National Academies Press: OpenBook
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26585.
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Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes A SYNTHESIS OF HIGHWAY PRACTICE Halil Sezen Columbus, OH 2022 Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration Subscriber Categories Highways • Bridges and Other Structures • Maintenance and Preservation N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP SYNTHESIS 581

Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP SYNTHESIS 581 Project 20-05, Topic 52-12 ISSN 0547-5570 ISBN 978-0-309-68692-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2022936293 © 2022 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. Cover photo: Process for reinforced invert pavement of deteriorated corrugated metal culvert. Photos provided by Oregon DOT. Used with permission. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or speci- fications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs.

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP SYNTHESIS 581 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Lori L. Sundstrom, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Associate Program Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Melissa Welch-Ross, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Janet M. McNaughton, Senior Editor Kathleen Mion, Assistant Editor NCHRP PROJECT 20-05 PANEL Joyce N. Taylor, Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, ME (Chair) Socorro “Coco” A. Briseno, California Department of Transportation (retired), Sacramento, CA Anita K. Bush, Nevada Department of Transportation, Carson City, NV Joseph D. Crabtree, Kentucky Transportation Center, Lexington, KY Mostafa Jamshidi, Nebraska Department of Transportation, Lincoln, NE Cynthia L. Jones, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, OH Jessie X. Jones, Arkansas Department of Transportation, Little Rock, AR Brenda Moore, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC Ben T. Orsbon, South Dakota Department of Transportation, Pierre, SD Randall R. Park, Avenue Consultants, Taylorsville, UT Brian Worrel, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames, IA Jack D. Jernigan, FHWA Liaison Jim T. McDonnell, AASHTO Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison TOPIC 52-12 PANEL Kyle Brandon, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, OH Brian Carmody, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, NY Leticia Sosa Estavillo, AIA Engineers, a CONSOR company, Austin, TX Lance Heath Grace, Florida Department of Transportation, Tampa, FL Parviz Lashai, California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Sacramento, CA Ian D. Moore, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Kevin E. White, E. L. Robinson Engineering Company, Columbus, OH Michael Adams, FHWA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

ABOUT THE NCHRP SYNTHESIS PROGRAM Highway administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which information already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and practice. This infor- mation may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviating the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to highway administrators and engineers. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day- to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evalu ating such useful information and to make it available to the entire highway community, the American Association of State High- way and Transportation Officials—through the mechanism of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program—authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continuing study. This study, NCHRP Project 20-05, “Synthesis of Information Related to Highway Practices,” searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an NCHRP report series, Synthesis of Highway Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. FOREWORD By Melissa Welch-Ross Staff Officer Transportation Research Board Departments of transportation (DOTs) are increasing employment of asset management strate- gies in response to federal and state initiatives. Those strategies emphasize the need to preserve assets during the intended service life or, in some cases, to increase service life. Low-cost and effective treat- ments applied throughout the life of the asset are employed prior to significant asset degradation, which otherwise would likely require a high-cost reactionary treatment. Recent work completed as part of NCHRP Project 14-26, “Culvert and Storm Drain System Inspec- tion Manual,” developed a comprehensive methodology to assess the condition of and provide ratings for buried pipes. Application of the methodology identifies asset deficiencies and provides input that may assist facility owners in prioritizing their maintenance needs. As facility owners identify deficient buried pipes, there will be a growing need for effective rehabilitation methods to restore functionality to or extend the service life of these assets. While some assets will require complete replacement, many facilities will be good candidates for rehabilitation using both short-term and long-term rehabilitation or repair methods. The objective of this synthesis is to collect and summarize rehabilitation practices (including full and partial rehabilitation) used by state DOTs for culverts and buried storm drain pipes. Information for this study was gathered through a literature review, a survey of state DOTs, and follow-up interviews with selected agencies. Four case examples provide additional information on how those agencies manage maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation issues. Halil Sezen collected and synthesized the information and wrote the report. The synthesis is an immediately useful document that records practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice continues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.

Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.nap.edu) retains the color versions. 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Synthesis Scope 4 1.2 Synthesis Objectives 4 1.3 Terminology 5 1.4 Report Organization 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Factors Affecting the Selection of Culvert Rehabilitation Method 7 2.2 Culvert Rehabilitation Specifications and Guidelines 7 2.3 Culvert Repair and Rehabilitation Methods 13 2.4 Brief Summary of Literature Review Findings 14 Chapter 3 State of the Practice 14 3.1 Survey Focus and Participation 14 3.2 Culvert Types and Frequency of Rehabilitation 16 3.3 Critical Factors Affecting the Rehabilitation Method 18 3.4 Local and Joint Repair Methods 19 3.5 Invert Paving and Invert Lining Rehabilitation Methods 20 3.6 System-Level Rehabilitation Methods 22 3.7 Structural Capacity, In-house Rehabilitation, and Quality Assurance 25 Chapter 4 Case Examples 25 4.1 Delaware DOT Rehabilitation Practices and Culvert Rehabilitation Guidance 29 4.2 Maine DOT Rehabilitation Practices and Culvert Rehabilitation Guidance 32 4.3 Oregon DOT Rehabilitation Practices and Culvert Rehabilitation Guidance 35 4.4 Wisconsin DOT Rehabilitation Practices and Culvert Rehabilitation Guidance 41 Chapter 5 Summary of Findings 41 5.1 Key Findings 42 5.2 Information Gaps 45 Abbreviations and Acronyms 46 References 48 Appendix A Questionnaire 57 Appendix B Detailed Survey Responses C O N T E N T S

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Departments of transportation (DOTs) are increasing employment of asset management strategies in response to federal and state initiatives. Low-cost and effective treatments applied throughout the life of the asset can be employed prior to significant asset degradation, which otherwise would likely require a high-cost reactionary treatment.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 581: Rehabilitation of Culverts and Buried Storm Drain Pipes collects and summarizes rehabilitation practices (including full and partial rehabilitation) used by state DOTs for culvert and buried storm drain pipes.

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