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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26613.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26613.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26613.
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93   Abuelsamid, S. 2018. Transition to Autonomous Cars Will Take Longer than You Think, Waymo CEO Tells Governors. Forbes, July 20, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/ 2018/07/20/waymo-ceo-tells-governors-av-time-will-be-longer-than-you-think/#5b05140ed7da. Amalgamated Transit Union. n.d. Powered by People: Amalgamated Transit Union’s Proposal for the Reauthorization of the Transit Provisions of the FAST Act. Obtained from a panel member. Automated Bus Consortium. 2019. Candidate Pilot Projects. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from http://www. automatedbusconsortium.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ABC-Pilot-Project-Descriptions_Final_ 9.30.19_web-version.pdf. Automated Bus Consortium. n.d. Home. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from http://www.automatedbus consortium.com. Bezyak, J. L., Sabella, S. A., and Gattis, R. H. 2017. Public Transportation: An Investigation of Barriers for People with Disabilities. Journal of Disability Policy Studies 28 (1): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207317702070. Bigelow, P. 2019. Waymo Increases “Rider Only” Operations in Phoenix. Automotive News, October 28, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/waymo-increases- rider-only-operations-phoenix. Bösch, P. M., Becker, F., Becker, H., and Axhausen, K. W. 2018. Cost-Based Analysis of Autonomous Mobility Services. Transport Policy, 64, 76-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.09.005. Brewer, J., Cregger, J., Guglielmi, J., Baas, J., and Najm, W. 2019. Determining Requirements for Automated Transit Bus Test Facilities: Considerations for Practitioners (FTA Report No. 0131). Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation. Clewlow, R. R., and Mishra, G. S. 2017. Disruptive Transportation: The Adoption, Utilization, and Impacts of Ride-Hailing in the United States (Report No. UCD-ITS-RR-17-07). Davis, CA: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis. Coyner, K., Blackmer, S., Good, J., Lewis, P., and Grossman, A. 2021. TCRP Report 220: Low-Speed Automated Vehicles (LSAVs) in Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/ 10.17226/26056. Cregger, J., Dawes, M., Fischer, S., Lowenthal, C., Machek, E., and Perlman, D. 2018. Low-Speed Automated Shuttles: State of the Practice (Report No. FHWA-JPO-18-692). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation. Cregger, J., Machek, E., and Cahill, P. 2019. Transit Bus Automation Market Assessment (FTA Report No. 0144). John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from https://www.transit.dot.gov/research-innovation/transit-bus-automation-market- assessment-report-0144. CTAA. 2018. Community Transportation Association of America Statement of Principles for Automated Vehicles. Retrieved July 19, 2019, from https://ctaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/CTAA_AV_Principles_ 10-26-18.pdf. Daimler. 2019. The Mercedes Benz Future Bus. Retrieved June 10, 2019, from https://www.daimler.com/innovation/ autonomous-driving/future-bus.html. FTA. 2015. Bus Rapid Transit. FTA, December 9, 2015 (last update). Retrieved May 28, 2019. https://www.transit. dot.gov/research-innovation/bus-rapid-transit. FTA. 2018. Transit Bus Automation Overview. FTA, February 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2019. https://www. transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/114726/bus-transit-automation-overview- factsheet_1.pdf. FTA. 2021. Transit Bus Automation Quarterly Update, Q4 2020 Update. Retrieved March 11, 2021. https://www. transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2021-02/Transit-Bus-Automation-Quarterly-Update-Q4-2020_0.pdf. References

94 The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2019. Report to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate (GAO-19-290): Transit Workforce Development, Improved Strategic Planning Practices Could Enhance FTA Efforts. GAO, March 14, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019, from https://www.gao.gov/ products/GAO-19-290. Gelbal, S. Y., Guvenc, B. A., and Guvenc, L. 2017. SmartShuttle: A Unified, Scalable, and Replicable Approach to Connected and Automated Driving in a Smart City. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Science of Smart City Operations and Platforms Engineering. Association for Computing Machinery, April 18, 2017. https:// doi.org/10.1145/3063386.3063761. Godavarthy, R. 2019. Transit Automation Technologies: A Review of Transit Agency Perspective (SURLC 19-010). USDOT Small Urban and Rural Transit Center, December 2019. 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References 95   Mudge, R., and Lutin, J. M. 2020. Automated Bus Rapid Transit: A New Mode for High-Quality, High-Capacity Transit Corridors (Paper for Robotic Research LLC, October 2020). Retrieved November 9, 2020. http:// www.roboticresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Automated-Bus-Rapid-Transit-Mudge-and- Lutin.pdf. Nasser, A., Brewer, J., Najm, W., and Cregger, J. 2018. Transit Bus Automation Project: Transferability of Automa- tion Technologies (FTA Report No. 0125). Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, September 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019. https://www.transit.dot.gov/research-innovation/ transit-bus-automation-project-transferability-automation-technologies-final. Noland, R. B., DiPetrillo, S., and Lubin, A. 2021. Identifying Current and Future Training Needs of the Public Transportation Industry (FTA Report No. 0191). Alan M. Voorhees Transportation Center, Rutgers Univer- sity, U.S. Department of Transportation, March 2021. 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96 The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce TTD (Transportation Trades Department). 2019. Transportation Labor Announces Eight Key Policies to Pro- mote Safety, Protect Transit Jobs in Era of Automation. TTD Press Release, March 11, 2019. Retrieved March 15, 2021. https://ttd.org/news-and-media/transportation-labor-announces-eight-key-policies-to- promote-safety-protect-transit-jobs-in-era-of-automation/. TWU (Transport Workers Union). 2018. The TWU Launches Statewide Coalition Against Driverless Buses in Ohio: People Before Robots! Transport Workers Union of America, September 20, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2021. http://www.twu.org/the-twu-launches-statewide-coalition-against-driverless-buses-in-ohio-people- before-robots/. Tyler, K. 2020. Upskill or Be Left Behind. HR Magazine, Summer 2020, 75–81. U.S. Access Board. 2021. Inclusive Design of Autonomous Vehicles: A Public Dialog. Retrieved September 10, 2021. https://www.access-board.gov/files/usab-av-forum-summary-report.pdf. USDOT. 2016. Mobility on Demand—MOD Fact Sheet #1. Retrieved June 10, 2019. https://www.its.dot.gov/ factsheets/pdf/MobilityonDemand.pdf. USDOT. 2018. Preparing for the Future of Transportation, Automated Vehicles 3.0. Retrieved July 19, 2019. https:// www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/policy-initiatives/automated-vehicles/320711/preparing- future-transportation-automated-vehicle-30.pdf. USDOT. 2021. Driving Automation Systems in Long-Haul Trucking and Bus Transit: Preliminary Analysis of Poten- tial Workforce Impacts (Report to Congress). Retrieved February 20, 2021. https://www.transportation.gov/ sites/dot.gov/files/2021-01/Driving%20Automation%20Systems%20in%20Long%20Haul%20Trucking%20 and%20Bus%20Transit%20Preliminary%20Analysis%20of%20Potential%20Workforce%20Impacts.pdf. VTA Transit (Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority). 2007. Bus Rapid Transit Service Guidelines. Retrieved September 30, 2021. https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/service_design_guidelines_vta.pdf. Walk, M. J., Cardenas, J., Miller, K., Alvarez, J., Davis, S., and Hadley, P. 2019. TCRP Synthesis 143: Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Wang, H., and Odoni, A. 2016. Approximating the Performance of a Last Mile Transportation System. Trans- portation Science 50 (2): 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2014.0553. Weisenford, J., Cronin, B., Ortiz, S., Majumdar, E., Thompson, C., Jenkins, J., Riches, C., Heasley, C., Wolf, B., Long, D., Bond, A., Lazaro, R., and Lazaro, V. 2018. TCRP Report 199—Transit Technical Training Volume I: Guide to Applying Best Practices and Sharing Research. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Wiggers, K. 2021. Waymo Begins Robo-Taxi Tests in San Francisco. VentureBeat, February 7, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021, from https://venturebeat.com/2021/02/17/waymo-begins-robo-taxi-tests-in-san-francisco/. Woodman, G. K., Starke, J. S., and Schwartz, L. D. 1995. Transit Cooperative Research Program Legal Research Digest: Transit Labor Protection—A Guide to Section 13(c) Federal Transit Act (June 1995, no. 4). Retrieved March 10, 2021. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_lrd_04.pdf. Yankelevich, A., Rikard, R. V., Kadylak, T., Hall, M. J., Mack, E. A., Verboncoeur, J. P., and Cotton, S. R. 2018. Preparing the Workforce for Automated Vehicles. Submitted to the American Center for Mobility, Michigan State University and Texas A&M Transportation Institute. Yap, M. D., Correia, G., and van Arem, B. 2016. Preferences of Travelers for Using Automated Vehicles as Last Mile Public Transport of Multimodal Train Trips. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 94, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.003. Zmud, J., and Reed, N. 2019. Conference Proceedings 56: Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicle: Summary of the Sixth EU–U.S. Transportation Research Symposium. Synthesis of the Socio- economic Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles and Shared Mobility. Brussels, Belgium: Trans- portation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Zmud, J., and Sener, I. N. 2019. Consumer Acceptance, Trust, and Future Use of Self-Driving Vehicles. Technical Report developed for the Frisco Transportation Management Association. Austin, TX. Texas A&M Transpor- tation Institute, August 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2021. https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/ TTI-2019-3.pdf.

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Advancements in the automation of transit vehicles will likely have significant impacts; however, the possible effects on the public-transportation workforce is largely unknown. This is due partly to the fledgling state of transit vehicle automation and partly to the significant amount of uncertainty about how and when automated transit services become more prevalent.

The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Research Report 232: The Impacts of Vehicle Automation on the Public Transportation Workforce provides an analysis of the possible impacts of automation on the public transportation workforce.

Supplemental to the report are:

· Staffing Count Survey

· APTATech Workshop Presentation

· Workshop Notes

· Employee Survey

· Survey Flyer

· Industry Webinar Presentation

· Industry Poll Data

· Task Impact Ratios, and

· Workforce Effect Estimates.

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