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Page 121
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
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Page 122
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
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Page 122
Page 123
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
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Page 123
Page 124
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
×
Page 124
Page 125
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
×
Page 125
Page 126
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
×
Page 126
Page 127
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26571.
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Page 127

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121 REFERENCES AASHTO01 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets," Washington, D.C., 2001. AASHTO02 Task Force for Roadside Safety, “Roadside Design Guide,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2002. AASHTO11 Task Force for Roadside Safety, “Roadside Design Guide, 4th edition”, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington D.C., 2011 AASHTO09 Technical Committee for Roadside Safety, “Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2009. AASHTO10 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “The Highway Safety Manual,” Washington, D.C., 2010. AASHTO67 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety,” Washington, D.C., 1967. AASHTO74 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety,” 2nd edition, Washington, D.C., 1967. AASHTO77 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “Guide for Selecting, Locating, and Designing Traffic Barriers,” Washington, D.C., 1977. AASHTO88 Task Force for Roadside Safety, “Roadside Design Guide,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1988. AASHTO90 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets,” Washington, D.C., 1990. Agresti96 Agresti, A. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1996. Bahar10 Bahar, G., Transportation Research Circular E-C142: Methodology for the Development and Inclusion of Crash Modification Factors in the First Edition of the Highway Safety Manual, Transportation Research Board, Task Force on the Development of the Highway Safety Manual, Washington, D.C., 2010. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec142.pdf, accessed April 2014. Bellomo02 Bellomo-McGee and Midwest Research Institute. Highway Safety Manual Prototype Chapter: Two-Lane Highways. Draft report from NCHRP Project 17-18(4). June 2002.

122 Bligh08 Bligh, R. and S.-Pin. Miaou, “Development of Clear Recovery Area Guidelines,” NCHRP Project 17-11(2), National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008. Bligh16 Bligh, R. et. al., “Effectiveness of Traffic Barriers on Non-Level Terrain,” NCHRP Project 22-22(02), National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., (in progress). Bonita06 R. Bonita, R. Beaglehole, T. Kjellström, “Basic epidemiology,” 2nd edition, World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43541/1/9241547073_eng.pdf, page 45, 2006. Bonneson05 Bonneson, J.A., Zimmerman, K., Fitzpatrick, K., Roadway Safety Design Synthesis, Report No. FHWA/TX-05/0-4703-P1, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX, November 2005. Bonneson12 Bonneson, J. A., Geedipally, S., Pratt, M. P., Lord, D. NCHRP Web-Only Document 306: Safety Prediction Methodology and Analysis Tool for Freeways and Interchanges, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2021 Bullard16 Bullard, D. L. et. al., NCHRP Web-Only Document 296: Guidelines for Cost- Effective Safety Treatments of Roadside Ditches, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2021. Carrigan18 Carrigan, C. E. and M.H. Ray “Recommended Guidelines for the Selection and Placement of Test Level 2 through Test Level 5 Median Barrier,” NCHRP Project 22-31, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2015. Cooper80 Cooper, P., Analysis of Roadside Encroachments--Single Vehicle Run-Off- Road Accident Data Analysis for Five Provinces, Interim Report, B.C. Research Council, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., 1980 COUNT16 Joseph M Hilbe (2016). COUNT: Functions, Data and Code for Count Data. R package version 1.3.4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=COUNT Dixon12 NCHRP Project 17-38, “Highway Safety Manual Implementation and Training Materials,” http://www.trb.org, (in press). Elvik04 Elvik, R., and Vaa, T., Handbook of Road Safety Measures, Elsevier, Oxford United Kingdom, 2004. Elvik95 Elvik, R. (1995) The Safety Value of Guardrails and Crash Cushions: A Meta-Analysis of Evidence From Evaluation Studies. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(4), pp 523-549. Erinle94 Erinle, O., Hunter, W., Bronstad, M., Council, F., Stewart, J.R. (1994) An Analysis of Guardrail and Median Barrier Accidents Using the Longitudinal Barrier Special Studies (LBSS) File, Volume I: Final Report. Report FHWA- RD 92-098, Washington, DC: Scientex Corporation/Federal Highway Administration.

123 Ford15 Ford, C., “Fitting and Interpreting a Proportional Odds Model,” University of Virginia Library Sites, dated October 5, 2015, Accessed April 11, 2017, http://data.library.virginia.edu/fitting-and-interpreting-a-proportional-odds- model/. Gabauer09 Gabauer D.J. and Gabler H.C., “Differential Rollover Risk in Vehicle-to- Traffic Barrier Collisions”, Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, v.53, pp. 131-140 (2009) Gabauer10 Gabauer D.J. and Gabler H.C., “The Effects of Airbags and Seatbelts on Occupant Injury in Longitudinal Barrier Crashes”, Journal of Safety Research, v.41, pp. 9-15, (2010). Glennon74 Glennon, J. C. NCHRP Report 148: Roadside Safety Improvement Programs on Freeways, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1974. Griffin87 Griffin, L.I. and Mak, K.K., the Benefits to be Achieved from Widening Rural, Two-Lane Farm-to-Market Roads in Texas, Report No. IAC(86-87)- 1039, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, April 1987. Gross10 Gross, F., Persaud, B., and C. Lyon, A Guide to Developing Quality Crash Modification Factors, 27 Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc., Report No. FHWA- SA-10-032, Final Report Submitted to Federal 28 Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., December 2010. Hammond09 P. Hammond and J. R. Batiste, “Cable Median Barrier: Reassessment and Recommendations Update,” Washington State Department of Transportation, October 2009. Harkey08 Harkey, D. L., S. Raghavan, B. Jongdea, F. M. Council, K. Eccles, N. Lefler, F. Gross, B. Persaud, C. Lyon, E. Hauer, and J. Bonneson. NCHRP Report 617: Crash Reduction Factors for Traffic Engineering and ITS Improvement, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 2008. Harwood00 Harwood, D.W., Council, F.M., Hauer, E., Hughes, W.E., Vogt, A., “Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways,” Publication No. Fhwa-Rd-99-207, online version http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/99207/appd.htm, December 2000, accessed August 23, 2009 Harwood07 Harwood, D. W., K. M. Bauer, K. R. Richard, D. K. Gilmore, J. L. Graham, I. B. Potts, D. J. Torbic, and E. Hauer. NCHRP Web-Only Document 129: Methodology to Predict the Safety Performance of Urban and Suburban Arterials, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007. Harwood84 Harwood, D.W. and A.D. St.John, Passing Lanes and Other Operations Improvement son Two-Lane Highways, Report No. FHWA/RD-85/028, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., July 1984.

124 Hilbe07 Hilbe, J.M., Negative Binomial Regression, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2012 Hilbe11 Hilbe, Joseph M., Negative Binomial Regression, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Hillbe14 Hilbe, J.M., Modeling Count Data, Cambridge University Press, 2014. Hunter93 Hunter, W. W., J. R. Stewart, and F. M. Council. Comparative Performance of Barrier and End Treatment Types Using the Longitudinal Barrier Special Study File. Transportation Research Record, No. 1419, 1993, pp. 63–77. Hutchinson62 Hutchinson, J.W., “The Significance and Nature of Vehicle Encroachments on Medians of Divided Highways,” Highway Engineering Series Report No. 8, University of Illinois, December 1962. IHSDM09 Interactive Highway Safety Design Module, Crash Prediction Module Beta Version 5.3.0 (Jun 30, 2009) Lewallen 98 Lewallen S, Courtright P. Epidemiology in Practice: Case-Control Studies.Community Eye Health. 1998;11(28):57-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1706071/ Lord08 Lord, D., Geedipally, S.R., Persaud, B.N., Washington, S.P., van Schalkwyk, I., Ivan, J.N, Lyon, C., Jonsson, T. NCHRP Web-Only Document 126: Methodology for Estimating the Safety Performance of Multilane Rural Highways, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington D.C., 2008. Mak03 Mak, K. K., and D. L. Sicking. NCHRP Report 492: Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) Engineer’s Manual,” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003. McDonald14 McDonald, J.H. 2014. Handbook of Biological Statistics (3rd ed.). Sparky House Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland. Accessed online October 27, 2014, http://www.biostathandbook.com/simplelogistic.html. McGinnis99 McGinnis, R. G., Reexamination of Roadside Encroachment Data, Transportation Research Record, No. 1690, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 42– 58. Miaou01 Miaou, S-P., Estimating Roadside Encroachment Rates with the Combined Strengths of Accident and Encroachment-Based Approaches. FHWA-RD-01- 124. Federal Highway Administration, 93pp, 2001. Miaou04 Miaou, S-P. (ed.) Rollover Causation and Mitigation Study: Phase I Report. Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, 2004. Miaou95 Miaou, S.P. “Development of Adjustment Factors for Single Vehicle Run-off- the-road Accident Rates by Horizontal Curvature and Vertical Grade” Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995.

125 Miaou96 Miaou, S-P. ,Measuring the Goodness-of-Fit of Accident Prediction Models. FHWA-RD-96-040, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, 121pp, 1996. Miaou97 Miaou, S-P. Estimating Vehicle Roadside Encroachment Frequencies Using Accident Prediction Models. Transportation Research Record, No.1599, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 64–71. Miaou98 Miaou, S-P, Vertical Grade Analysis Summary, unpublished, May 1998. Muskaug85 Muskaug, R. Accident rates on National Roads, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway, 1985. NCHRP17-22 Mak, K. K., D. L. Sicking, F. D. Benicio de Albuquerque, and B. A. Coon. NCHRP Report 665: Identification of Vehicular Impact Conditions Associated with Serious Ran-off-Road Crashes, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010. NCHRP22-12 NCHRP Project 22-12, “Selection Criteria and Guidelines for Highway Safety Features,” http://www.trb.org, (in progress). NCSA05 National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) (2005) National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System: Analytical User’s Manual, 2005 File. Washington, DC: NHTSA. Nettelblad79 Nettelblad, P. Traffic Safety Effects of Passing (Climbing) Lanes: An Accident Analysis Basedon Data for 1972-1977, Meddelande TU 1979-55, Swedish national Road Administration, Borlange, Sweden, 1979. NHTSA08 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Traffic Safety Facts 2007, DOT HS 811 002, Page 49, Table 27, Chapter 2, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, USDOT, Washington, DC 20590, 2008. R16 R Core Team (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. R17 R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/. Ray02 Ray, M.H., and Weir, J.A. Expansion and Analysis of In-Service Barrier Performance Data and Planning for Establishment of a Database. NCHRP Project 22-13(2), 2002. Ray09 Ray, M.H., C. Silvestri, C.E. Conron, M. Mongiardini, “Experience With Cable Median Barriers in United States: Design Standards, Policies and Performance,” Journal of Transportation, American Society of Civil Engineers, October 2009. Ray12 Ray, M. H., Carrigan, C. E., Plaxico, C. A., Johnson, T. O., “Engineer’s Manual: Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) Update,” http://rsap.roadsafellc.com/RSAPv3EngineersManual.pdf, Roadsafe LLC, Canton, ME, December 2012.

126 Ray14 Ray, M. H. and C. E. Carrigan. NCHRP Web-Only Document 307: Recommended Guidelines for the Selection of Test Levels 2 Through 5 Bridge Railings, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2021. Ray92 Malcolm H. Ray, “Conceptual Requirements for an Interactive highway Design Model,” FHWA-9291-3, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., June 1992. Ray93 Malcolm H. Ray, “Quantifying the Safeness of Highway Design,” Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 1993. Rinde77 Rinde, E.A., Accident Rates vs. Shoulder Width, Report No. CA-DT-TR- 3147-1-77-01, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, 1977. Ross77 Ross, Jr., H. E., “Guide for Selecting, Locating and Designing Traffic Barrier,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1977. Ross93 Ross, Jr., H. E., D. L. Sicking, R. A. Zimmer and J. D. Michie. NCHRP Report 350: Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1993. RSAP03 Roadside Safety Analysis Program, Version 2.0.3 SafetyAnal08 SafetyAnalyst, http://www.safetyanalyst.org/ Schwender57 Schwender, H.C., Normann, O.K., Granum., J.O., “New Method of Capacity Determination for rural Roads in Mountainous Terrain,” Bulletin 167 Highway Research Board, 1957: 10-37. Seamons91 Seamons, L.L., and Smith, R.N, “Past and Current median Barrier Practice in California,” Report 51355908057, California Department of Transportation, June 1991. Sheikh16 Sheikh, N. M., R. P. Bligh, S. Cakalli, and S.-P. Miaou. NCHRP Research Report 911: Guidelines for Traversability of Roadside Slopes, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2019. Stamatiadis09 Stamatiadis, N., and J. Pigman. NCHRP Report 633: Impact of Shoulder Width and Median Width on Safety, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C, 2009. Targin45 Taragin, A., Effect of Length of Grade on Speed of Motor Vehicles, Highway Research Board Proceedings, Vol.29, 1945, pp. 345–353. Turner94 Turner, D. NCHRP Synthesis 202: Severity Indices of Roadside Features, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1994. UK06 The Highway Agency, Transport Scotland, Welsh Assembly Government and the Department for Regional Development, Northern Ireland, “Design Manual for Roads and Bridges,” Volume 2: Highway Structures: Design, Section 2:

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 Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual
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Highway engineers are constantly redesigning and rebuilding roadways to meet higher standards, provide safer highways and increase mobility. For the last forty years this has included designing and building roadways that are more forgiving when a driver inadvertently encroaches onto the roadside.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 325: Consideration of Roadside Features in the Highway Safety Manual describes the background, the research approach, the resulting run-off-road (ROR) crash predictive methods and presents a draft chapter for consideration by AASHTO for publication in the HSM.

Supplemental to the document are Appendix A and Appendix B-F.

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