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135 Campbell, J. L., J. L. Brown, J. S. Graving, C. M. Richard, M. G. Lichty, T. Sanquist, L. Paige Bacon, R. Woods, H. Li, D. N. Williams, and J. L. Morgan. 2016. Human Factors Design Guidance for Driver-Vehicle Interfaces. DOT HS 812 360. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Chapman, S. and F. Crichton. 2017. Wind Turbine Syndrome: A Communicated Disease. Sydney University Press, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Costa, M., A. Simone, V. Vignali, C. Lantieri, A. Bucchi, and G. Dondi. 2014. Looking Behavior for Vertical Road Signs. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 23, pp. 147–155. Costa, M., L. Bonetti, V. Vignali, A. Bichicchi, C. Lantieri, and A. Simone. 2019. Driver’s Visual Attention to Different Categories of Roadside Advertising Signs. Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 78, pp.127–136. CTC & Associates. 2012. Effects of Outdoor Advertising Displays on Driver Safety. California Department of Transportation – Division of Research and Innovation, Sacramento, CA. De Ceunynck, T., E. De Pauw, S. Daniels, E. Polders, T. Brijs, E. Hermans, and G. Wets. 2017. The Effect of Wind Turbines Alongside Motorways on Drivers’ Behaviour. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 477–494. Decker, J. S., S. J. Stannard, B. McManus, S. M. O. Wittig, V. P. Sisiopiku, and D. Stavrinos. 2015. The Impact of Billboards on Driver Visual Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review. Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 16, pp. 234–239. Dewar, R. E. and P. L. Olson. 2007. Human Factors in Traffic Safety. 2nd Edition. Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Inc., Tucson, AZ. Dingus, T. A., J. M. Hankey, J. F. Antin, S. E. Lee, L. Eichelberger, K. Stulce, D. McGraw, M. Perez, and L. Stowe. 2014. SHRP 2 Report S2-S06-RW-1: Naturalistic Driving Study: Technical Coordination and Quality Control. Second Strategic Highway Research Program, Washington, DC. Dingus, T. A., F. Guo, S. E. Lee, J. F. Antin, M. Perez, M. Buchanan-King, and J. M. Hankey. 2016. Driver Crash Risk Factors and Prevalence Evaluation Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, No. 10, pp. 2636– 2641. Domke, K., K. Wandachowicz, M. Zalesinska, S. Mroczkowska, and P. Skrzypczak. 2011. Digital Billboards and Road Safety. First International Conference on Lighting in Engineering, Architecture and the Environment. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, Vol. 121, pp. 119–131. Dukic, T., C. Ahlstrom, C. Patten, C. Kettwich, and K. Kircher. 2013. Effects of Electronic Billboards on Driver Distraction. Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 469–476. Easa, S. M. and W. He. 2006. Modeling Driver Visual Demand on Three-Dimensional Highway Alignments. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 5, pp. 357–365. Edquist, J., T. Horberry, M. Regan, and I. R Johnston. 2007. “Visual Clutter” and External-to- Vehicle Driver Distraction. In Distracted Driving, edited by I. J. Faulks, M. Regan, M. Stevenson, J. Brown, A. Porter, and J. D. Irwin. Australasian College of Road Safety, Sydney, NSW, Australia, pp. 413–432. Edquist, J, T. Horberry, S. Hosking, and I. Johnston. 2011. Effects of Advertising Billboards During Simulated Driving. Applied Ergonomics, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 619–626.

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While many studies have focused on driver distractions such as cell-phone use, the impact of infrastructure elements on distraction and the extent to which they may cause distraction has not been well studied. Examples include objects that are unusual (such as aesthetic bridges) or confusing (signage or markings) or that require an unusual amount of time to locate (like a specific wayfinding sign among multiple roadside objects).

The TRB Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program's BTSCRP Web-Only Document 1: Influence of Infrastructure Design on Distracted Driving provides an opportunity to develop a better understanding of the interaction between the built environment and driver distraction.

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