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97  Air Operations Area (AOA): Any area of an airport used or intended to be used for landing, takeoff, or surface maneuvering of aircraft. An air operations area includes such paved areas or unpaved areas that are used or intended to be used for the unobstructed movement of aircraft in addition to its associated runway, taxiways, or apron. Airport: An area of land or other hard surface, excluding water, used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of aircraft, including any buildings and facilities (14 CFR Part 139 Certification of Airports §139.5 â Definitions). Airport Operator: The operator (private or public) or sponsor of a public use airport [FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5200-33]. Apiary: A place where a collection of managed honeybee colonies is kept. Bee Hotel/Nest Box: Human-made structure used to attract cavity-nesting solitary bees. Beekeeper: Person who manages honeybee colonies. Management activities include (but are not limited to) population control to prevent swarming, ensuring colonies have a healthy queen and sufficient supply of eggs and larvae, assessing and treating for pests and disease, harvesting honey, and preparing colonies for overwintering conditions. Beekeeping: The occupation of owning and breeding bees for pollination services, honey, or other hive-derived products such as wax. Bird Strike: See Wildlife Strike Bumblebee (Bombus spp.): A taxonomic group of bee species native to North America. There are over 250 species in the world, and these are primarily found in higher altitudes and latitudes. Of the wild bee species under threat, declines of bumblebees are the most well-documented, particularly in Europe and North America. Colony: As social insects, honeybees live in colonies that consist of a single queen, hundreds of male drones, and 20,000 to 80,000 female worker bees. Honeybee colonies also include devel- oping eggs, larvae, and pupae (âbroodâ). FAA 7460-1, Notice of Proposed Construction/Alteration: A submission to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) prior to construction activities in order for the FAA to review the proposed construction or alterationâs impacts to surrounding airspace and navigational signals. Grant Assurance: Obligations (assurances) that airport owners or sponsors, planning agencies, or other organizations must agree to and abide by when accepting funds from FAA-administered airport financial assistance programs (FAA Website: Grant Assurances). Glossary
98 Considerations for Establishing and Maintaining Successful Pollinator Programs on Airports Hazardous Wildlife: Species of wildlife (birds, mammals, reptiles), including feral and domes- ticated animals not under control that may pose a direct hazard to aviation (i.e., strike risk to aircraft) or an indirect hazard such as an attractant to other wildlife that pose a strike hazard or are causing structural damage to airport facilities (e.g., burrowing, nesting, perching) [FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5200-33]. Herbicide: An agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth. Hive: The domicile a honeybee colony inhabits. The most common man-made hive type is a Langstroth hive, which is typically made of wood and consists of boxes with removable frames that contain comb, eggs, larvae, pollen, and nectar or honey. Honeybee (European or Western honeybee: Apis mellifera): A species of domesticated bee introduced to North America in the 18th century for honey production. Upon introduction, the honeybee escaped domestication and become widely naturalized throughout the environment. Naturalized or wild honeybees are far less prevalent today due to the impacts of pests and dis- ease. Today, the honeybee is the most environmentally important managed bee in the world. The vast majority of honeybees in North America now exist as agricultural livestock animals managed for crop pollination and honey. Preventing and treating for pests and disease is among the top challenges in managing todayâs domesticated honeybees. Managed Bumblebees: Several species of Bombus are reared in captivity and sold commercially to provide pollination services to greenhouse crops such as tomatoes. Several studies have linked the presence of managed bumblebees to the spread of pathogens in wild bumblebees. National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS): NPIAS identifies all commercial service, reliever, and selected publicly owned general aviation airports that are included in the national airport system, the roles they currently serve, and the amounts and types of airport development eligible for federal funding under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP) over the next 5 years (FAA Order 5090.5 Formulation of the NPIAS and ACIP). Native/Wild Bee: There are 4,000 species of native bees in the United States, most of which are solitary species that nest in the ground or cavities. Unlike wasps or hornets that feed meat to their developing offspring, bees are vegan throughout their lives and feed their young a com- bination of pollen and nectar from flowering plants. Though some native bees are considered generalists, most native bees are plant specialists and require just one or a few plant species for sustenance. Honeybees are an introduced bee species and not considered native to North America. Pathogen: An organism that causes disease. Pollination: The act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. This may occur through wind, water, or animals such as bees. Pollinator: Anything that helps carry pollen from the male part of the flower to the female part of the same or different flower, including wind, water, or animals such as bees. The movement of pollen is required for a plant to become fertilized and produce fruits, seeds, and offspring. Animal pollination, particularly by insect species, is considered the most effective and efficient solution to achieving plant reproduction. Pollinator-Friendly Program: A set of objectives and practices held by an organization to further awareness, protection, and health of pollinator species. Pollinator Habitat: An array of resources on a landscape that supports the survival and repro- duction of pollinator species. These resources may include flowering plants that produce nectar and pollen, larval host plants, and nesting sites for wild bees, such as pithy stemmed plants, bunch grasses, and bare ground with well-drained soil.
Glossary 99  Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future by enhancing an airportâs Economic vitality, Operational efficiency, Natural resources, and Social impacts (EONS). Swarming: A honeybee colonyâs natural means of production. When a colony swarms, a single colony splits into two or more distinct colonies. Wildlife: Any wild animal, including without limitation any wild mammal, bird, reptile, fish, amphibian, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, coelenterate, or other invertebrate, including any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof (50 CFR § 10.12). As used in this synthesis, wildlife includes feral animals and domestic animals out of the control of their owners (14 CFR Part 139, Certification of Airports) [FAA AC 150/5200-33]. Wildlife Attractants: Any human-made structure, land-use practice, or human-made or natural geographic feature that can attract or sustain hazardous wildlife within an airportâs landing or departure airspace or its aircraft operations area. These attractants can include architectural features, landscaping, waste disposal sites, wastewater treatment facilities, agricultural or aqua- culture activities, surface mining, or wetlands [FAA AC 150/5200-33]. Wildlife Hazard: The potential for a damaging aircraft collision with wildlife on or near an airport [FAA AC 150/5200-33]. Wildlife Hazard Assessment (WHA): An assessment that identifies and describes wildlife hazards and attractants, whether known, suspected or otherwise unknown, on or near an airport to an extent that allows for the creation of a sufficient basis for mitigation measures [FAA AC 150/5200-38]. Wildlife Hazard Management Plan: A plan developed after a WHA is reviewed by the FAA to minimize the risk to aviation safety, airport structures or equipment, or human health posed by populations of hazardous wildlife on and around the airport by identifying hazardous wildlife and attractants, developing management techniques, identifying resources and supplies, and training appropriate personnel [FAA AC 150/5200-38]. Wildlife Strike: A wildlife strike is deemed to have occurred when: a. A strike between wildlife and aircraft has been witnessed; b. Evidence or damage from a strike has been identified on an aircraft; c. Bird or other wildlife remains, whether in whole or in part, are found: i. Within 250 feet of a runway centerline or within 1,000 feet of a runway end unless another reason for the animalâs death is identified or suspected; or ii. On a taxiway or anywhere else on or off airport that there is reason to believe was the result of a strike with an aircraft; d. The presence of birds or other wildlife on or off the airport had a significant negative effect on a flight (i.e., aborted takeoff, aborted landing, high-speed emergency stop, aircraft left pave- ment area to avoid collision with animal) [FAA AC 150/5200-32].
