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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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Consensus Study Report

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and Federal Emergency Management Agency (#10005604). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-69090-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-69090-0
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26633

This publication is available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26633.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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COMMITTEE ON HAZARD MITIGATION AND RESILIENCE APPLIED RESEARCH TOPICS

STEVE MODDEMEYER (Chair), Principal for Planning, Sustainability and Resilience, CollinsWoerman Architects

CHRISTOPHER EMRICH, Boardman Endowed Associate Professor of Environmental Science and Public Administration, School of Public Administration, University of Central Florida

ERICK C. JONES, SR., George and Elizabeth Pickett Endowed Professor in Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, and Jefferson Science Fellow, Office of the Chief Economist, U.S. Department of State

ELENA KRIEGER, Director of Research, Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy

THERESE MCALLISTER, Community Resilience Group Leader and Program Manager, National Institute of Standards and Technology

ADAM ROSE, Research Professor, Department of Public Policy, and Senior Research Fellow, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Threats and Emergencies, University of Southern California

STACY SWANN, Chief Executive Officer, Climate Finance Advisors, BLLC

Project Staff

NEGIN SOBHANI, Study Director

DANIELLE GOLDSMITH, Senior Program Assistant

HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant (until March 2022)

BERNA OZTEKIN-GUNAYDIN, Program Officer (since April 2022)

OLIVIA TORBERT, Senior Program Assistant (until March 2022)

Consultant

JOE ALPER, Consultant Writer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making its published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Mark Abkowitz, Vanderbilt University; Santina Contreras, University of Southern California; Robin McGuire, Lettis Consultants International, Inc.; Shina Robinson, Asian Pacific Environmental Network; Sarah Saadian, National Low Income Housing Coalition; John Vidale, University of Southern California; Kent Yu, SEFT Consulting Group; Lynda Zambrano, National Tribal Emergency Management Council.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Chris Poland, Independent Consultant. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was conducted in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26633.
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Communities across the United States are subject to ever-increasing human suffering and financial impacts of disasters caused by extreme weather events and other natural hazards amplified in frequency and intensity by climate change. While media coverage sometimes paints these disasters as affecting rich and poor alike and suggests that natural disasters do not discriminate, the reality is that they do. There have been decades of discriminatory policies, practices, and embedded bias within infrastructure planning processes. Among the source of these policies and practices are the agencies that promote resilience and provide hazard mitigation and recovery services, and the funding mechanisms they employ. These practices have resulted in low-income communities, often predominantly Indigenous people and communities of color, bearing a disproportionate share of the social, economic, health, and environmental burdens caused by extreme weather and other natural disasters.

At the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Resilient America Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened the Committee on Applied Research Topics for Hazard Mitigation and Resilience to assist the FEMA in reducing the immense human and financial toll of disasters caused by natural hazards and other large-scale emergencies. FEMA asked the committee to identify applied research topics, information, and expertise that can inform action and collaborative priorities within the natural hazard mitigation and resilience fields. This report explores equitable and infrastructure investments for natural hazard mitigation and resilience, focusing on: partnerships for equitable infrastructure development; systemic change toward resilient and equitable infrastructure investment; and innovations in finance and financial analysis.

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