National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

Image

The Future of Water Quality in
Coeur d’Alene Lake

_____

Committee on the Future of Water Quality in Coeur d’Alene Lake

Water Science and Technology Board

Division on Earth and Life Studies


Consensus Study Report

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, Kootenai County, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-69041-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-69041-2
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26620

This publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and National Academies Press and the graphical logos for each are all trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Cover image credit: Content is the intellectual property of Esri and is used herein with permission. Copyright © 2022 Esri and its licensors. All rights reserved.

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d’Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26620.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

COMMITTEE ON THE FUTURE OF WATER QUALITY IN COEUR D’ALENE LAKE

SAMUEL N. LUOMA (Chair), Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis

ROBERT L. ANNEAR, Geosyntec Consultants, Portland, OR

WILLIAM A. ARNOLD, University of Minnesota, St. Paul

MICHAEL T. BRETT, University of Washington, Seattle

JAMES J. ELSER (NAS), Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson

SCOTT E. FENDORF, Stanford University, Stanford, CA

ALEJANDRO N. FLORES, Boise State University, Idaho

PRIYA M. GANGULI, California State University, Northridge*

ROBERT M. HIRSCH, U.S. Geological Survey (retired), Reston, VA

LYNN E. KATZ, University of Texas, Austin

JAMES G. MOBERLY, University of Idaho, Moscow

S. GEOFFREY SCHLADOW, Tahoe Environmental Research Center and University of California, Davis

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Staff

LAURA J. EHLERS, Senior Program Officer, Water Science and Technology Board

RACHEL SILVERN, Program Officer, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate

CALLA ROSENFELD, Senior Program Assistant, Water Science and Technology Board

ERIC EDKIN, Manager of Internal Communications and Program Support, Division on Earth and Life Studies

___________________

* Resigned from the committee in May 2022.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD

CATHERINE L. KLING (NAS) (Chair), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

NEWSHA AJAMI, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA

PEDRO J. ALVAREZ (NAE), Rice University, Houston, TX

JONATHAN D. ARTHUR, American Geosciences Institute, Washington, DC

RUTH L. BERKELMAN (NAM), Emory University, Atlanta, GA

JORDAN R. FISCHBACH, The Water Institute of the Gulf, Pittsburgh, PA

ELLEN GILINSKY, Ellen Gilinsky, LLC, Seattle, WA

ROBERT M. HIRSCH, U.S. Geological Survey (retired), Reston, VA

VENKATARAMAN LAKSHMI, University of Virginia, Charlottesville

MARK W. LECHEVALLIER, Dr. Water Consulting, LLC, Morrison, CO

CAMILLE PANNU, Columbia University, New York, NY

DAVID L. SEDLAK (NAE), University of California, Berkeley

JENNIFER TANK, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN

DAVID WEGNER, Woolpert Engineering, Tucson, AZ

Water Science and Technology Board Staff

DEBORAH GLICKSON, Board Director

LAURA EHLERS, Senior Program Officer

STEPHANIE JOHNSON, Senior Program Officer

CHARLES BURGIS, Associate Program Officer

MARGO REGIER, Associate Program Officer

JONATHAN TUCKER, Associate Program Officer

JEANNE AQUILINO, Finance Business Partner

EMILY BERMUDEZ, Program Assistant

PADRAIGH HARDIN, Program Assistant

MILES LANSING, Program Assistant

OSHANE ORR, Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

Preface

Coeur d’Alene Lake (or the Lake) in northern Idaho is an invaluable recreational, economic, and natural resource asset for residents of Idaho, eastern Washington, and the nation. The issues that confront the Lake today reflect the history of other water bodies in the western United States. As the United States expanded westward, during the era of “manifest destiny,” what were once tribal homelands were confiscated across the west. In this case, it left the Coeur d’Alene Tribe with a fraction of its original homeland, including only the southern part of Coeur d’Alene Lake and remnants of what was once its breadbasket in the north. Although more recent agreements have granted some lands back to the Coeur d’Alene Tribe, those include wetlands and inshore areas so contaminated with lead and arsenic that the Tribal Authority has had to ban traditional practices like harvesting water potatoes in those parts of the northern Lake.

When the mineral extraction boom began in the western United States in the last half of the 1800s, usually after discoveries of gold, the Coeur d’Alene basin was one of the centers of activity. Mining, milling, and smelting dominated the valley from 1880 through the 1960s over a large area 60 kilometers upstream from the Lake. Like elsewhere in the west, great riches were extracted from mineral deposits in the basin (dominated in this case by extraction of lead and silver). What was left behind seemed like a moonscape1 of unvegetated floodplain soils and mountainsides: lands so contaminated that little vegetation could grow. Riverbanks and riverbed sediments were heavily contaminated with lead, zinc, arsenic, and cadmium from wastes released directly to the South Fork of the Coeur d’Alene River, and barren mountainsides reflected the atmospheric fallout from smelter operations. Contaminated runoff made its first detectable impact on the sediments of Coeur d’Alene Lake around 1900. Contaminated waters and sediments continue to be deposited in the Lake today, reflecting the legacy of nearly 100 years of mineral extraction.

In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) listed the Bunker Hill Mining and Metallurgical Complex in northern Idaho as a Superfund site on the National Priorities List and remediation activities began shortly thereafter. In 1998, EPA began applying Superfund requirements beyond the original Bunker Hill boundaries to areas throughout the 1,500-square mile Coeur d’Alene River basin project area but did not select a remedy to address Coeur d’Alene Lake.

The latest phase in the development of the west includes increased population growth in the more rural communities, especially exceptionally scenic areas such as Coeur d’Alene Lake. In 2021, the Wall Street Journal

___________________

1 My personal observation from visits to the region in the 1970s and 1980s.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

declared that Coeur d’Alene represented the “hottest” real estate market in America. With population growth came concern about nutrient inputs and eutrophication that, in other water bodies, have resulted in a loss of ecosystem services critical to development, including loss of lake clarity, eutrophication, nuisance algal blooms, and loss of native fisheries. In 2002, EPA began plans for remedial actions to address mine waste contamination in the lower basin of the Coeur d’Alene River up to the Lake. But rather than select a remedy for the Lake itself, EPA agreed to have the state of Idaho and the Coeur d’Alene Tribe develop and implement a Lake Management Plan (LMP) outside of the Superfund process. The LMP was published in 2009. The goal of the plan was to manage nutrient loads entering the basin in an effort to sustain adequate oxygen levels in the Lake’s water column and minimize the potential for metals mobilization.

The issues of concern today represent the nexus of the issues that developed over this history. More than two decades of scientific studies of the Coeur d’Alene basin have built a body of data useful to evaluating the intersection of these issues. But geographic differences in jurisdictions appear to be one factor limiting collaborative syntheses of these studies. EPA-sponsored studies and ongoing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream monitoring are concentrated in the watershed. The Tribal Authority conducts monitoring and special studies, mostly in the Lake south of the confluence of the Coeur d’Alene River. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (IDEQ) conducts monitoring and studies north of the confluence. Monitoring data are publicly available, data reports describing trends were joint authored by the Tribal Authority and the IDEQ until recently, and an impressive array of process studies were published by USGS and academia over a 10-year period (1995–2005) but have continued at a much slower pace since then.

Nevertheless, concerns remain about questions critical to the future of the Lake. Part of the concern appears to stem from differences in interpretations of the existing data, perhaps influenced by collisions among the interests of different constituencies (not surprising in a situation where the problem is complicated and the stakes are high). Thus, critical questions remain. Is remediation of the damage from mineral extraction in the upstream landscape benefitting the Lake? Are nutrient inputs from increasing development and urbanization affecting lake clarity, and will they ultimately result in eutrophication? Are there interactions between declining metal inputs to the Lake, as remediation proceeds, and the types of lake productivity that affect clarity and other signs of eutrophication? Can the native fisheries and wetland resources that once provided the Tribe’s breadbasket and traditional practices be recovered? Hence, the request was made to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to establish an ad hoc consensus committee to analyze available data and information about Coeur d’Alene Lake water quality and provide recommendations to address identified issues of concern.2

The study was commissioned specifically to evaluate the future of water quality in Coeur d’Alene Lake by three of the parties with closest connections to the well-being of the Lake: the IDEQ, EPA, and Kootenai County, Idaho. The remit was restricted to analyses relevant to the status and future of the Lake. The committee appointed by the National Academies began its task in January 2021, in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic limited travel throughout the study period and forced the committee to meet virtually for five of its six meetings—an unprecedented approach for such panels. Although the committee was unable to visit the Lake as a group, we were aided greatly by a virtual course from the University of Idaho on the history of the Coeur d’Alene Tribe and a virtual film tour of key sites in the valley put together by Jamie Brunner of IDEQ and Ed Moreen of the EPA. The Coeur d’Alene Tribe, IDEQ, EPA, and USGS went out of their way, over and over, to find the data and reports we needed for the investigation. Our efforts included reviews of the relevant literature, analyses of raw data provided as above, and statistical analysis of trends. Details of analytical methods are presented in the report’s appendixes. This is an unusual report for the National Academies in that it includes original analysis and key conclusions that resulted from those analyses. In many cases, the conclusions stand alone and no recommendations were necessarily warranted.

The study was established under the auspices of the Water Science and Technology Board of the National Academies. The Committee on the Future of Water Quality in Coeur d’Alene Lake included 11 individuals whose joint expertise covered the diversity of disciplines relevant to the study. The committee heard from many local experts about ongoing water quality monitoring and modeling in Coeur d’Alene Lake, climate in the Coeur d’Alene

___________________

2 The formal study statement of task is found in the Summary.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

region, and updates on the Bunker Hill Superfund site. I would like to thank the following individuals for giving numerous informative presentations to the committee: Dan McCracken, Jamie Brunner, Craig Cooper, and Robert Steed, IDEQ; Ed Moreen, Cami Grandinetti, and Kim Prestbo, EPA; Dale Chess, Rebecca Stevens, and Phil Cernera, the Coeur d’Alene Tribe; Lauren Zinsser, Dan Wise, and Chris Mebane, USGS; Chris Fillios, County of Kootenai; Tyler Jantzen, Jacobs; Guillaume Mauger, University of Washington; and Erin Brooks, University of Idaho. The committee also thanks the many individuals who spoke during open-mic sessions or submitted written comments to the committee during the course of the study.

Samuel N. Luoma, Chair

Committee on the Future of Water Quality in Coeur d’Alene Lake

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

Acknowledgments

This Consensus Study was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

James B. Cotner, University of Minnesota

Joseph L. Domagalski, USGS Sacramento

James N. Galloway (NAS), University of Virginia

Matthew Ginder-Vogel, University of Wisconsin

K. David Hambright, University of Oklahoma

Dennis P. Lettenmaier (NAE), University of California at Los Angeles

Ann S. Maest, Buka Environmental

Jerome O. Nriagu, University of Michigan

Kimberly J. Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University.

Although the reviewers have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Joan B. Rose (NAE), Michigan State University, and Richard G. Luthy (NAE), Stanford University. Appointed by the National Academies, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring Committee and the institution.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R1
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R2
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R3
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R4
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R5
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R6
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R7
Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R8
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R9
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R10
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R11
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R12
Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R13
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R14
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R15
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26620.
×
Page R16
Next: Summary »
The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d'Alene Lake Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $50.00 Buy Ebook | $40.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Coeur d'Alene Lake in northern Idaho is an invaluable natural, recreational, and economic resource for communities in Idaho and eastern Washington. Starting in the late 1880s, mining in the Lake’s watershed sent heavy metals and other mining wastes into the Lake, resulting in contamination of lake sediments with lead, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc that persists today. The watershed was designated a Superfund site and cleanup has been ongoing for 30 years. However, the Lake's environmental quality and cleanup is overseen by a Lake Management Plan, originally implemented by the Coeur d’Alene Tribe and the state of Idaho. A major focus of that plan is whether lakeshore development might promote low-oxygen (anoxic) conditions that could release toxic metals from lake sediments back into the water column.

This report analyzes water quality data collected from the Lake and the watershed over the past 30 years. The analyses indicate that, although the Lake is still heavily contaminated, concentrations of metals in the major inputs to the Lake have declined, and there is no evidence that phosphorus concentrations have been increasing in the last decade or that low-oxygen events are becoming more common. However, the shorelines of the Lake, where exposure to metals or harmful algae is more likely, are not currently monitored. Protecting the water quality of Coeur d'Alene Lake will require that monitoring efforts be expanded to provide an early warning of deteriorating conditions, regular syntheses of data, and targeted studies—all coordinated among interest groups—followed by application of those results to managing the Lake.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!