Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age (2022)

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112 A P P E N D I X A Survey Questionnaire NCHRP Synthesis Project 20-05/Topic 52-01, “Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age,” is being conducted under the sponsorship of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The NCHRP Synthesis 52-01 seeks to (1) identify technologies currently in use by state departments of transportation (DOTs) for inspection of new and existing highway infrastructure assets and (2) document different methods used to assess the viability, efficiencies, and return on investment (ROI) of inspection technologies. The results of the survey will be incorporated into a synthesis of highway agency practice, with the intent of helping DOTs assess effective practices of implementing various technologies for highway infrastructure inspection. DEFINITIONS The following definitions are intended to provide clarity to the references in the questionnaire: Construction inspection: The functions, duties, tests, and measurements provided by the DOT inspection staff or their consultants during project construction in adherence with state or other standard methods to achieve quality assurance, basis for payment, and general conformance to DOT specifications and contract requirements (FHWA 2004). Asset maintenance: The work that is performed to maintain the condition of the transportation system or to respond to specific conditions or events that restore the highway system to a functional state of operation. Maintenance is a critical component of an agency’s asset management plan, which is composed of both routine and preventive maintenance. (FHWA 2016). Inspection technologies: Any host of digital or electronic tools capable of being applied to provide efficiency or replacement for traditional inspection approaches for application during construction or in the evaluation of assets to determine condition, location, characteristics, dimensions, features, or other data collection needs (Maier et al. 2017).

Survey Questionnaire 113   frequency identification (RFID), Intelligent Compaction (IC), Remote Sensors (RS), Infrared sensors (IS), Remote Cameras (RC), and Barcodes and Readers. Mobile devices and software applications: A software package designed to function on a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet and typically with a specific or customized purpose. Some state DOTs have mobile applications specifically customized to serve their inspection staff (e.g., applications for sign inventories). Mobile applications typically transfer data to larger enterprise or GIS systems (Dadi et al. 2016). In this synthesis, technologies related to mobile devices and software applications include 3D Engineered Models/BIM (3D), Automated Machine Guidance (AMG), Tablet computers/smartphones, Handheld data collectors (HDC), and Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality (VR/AR). Nondestructive evaluation methods: A means of analyzing and assessing the condition of various structural components of in-service highway infrastructure assets—pavement, bridges, and tunnels—without impairing their future usefulness (FHWA 2021b). Note: Some technologies can be classified in more than one category. For example, UAS can be classified as a geospatial technology or as a remote sensing technology. To be effective, this questionnaire focuses on the four main categories of technologies (Geospatial Technologies, Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technologies, Mobile Devices and Software Applications, and Nondestructive Evaluation Methods) defined above. Geospatial technologies: The use of the global positioning system (GPS) or global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to provide the ability to indicate a location that can then be recorded as a feature of an asset or to input inspection or asset data into a geographic information system (GIS) database (Banks and Sarmiento 2006). In this synthesis, geospatial technologies also include Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Robotic Total Stations (RTS), Terrestrial Photogrammetry (TP), and e-Ticketing. Remote sensing and monitoring technologies: The use of technologies and sensors to provide inspection or monitoring at a physical distance from the point of assessment. Remote sensing can include a range of technologies and sensors (e.g., accelerometers, remote cameras, or traffic loops) that are configured to operate remotely and provide data access via radio, cellular, internet, or other communication means (Mallela et al. 2018). In this synthesis, remote sensing and monitoring technologies also include 3D laser scanning, Radio-

114 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Please provide the following contact information: First Name: Last Name: Phone Number: E-mail: Agency/State in which you are employed: 2. What group/division do you primarily work in? (Please check all that apply.) Materials Contracts/procurement Maintenance/Operations Construction Asset Management Engineering Design Research Other: ____________________________ 3. Which of the following technologies has been used by your agency to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Geospatial Technologies Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies Mobile Devices and Software Applications Nondestructive Evaluation Methods None of the above GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES 4. Approximately, how many years has your agency been using Geospatial Technologies to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? < 2 years 2–5 years 5–10 years > 10 years

Survey Questionnaire 115   5. Which of the following geospatial technologies has been used by your agency to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Geospatial Technologies Construction Maintenance Not Sure Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)/ Global Positioning System (GPS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) (Note: UAS is also a remote sensing technology) Robotic Total Stations (RTS) Terrestrial Photogrammetry (TP) e-Ticketing Other, please specify: _____ 6. How are geospatial technologies used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Geospatial Technologies GPS/ GNSS GIS UAS RTS TP e- Ticket Not Sure Tracking position of bulk material (concrete, asphalt, aggregate loads) Tracking of finished materials and inventory (pipe, rebar, etc.) Measurement of material strength and temperature (concrete, base course, etc.) Measurement of pavement thickness Earthwork inspection and quantities Structural inspection and quantities Monitoring construction progress Verification and documentation of work completed for payment Locating underground utilities and underground assets Collecting as-built information/Developing 3D as-built models Quality control/Quality assurance Erosion control inspection Site photos and videos Other (please specify): __________________________________

116 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age 7. How are geospatial technologies used to inspect highway infrastructure during maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Geospatial Technologies GPS/ GNSS GIS UAS RTS TP e- Ticket Not Sure Location of pavement/ material placement for performance tracking Signage, culvert, guardrail & other asset inventories and inspection Sharing asset information between different functional units Pavement crack and defect detection Structural inspection Slope stability and landslide assessment Location of voids/ buried assets Other (please specify): __________________________________ 8. What are the main factors holding back the use of geospatial technologies for inspection during construction or maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Cost issues Insufficient agency network levels, IT infrastructure/cellular service Access, privacy, or security concerns Lack of standard contract specifications Incompatibility with (or restricted by) legal, regulatory, or policy requirements Lack of reliable internet connection in remote locations Incompatibility with existing hardware Lack of training, knowledge, and skills to use technologies Lack of technical results/case studies demonstrating accuracy Quality of data collected Device maintenance and user support Resistance to change Other (please specify): _______________________________________________ REMOTE SENSING AND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES 9. Approximately, how many years has your agency been using Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technologies to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? < 2 years 2–5 years 5–10 years > 10 years

Survey Questionnaire 117   10. Which of the following remote sensing and monitoring technologies has been used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction and maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technologies Construction Maintenance Not Sure Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)/3D laser scanning Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Intelligent Compaction (IC) Remote Sensors (e.g., accelerometers, maturity meter sensors, strain gauges, etc.) (RS) Infrared sensors (e.g., thermal, motion detectors, object detection, thermal profiling) (IS) Remote Cameras (RC) Barcodes and Readers (BR) Other (please specify): __________________ 11. How are remote sensing and monitoring technologies used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies LiDAR RFID IC RS IS RC BR Not Sure Tracking position of bulk material (concrete, asphalt, aggregate loads) Tracking of finished materials and inventory (pipe, rebar, etc.) Measurement of material strength and temperature (concrete, base course, etc.) Measurement of pavement thickness Earthwork inspection and quantities Structural inspection and quantities Monitoring construction progress Verification and documentation of work completed for payment Locating underground utilities and underground assets Collecting as-built information/Developing 3D as- built models Quality control/Quality assurance Erosion control inspection

118 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies LiDAR RFID IC RS IS RC BR Not Sure Site photos and videos Other (please specify): ______________ 12. How are remote sensing and monitoring technologies used to inspect highway infrastructure during maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies LiDAR RFID IC RS IS RC BR Not Sure Location of pavement/ material placement for performance tracking Signage, culvert, guardrail and other asset inventories and inspection Sharing asset information between different functional units Pavement crack and defect detection Structural inspection Slope stability and landslide assessment Location of voids/ buried assets Other (please specify): ______________ 13. What are the main factors holding back the use of remote sensing and monitoring technologies for inspection during construction and maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Cost issues Insufficient agency network levels, IT infrastructure/cellular service Access, privacy, or security concerns Lack of standard contract specifications Incompatibility with (or restricted by) legal, regulatory, or policy requirements Lack of reliable internet connection in remote locations Incompatibility with existing hardware Lack of training, knowledge, and skills to use technologies Lack of technical results/case studies demonstrating accuracy Quality of data collected Device maintenance and user support Resistance to change Other (please specify): _______________________________________________

Survey Questionnaire 119   MOBILE DEVICES AND SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS 14. Approximately, how many years has your agency been using mobile devices and software applications to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? < 2 years 2–5 years 5–10 years > 10 years 15. Which of the following mobile devices and software applications has been used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction and maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Mobile Devices and Software Applications Construction Maintenance Not Sure 3D Engineered Models/BIM (3D) Automated Machine Guidance (AMG) Tablet computers/smartphones (TS) Handheld data collectors (e.g., Real-time Kinematics (RTK), Trimble Yuma) (HDC) Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality (VR/AR) Other (please specify): ______________________________________ 16. How are mobile devices and software applications used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Mobile Devices and Software Applications 3D AMG TS HDC VR/AR Not Sure Tracking position of bulk material (concrete, asphalt, aggregate loads) Tracking of finished materials and inventory (pipe, rebar, etc.) Measurement of material strength and temperature (concrete, base course, etc.) Measurement of pavement thickness Earthwork inspection and quantities Structural inspection and quantities Monitoring construction progress Verification and documentation of work completed for payment Locating underground utilities and underground assets Collecting as-built information/Developing 3D as-built models Quality control/Quality assurance

120 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Mobile Devices and Software Applications 3D AMG TS HDC VR/AR Not Sure Erosion control inspection Site photos and videos Other (please specify): _______________ 17. How are mobile devices and software applications used to inspect highway infrastructure during maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please only respond to the technologies used in your agency and check all that apply.) Mobile Devices and Software Applications 3D AMG TS HDC VR/AR Not Sure Location of pavement/ material placement for performance tracking Signage, culvert, guardrail and other asset inventories and inspection Sharing asset information between different functional units Pavement crack and defect detection Structural inspection Slope stability and landslide assessment Location of voids/ buried assets Other (please specify): ____________ 18. What are the main factors holding back the use of mobile devices and software applications for inspection during construction and maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Cost issues Insufficient agency network levels, IT infrastructure/cellular service Access, privacy, or security concerns Lack of standard contract specifications Incompatibility with (or restricted by) legal, regulatory, or policy requirements Lack of reliable internet connection in remote locations Incompatibility with existing hardware Lack of training, knowledge, and skills to use technologies Lack of technical results/case studies demonstrating accuracy Quality of data collected Device maintenance and user support Resistance to change Other (please specify): _______________________________________________

Survey Questionnaire 121   NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION METHODS 19. Approximately, how many years has your agency been using nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect highway infrastructure during construction or maintenance of assets? < 2 years 2–5 years 5–10 years > 10 years 20. Which of the following nondestructive evaluation methods has been used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction and maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Nondestructive Evaluation Methods Construction Maintenance Not Sure Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) Surface profile measuring systems Dynamic test loading for piles Ultrasonic testing Thermal integrity testing Cross-hole sonic logging for drilled shafts Falling weight deflectometers Nuclear density gauges Infrared thermography Magnetic imaging tools (MITs) Acoustic emission Other (please specify): ______________________________________ 21. How are nondestructive evaluation methods used to inspect highway infrastructure during construction in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Measurement of pavement thickness Identification and cause characterization of bridge deck deterioration Foundation investigation tools — assessing new drilled-shaft integrity Identification of fatigue and fracture damage Measurement friction and noise properties for pavements Quality control/Quality assurance Structural inspection In-situ material characterization (density, modulus, presence of defects) Early detection of concrete deterioration mechanisms Determination of extent and severity of steel corrosion Other (please specify): __________________________________

122 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age 22. How are nondestructive evaluation methods used to inspect highway infrastructure during maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Real-time automated pavement distress measurements Identification of fatigue and fracture damage Sharing asset information between different functional units Measurement of pavement interlayer bonding Structural inspection Measurements of existing scour and scour potential Improved methods for measuring profiles Mapping of voids, bonding, and moisture behind retaining walls Early detection of concrete deterioration mechanisms Determination of extent and severity of steel corrosion Detection of problem areas at bridge approaches Other (please specify): _______________________________________________ 23. What are the main factors holding back the use of nondestructive evaluation methods for inspection during construction or maintenance of assets in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Cost issues Insufficient agency network levels, IT infrastructure/cellular service Access, privacy, or security concerns Lack of standard contract specifications Incompatibility with (or restricted by) legal, regulatory, or policy requirements Lack of reliable internet connection in remote locations Incompatibility with existing hardware Lack of training, knowledge, and skills to use technologies Lack of technical results/case studies demonstrating accuracy Quality of data collected Device maintenance and user support Resistance to change Other (please specify): _______________________________________________ SUMMARY AND FINAL THOUGHTS 24. For each type of highway infrastructure listed below, which technologies does your agency use for inspection during construction or maintenance of assets? (Please check all that apply.) Highway Infrastructure G eo sp at ia l te ch no lo gi es R em ot e se ns in g an d m on it or in g te ch no lo gi es N on de st ru ct iv e ev al ua ti on m et ho ds M ob il e de vi ce s an d S of tw ar e A pp li ca ti on s O th er , _ __ __ __ _ Roadways Bridges

Survey Questionnaire 123   Highway Infrastructure G eo sp at ia l te ch no lo gi es R em ot e se ns in g an d m on it or in g te ch no lo gi es N on de st ru ct iv e ev al ua ti on m et ho ds M ob il e de vi ce s an d S of tw ar e A pp li ca ti on s O th er , _ __ __ __ _ Non-bridge structures Drainage systems Earthwork/grading Signage/Roadside Other (Please specify): ___________ 25. Does your agency provide training in the use of technologies for highway inspection? (Please check all that apply.) Hands-on/field-based training Classroom-based training Online training Workshop Vendor demonstration Only provided reference materials (hardcopy or electronic) Peer training No training provided Other (please specify): _______________________________________________ 26. When evaluating performance of the use of the technologies for highway infrastructure inspection, what metrics does your agency consider? (Please check all that apply.) Cost–benefit analysis Efficiencies gained Agility/flexibility for desired tasks Increase in quality End user approval Durability and maintenance of devices/technology Enhancing limited inspection resources Advancement in technology Other (please specify): _______________________________________________ 27. Does your agency track the cost-effectiveness of implementing technologies for highway inspection? Yes No Not sure If “Yes,” please explain:______________________________________________________

124 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age 28. Approximately, what is the overall return on investment (ROI) from using the following technologies for highway infrastructure inspection in your agency? (ROI = [benefit (estimated in $) – cost)]/cost *100%) Type of Technologies ROI Negative 0-10% 10- 20% 20- 50% 50- 100% > 100% Unsure/Info. not available Geospatial Technologies Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies Nondestructive Evaluation Methods Mobile Devices and Software Applications Other (please specify): __________ 29. What are the primary drivers for selecting the technologies for highway inspection in your agency? (Please check all that apply.) Type of Technologies Enhance Staffing Improve Efficiency (e.g., Cost, Schedule, Quality) Promote E- Construction Enhance Safety of Inspectors Other, _____ Geospatial Technologies Remote sensing and Monitoring Technologies Nondestructive Evaluation Methods Mobile Devices and Software Applications Other (please specify): _________________________ 30. The synthesis report will include case examples highlighting agency practices in the use of technologies for inspection of new and existing highway infrastructure. Would you be interested in participating in a structured interview for a case example? The interview is expected to take approximately 30 minutes. Yes No If the answer is “No,” can you please direct us to someone else in your agency? Contact name: Phone number: E-mail: