Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally
Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors
Committee on Law and Justice
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
A Consensus Study Report of
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, Award No. SINLEC20CA3213. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-68910-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-68910-4
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26582
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26582.
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COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE TO ADVANCE REFORM IN THE GLOBAL SECURITY AND JUSTICE SECTORS
LAWRENCE W. SHERMAN (Chair), University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology
BEATRIZ ABIZANDA, Inter-American Development Bank
YANILDA MARÍA GONZÁLEZ, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
GUY GROSSMAN, University of Pennsylvania
JOHN L. HAGAN, Northwestern University
KAREN HALL, Rule of Law Collaborative, University of South Carolina
CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University
EMILY OWENS, University of California, Irvine
JUSTICE TANKEBE, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology
JULIE ANNE SCHUCK, Study Director
SARAH PERUMATTAM, Senior Program Assistant (until October 2021)
SUNIA YOUNG, Senior Program Assistant (from October 2021)
ABIGAIL ALLEN, Associate Program Officer (from November 2021)
EMILY P. BACKES, Deputy Director, Committee on Law and Justice
MEGAN SNAIR, Technical Writer
COMMITTEE ON LAW AND JUSTICE
ROBERT D. CRUTCHFIELD (Chair), University of Washington (retired)
SALLY S. SIMPSON (Vice Chair), University of Maryland
ROD K. BRUNSON, Northeastern University
SHAWN D. BUSHWAY, University at Albany
PREETI CHAUHAN, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
KIMBERLÉ W. CRENSHAW, University of California, Los Angeles
MARK S. JOHNSON, Howard University
CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University
JOHN M. MACDONALD, University of Pennsylvania
KAREN J. MATHIS, American Bar Association (retired), University of Denver
THEODORE A. MCKEE, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
SAMUEL L. MYERS JR., University of Minnesota
EMILY OWENS, University of California, Irvine
CYNTHIA RUDIN, Duke University
WILLIAM J. SABOL, Georgia State University
LINDA A. TEPLIN, Northwestern University Medical School
NATACHA BLAIN, Director
EMILY P. BACKES, Associate Director
Acknowledgments
This report would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. First, we thank the sponsor of this study, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, for requesting and supporting this endeavor. We have admired the sponsor’s dedication to an evidence-led approach to further its programming.
Special thanks go to the members of the study committee, who dedicated extensive time, thought, and energy to this report. In addition to its own research and deliberations, the committee received input from several outside sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and experience was essential to the committee’s work. We thank Mark Berlin (Marquette University), Derryck Martin Espinoza (Trinidad & Tobago Police Service), Claudia Flores (University of Chicago), Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich (Michigan State University), Sean Tait (African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum), and Stephen Williams (University of the West Indies). The committee also gathered information through two commissioned papers. We thank Ignacio Cano (State University of Rio de Janeiro) and Geoffrey Alpert (University of South Carolina) and colleagues, Kyle McLean (Clemson University) and Seth Stoughton (University of South Carolina) for their papers and for contributing both to the discussion at the committee’s information gathering workshop and to findings in the report.
The committee also wishes to extend its gratitude to the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in particular to: study director Julie Schuck, who made critical substantive contributions to the conception, writing, and editing of the report; Jessalyn Brogan Walker who was the study director through June 2021, identified and prepared
commissioned paper authors as well as assembled suggestions of experts for the committee’s workshop; Emily Backes who provided substantive writing and editing contributions and critical oversight and direction for the project; Abigail Allen who played an essential role in providing thorough and rigorous research and writing for the project; as well as both Sarah Perumattam and Sunia Young who provided key administrative and logistical support while making sure the committee process ran efficiently and smoothly. Further, we want to extend thanks to the National Academies Research Center, particularly Anne Marie Houppert and Rebecca Morgan, provided valuable research assistance. From the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, we thank Kirsten Sampson-Snyder, who shepherded the report through the review process, and Douglas Sprunger, who assisted with the report’s communication and dissemination. We also thank technical writer Megan Snair for quickly summarizing the presentations and discussions from the committee’s workshop and, with editor Marc DeFrancis, provided skillful writing and editing of the report manuscript.
This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Cynthia M. Beall, Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University; Felipe M. Goncalves, Department of Economics, University of California, Los Angeles; Ross Hendy, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia; Edward Maguire, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University; Louise Porter, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University; Gregory K. Ridgway, Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania; Nazli Yildirim Schierkolk, Independent Expert on Police Accountability, Europe; and Lucía Tiscornia, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Division of International Studies, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, Mexico City.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alex R. Piquero, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Miami, and Philip J. Cook, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and
that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.
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