National Academies Press: OpenBook

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System (2023)

Chapter: Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions

« Previous: Appendix A: Committee Biographical Information
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×

APPENDIX B

Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions

This appendix includes details about the status of net metering and related policies in the United States. The source for these data, unless otherwise specified, is the North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center (NC-CETC) “50 States of Solar” series of reports.1 Additional details and links to each jurisdiction’s foundational documents are available at the NC-CETC website and on the NC-CETC Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DSIRE).2Figure B-1 shows the numbers of actions taken by state legislatures and utility regulators, from 2015 to 2022, depicting seven major categories of net metering reforms.3

Figure B-2 shows trends in the global price of solar panels and in global solar panel installations by year, from 1975 through 2019. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that global installations nearly doubled again between 2019 and 2021 (totaling nearly 175 GW) and projected another 275 GW would be installed by year end 2022.4 IEA shows installations over the past decade averaging about 60 percent in utility scale centralized photovoltaic (PV) power plants with 40 percent grid-connected distributed generation, and only small single-digit percentages of off-grid solar. IEA does report a major decline in solar PV installed as a result of feed-in tariffs, declining from 85 percent of all PV installations in 2010 to 60 percent in 2015 and 28 percent in 2021. Feed-in tariff auctions and purchase power agreements (PPAs) (20 percent), direct subsidies and tax breaks (16 percent), and net metering and similar incentives for self-consumption (10 percent) were also reported for almost half of global 2021 PV installations, with non-incentivized installations accounting for nearly 25 percent of 2021 system additions.5

___________________

1North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center (NC-CETC). 2021 and 2022. “The 50 States of Solar Reports.” Raleigh: North Carolina State University. https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/the-50-states-reports.

2 See https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/our-work/energy-policy-markets/ and NC-CETA. 2022a. “Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency® (DSIRE).” https://www.dsireusa.org.

3 Legislation is counted if it has been introduced and has passed at least one house of a state legislature. Regulatory Commission actions are counted.

4 For additional information see https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv.

5International Energy Agency. 2022. “Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2022.” Photovoltaic Power Systems Program. Report No. IEA PVPS T1-43:2022. https://iea-pvps.org/trends_reports/trends-2022.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Image
FIGURE B-1 Number of U.S. Solar Policy Actions by major policy category by year, 2015–2021.
SOURCE: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, 2022b, “50 States of Solar Q4 2021 and Annual Report for 2021.”

Table B-1 summarizes jurisdiction decisions about net metering reforms, from 2015 to 2022. Table B-2 summarizes decisions about net metering reforms that were made by some of the larger public power authorities in the United States, from 2012 through 2021.6Table B-3 provides a summary of decisions that have added specific fees for customers with distributed generation. Those decisions were made between 2017 and the time of data gathering in 2022. They are listed by state, including some that apply to only some utility companies. As noted in the “Year of Decision” column, of the 11 decisions adding charges specifically to customers with DG, or in some cases only to customers with on-site PV, five of the decisions were later overturned by state legislators, state courts, or state regulatory commissions. Table B-4 shows the different major categories of benefits and costs that have been included in over 30 value of solar (VOS) and value of distributed energy resources (VDER) studies. Table B-4 also shows that several of the benefit categories are included in nearly every study, while other benefit categories and the two cost categories were not included in many of the studies. Environmental benefits were included in all by six of the studies.

___________________

6 NC-CETC has not compiled the details of net metering policies and changes for all municipal and publicly owned utilities in the United States but does collect and report information about the larger ones, with more than 100,000 customers.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Image
FIGURE B-2 Decline in PV panel prices from 1975 to 2019 as the global solar PV installations increased.
NOTE: Graph adapted from CleanTechnica83 with data from Bloomberg, Earth Policy Institute, GTM, and Energy Trend.
SOURCE: L. Grafman and J.M. Pearce, 2021, To Catch the Sun, Arcata, CA: Humboldt State University Press, https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/textbooks/8. CC BY-SA 4.0.
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×

TABLE B-1 Summary of State Net Metering Reform Decisions

State Year of Decision Initiated by Applicability Netting Interval Excess Generation Credit Rate Additional Fees
Arkansas* 2020 Act 827 of 2015, Act 464 of 2019 All Annual (Net Metering) Retail rate Grid Access Fee for larger customers (set at zero initially); struck down by court in 2022
Arizona 2016; Implemented in utility rate cases Utility proposal (2013) and ACC (2014) APS: Residential solar
TEP/UNS: Residential and small commercial solar or wind
Instantaneous (Net Billing) Phasing down to avoided cost rate by 10% per year APS: Grid Access Fee ($0.93/kW DG capacity (removed by ACC in 2021), OR On-Peak Demand Charge.
TEP/UNS: Monthly Meter Charge of $2.23 (residential) and $0.90 (non-residential)
California* 2016 A.B. 327 of 2013 All Annual by TOU period (Net Metering) Retail TOU rates Per-kWh non-bypassable charges, upfront interconnection fee
Connecticut 2021 S.B. 9 of 2018, H.B. 5002 of 2019 All Annual (Net Metering) Retail rate Per-kWh non-bypassable charges to be implemented
All Buy-All/Sell-All Sell-all rate determined annually (2022: 29.43 cents/kWh for residential, 20.097 cents/kWh for nonresidential); low-income adder of 2.5 cents/kWh and distressed municipality adder of 1.25 cents/kWh None
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
State Year of Decision Initiated by Applicability Netting Interval Excess Generation Credit Rate Additional Fees
Hawaii* 2015 (CGS) (closed) HI PUC (2014) All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Avoided cost rate None
2015 (CSS) HI PUC (2014) All None N/A (self-consumption only) None
2017 (CGS+) HI PUC (2016) All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Avoided cost rate (12-mo. avg. on-peak avoided cost) None
2017 (Smart Export) HI PUC (2016) All paired with battery storage Instantaneous (Net Billing) For 4 pm–9 am only: average marginal cost for this time period None
Iowa To be implemented after July 1, 2027 S.F. 583 of 2019 All 15-Minute (Net Billing) Value of solar rate None
Illinois To be implemented January 1, 2025 S.B. 2814 of 2016, S.B. 2408 of 2021 Customers not on hourly pricing Instantaneous (Net Billing) Energy, capacity, transmission, and purchased energy adjustment components of retail rates (plus upfront rebate) None
Indiana* 2021/2022 S.B. 309 of 2017 All Instantaneous (Net Billing); 2022 court decision changed to monthly for Vectren 1.25 × avoided cost rate None
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Kansas 2018; struck down by court in 2020 (closed) Utility proposal (2018) preceded by KCC investigation (2016) Residential Monthly (Net Metering) (Note residential DG rate features reduced retail rate) Reduced retail rate (residential DG schedule includes lower rate of 4.584 cents/kWh) NCP Demand Charge: $3.00/kW (Oct.–May), $9.00/kW (June–Sept.) for 60-min. demand
Kentucky 2021 S.B. 100 of 2019 All Monthly (Net Metering) KY Power: 9.746 cents/kWh (residential), 9.657 cents/kWh (non-residential)
KY Utilities: 7.366 cents/kWh LG&E: 6.924 cents/kWh
None
Louisiana 2019 LA PSC (2015) – cap triggered All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Avoided cost rate None
Massachusetts 2018; Fees overridden by legislation in 2018 Acts of 2016 Chapter 75, Acts of 2018 Chapter 227 All Monthly (Net Metering) ≤60 kW: Retail rate Other: 60% of retail rate Eversource: Fixed charge and demand charge (amount varies by customer rate)
2018 Acts of 2016 Chapter 75 Solar only Monthly (Net Metering) Alternative option to net metering: Basic service rate None
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
State Year of Decision Initiated by Applicability Netting Interval Excess Generation Credit Rate Additional Fees
Maine* 2017 (closed) ME PUC (2016) – cap triggered All Buy-All/Sell-All Reducing production able to be netted against T&D charges by 10% per year None
2019 L.D. 91 of 2019 All Annual (Net Metering) Granted to utility after 12 months None
Commercial and industrial Buy-All/Sell-All Rate established annually by PUC (based on standard offer service rate plus 75% T&D rate) None
Michigan* 2018; Implemented in utility rate cases Act 341 of 2016 All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Power supply rate (excluding transmission component for Consumers Energy, DTE) None
Mississippi 2015 (MS’s first DG tariff, not a “successor”) MS PSC (2011) All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Avoided cost rate plus non-quantifiable expected benefits adder (2.5 cents/kWh) and low-income adder (2 cents/kWh) None
New Hampshire* 2016 H.B. 1116 of 2016 All Monthly (Net Metering) ≤100 kW: 100% of energy and transmission charges plus 25% of distribution charge
>100 kW: Energy charge
None
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Nevada 2015 (closed) S.B. 374 of 2015 All Hourly (Net Billing) Avoided cost rate None
2017 A.B. 405 of 2017 All Monthly (Net Metering) 75% of retail rate None
New York* 2017 (VDER) NY PSC (2015) All; required for large commercial and community DG Hourly (Net Billing) Value of DER rate (includes LMP and value for capacity, environment, demand reduction, locational system relief) 50% Customer Benefit Contribution (CBC) for residential, 70% CBC for small commercial opting in to VDER; others: none
2020 (Mass Market) Residential and small commercial Annual (Net Metering) Retail rate CBC: $0.69–$1.09/kW DG capacity
South Carolina 2021 (Dominion) H.B. 3659 of 2019 All Monthly by TOU period (Net Metering) Avoided cost rate Residential Minimum Bill: $13.50
2021 (Duke Energy) Residential Monthly by TOU period (Net Metering) Avoided cost rate Minimum Bill: $30.00 Non-Bypassable Charge: $0.42/kW DG capacity (DEC) or $0.49/kW DG capacity (DEP)
Grid Access Fee: $5.86/kW (DEC) or $3.95/kW (DEP) of DG capacity >15 kW
Texas 2017 (El Paso Electric) Utility proposal (2017) Residential Monthly (Net Metering) Avoided cost rate Minimum Bill: $30.00 (standard), $26.50 (TOU) OR NCP Demand Charge: $3.16/kW for 60-min. demand
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
State Year of Decision Initiated by Applicability Netting Interval Excess Generation Credit Rate Additional Fees
Utah 2017 Utility proposal (2014) and UT PSC (2014) All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Transitional credit: 3.4–9.2 cents/kWh, depending on customer type None
2020 All Instantaneous (Net Billing) Rate including value for avoided energy and avoided generation, transmission, and distribution capacity None
June–Sept.: 5.160 cents/kWh Oct.–May: 4.462 cents/kWh
Vermont 2017 H.B. 702 of 2014 All Monthly (Net Metering) Blended residential retail rate; credit adjusters based on REC ownership; system size, and siting applied to gross production None

NOTE: Asterisks denote jurisdictions that are currently considering or have announced plans to consider additional net metering reforms.

SOURCE: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, 2021 and 2022, “The 50 States of Solar Reports,” https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/the-50-states-reports.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×

TABLE B-2 Notable Public Power Net Metering Reform Decisions

State Utility Year of Decision Netting Interval Excess Generation Credit Rate Additional Fees
Arizona Salt River Project 2014
California Sacramento Municipal Utility District 2021 Instantaneous 7.4 cents/kWh None
Florida JEA 2018 Instantaneous Fuel rate (varies monthly; May 2022: 4.025 cents/kWh) None
Florida Lakeland Electric 2015 Monthly (Note solar price plan features reduced retail rate) Reduced retail rate (solar price plan includes lower rate of 2.427 cents/kWh) Demand Charge: $5.27/kW during peak hours
Texas Austin Energy 2012 Buy-All/Sell-All Value of solar rate (residential/commercial non-demand: 9.7 cents/kWh; commercial demand (solar <1 MW): 6.7 cents/kWh; commercial demand (solar ≤1 MW: 4.7 cents/kWh) None
Texas Pedernales Electric Cooperative 2021 Instantaneous Value of solar rate (5.377 cents/kWh) None

SOURCE: Data from North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, 2021 and 2022, “The 50 States of Solar Reports,” https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/the-50-states-reports.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×

TABLE B-3 State and Investor-Owned Utility Additional Fees for DG Customers

State Utility Year of Decision Type Amount
Alabama Alabama Power DG Capacity Charge (for Non-Demand Rate Customers) $5.41/kW
Arkansas IOUs, Co-ops 2020; struck down by Court in 2022 DG Capacity Charge $0.00
Arizona Arizona Public Servic e 2017; removed by ACC in 2021 DG Capacity Charge (for Non-Demand Rate Customers) $0.93/kW
Arizona Tucson Electric Powe UNS Electric , 2017 Fixed Charge $2.23 (residential) or $0.90 (non-residential)
Kansas Evergy 2018; struck down by Court in 2020 Demand Charge $3.00/kW (Oct.–May), $9.00/kW (June–Sept.) for 60-min. NCP demand
Massachusetts Eversource 2018; overridden by legislation in 2018 Demand Charge, Fixed Charge
New Mexico Xcel Energy Removed by NM PRC in 2018 Production Charge $0.0367/kWh
New York IOUs 2020 DG Capacity Charge $0.69–$1.09/kW
South Carolina Dominion Energy South Carolina 2021 Minimum Bill $13.50
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
State Utility Year of Decision Type Amount
South Carolina Duke Energy Carolinas (DEC), Duke Energy Progress (DEP) 2021 DG Capacity Charges, Minimum Bill Minimum Bill: $30.00 Non-Bypassable Charge: $0.42/kW DG capacity (DEC) or $0.49/kW DG capacity (DEP) Grid Access Fee: $5.86/kW (DEC) or $3.95/kW (DEP) of DG capacity >15 kW
Texas El Paso Electric* 2017 Minimum Bill or Demand Charge Minimum Bill: $30.00 (standard), $26.50 (TOU) or Demand Charge: $3.16/kW for 60-min. NCP demand

NOTE: * El Paso Electric is a municipal utility, regulated by a municipal board.

SOURCE: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, 2021 and 2022, “The 50 States of Solar Reports,” https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/the-50-states-reports.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×

TABLE B-4 Types of Benefits and Costs Included in State Value of Solar Studies (by Year)

Year Study Costs Benefits
Integration Cost Admin. Cost Avoided Energy Avoided Gen. Capacity Avoided Transmission Avoided Distribution System/Line Losses Ancillary Services Risk/Price Hedging Market Price Suppression Env. Benefits Other
2006 Austin Energy (CPR)
2009 Arizona Public Service (R.W. Beck)
2012 Michigan (NREL)
2012 New Jersey/Pennsylvania (CPR)
2013 CPS Energy
2013 Arizona Public Service (SAIC)
2013 Xcel Energy – CO (CPR)
2013 Arizona Public Service (Crossborder)
2013 North Carolina (Crossborder)
2013 Austin Energy (CPR)
2014 Utah (CPR)
2014 Xcel Energy – MN (CPR)
2014 Nevada (E3)
2014 Mississippi (Synapse)
2014 Vermont (Public Service Dept.)
2015 Maine (CPR)
2015 Massachusetts (Acadia Center)
2015 Louisiana (Acadian Consulting)
2015 Tennessee Valley Authority (EPRI)
2015 South Carolina (E3)
2016 Arizona Public Service (Crossborder)
2016 Nevada (SolarCity)
2016 Nevada (E3)
2017 Georgia Power (Georgia Power)
2017 District of Columbia (Synapse)
2017 Oregon (PUC)
2017 Entergy Arkansas (Crossborder)
2018 NorthWestern Energy – MT (Navigant)
2018 Maryland (Daymark)
2019 Mississippi (Acadian Consulting)
2020 Connecticut (PURA)
2021 Pedernales Electric Cooperative

SOURCE: North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center, 2022b, “The 50 States of Solar: 2021 Policy Review and Q4 2021 Quarterly Report,” January 2022, https://nccleantech.ncsu.edu/the-50-states-reports.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 216
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 217
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 218
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 219
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 220
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 221
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 222
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 223
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 224
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 225
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 226
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 227
Suggested Citation:"Appendix B: Net Metering and Net Metering Reform Status in U.S. Jurisdictions." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26704.
×
Page 228
Next: Appendix C: Committee Meetings »
The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $52.00 Buy Ebook | $41.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Over the last three decades, there have been fundamental shifts in the electricity system, including the growing adoption of clean distributed generation energy technologies such as rooftop solar. Net metering, which compensates customers for excess energy they contribute to the grid, has been instrumental in supporting the integration of these systems into the grid, but these policies may need to change to better address future needs.

The Role of Net Metering in the Evolving Electricity System explores the medium-to-long term impacts of net metering on the electricity grid and customers. This report evaluates how net metering guidelines should evolve to support a decarbonized, equitable, and resilient electricity system.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!