1. Design-Bid-Build .................................................................................................. 21 3.3.2. Construction Manager/General Contractor (CMGC) ........................................... 22 3.3.3. Design-Build (DB) ................................................................................................ 24 3.3.4. Public-Private Partnership (P3) ............................................................................. 25 3.3.5. Idiosyncrasies with APDM Projects ..................................................................... 27 3.4. Review of DOT Practices of Risk Management ........................................................... 28 3.5. Review of Post-Construction Feedback Loop .............................................................. 29 3.5.1. Knowledge Transfer in the Construction Industry ................................................ 29 3.5.2. Project Feedback ................................................................................................... 30 3.5.3. Organizational Learning ....................................................................................... 31 3.5.4. Lessons Learned .................................................................................................... 32 3.5.5. Post-Construction Evaluation ............................................................................... 35 Chapter 4. Data Collection .................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 5. Data Analysis and Results .................................................................................. 40 5.1. Research Results from Surveys and Synthesis of Literature ........................................ 40 5.1.1. PDE/CTD in Different Project Development Phases ........................................... 40 5.1.2. Systematical Management and Evaluation of Influential Factors ........................ 42 5.2. Research Results from Interviews and Synthesis of Literature .................................... 46

v 5.2.1.  Scheduling Methods Used by DOTs..................................................................... 46  5.2.2.  Influential Factors that Impose Milestone and Completion Date Constraints ...... 48  5.2.3.  CTD for Urban Projects ........................................................................................ 49  5.2.4.  CTD of APDMs .................................................................................................... 55  5.2.5.  Schedule Risk Management in Various DOTs ..................................................... 61  5.2.6.  CTD Post-Construction Feedback Loop ............................................................... 63  Chapter 6.  Guidebook Development and Validation .......................................................... 66  6.1.  Guidebook Development .............................................................................................. 66  6.2.  Guidebook Structure ..................................................................................................... 67  6.2.1.  Chapters ................................................................................................................ 67  6.2.2.  Appendix A: Tools ................................................................................................ 67  6.2.3.  Appendix B: Alternative Contracting Techniques ................................................ 68  6.3.  Guidebook Vetting ........................................................................................................ 68  Chapter 7.  Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 72  Appendix A.  Influential Factors on PDE/CTD ................................................................... 74  Appendix B.  Scheduling Methods for PDE ......................................................................... 98  References .................................................................................................................................. 119  NCHRP Web-Only Document 298 is the contractor’s final report for NCHRP Project 08-114A and is associated with NCHRP Research Report 979: Systematic Approach for Determining Construction Contract Time: A Guidebook. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Report 979 at www.trb.org.

vi List of Figures Page Figure 2-1. Research methodology. ................................................................................................ 5 Figure 3-1. When are PDE and CTD conducted for DBB projects? .............................................. 7 Figure 3-2. Procedure for estimating project duration using the bottom-up approach. .................. 9 Figure 3-3. Input screen of the PR estimation tool. ...................................................................... 12 Figure 3-4. Output screen of the PR estimation tool. ................................................................... 12 Figure 3-5. Production rate data form. .......................................................................................... 13 Figure 3-6. Activity logic diagram for box bridge construction (Jeong et al. 2008). ................... 16 Figure 3-7. Template review form. ............................................................................................... 16 Figure 3-8. Small bridge replacement project estimate in KYTC tool. ........................................ 18 Figure 3-9. Calculation sheet for limited access projects (Zhai et al. 2016). ............................... 19 Figure 3-10. DBB method............................................................................................................. 22 Figure 3-11. CMGC method. ........................................................................................................ 23 Figure 3-12. DB method. .............................................................................................................. 24 Figure 3-13. P3 model................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3-14. APDM timelines....................................................................................................... 27 Figure 4-1. Data collection process. ............................................................................................. 38 Figure 4-2. Data collection map. ................................................................................................... 39 Figure 5-1. Is PDE/CTD conducted at different phases? .............................................................. 40 Figure 5-2. Level of influence and level of frequency of influential factors. ............................... 44 Figure 5-3. Results of the interview analysis. ............................................................................... 50

vii List of Tables Page Table 3-1. Project development phases and activities (Anderson et al. 2007). .............................. 8 Table 3-2. Base rate adjustment factors. ....................................................................................... 13 Table 3-3. An example of DelDOT’s PR tables. .......................................................................... 14 Table 3-4. An example of Tier 3’s PR tables. ............................................................................... 14 Table 3-5. Completion date constraints by weather in Iowa DOT. .............................................. 20 Table 3-6. Potential benefits and drawbacks of post-project reviews (Busby 1999). ................... 36 Table 5-1. Changes in the current and desired accuracy in different project phases. ................... 42 Table 5-2. Influential factors—project phases and global/local factors. ...................................... 43 Table 5-3. Likert scale used to measure the level of influence and level of frequency. ............... 44 Table 5-4. Importance indexes and rankings of influential factors. ............................................. 45 Table 5-5. Current use of scheduling methods by highway agencies. .......................................... 47 Table 5-6. Influential factors for CTD of urban projects. ............................................................. 51