Appendix

Biosketches of Committee Members and Staff

Khalil Gibran Muhammad (Co-Chair) is a distinguished, multi-award winning professor of history, race, and public policy at Harvard Kennedy School and the Suzanne Young Murray Professor at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies. He is the former director of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, a division of the New York Public Library and the world’s leading library and archive of global Black history. Before leading the Schomburg Center, Muhammad was an associate professor at Indiana University. His scholarship examines the broad intersections of race, democracy, inequality, and criminal justice in modern U.S. history. He is the author of The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America, which won the John Hope Franklin Best Book award in American Studies. Much of Muhammad’s work has been featured in national print and broadcast media outlets, including the New York Times, New Yorker, Washington Post, The Nation, National Public Radio, Moyers and Company, and MSNBC. He has appeared in a number of feature-length documentaries, including the Oscar-nominated 13th and Slavery by Another Name. Muhammad was Andrew W. Mellon fellow at the Vera Institute of Justice. He is a member of the Society of American Historians and the American Antiquarian Society. Muhammad is on the boards of the Vera Institute of Justice, The Museum of Modern Art, The New York Historical Society, and The Nation magazine, as well as the advisory boards of Cure Violence, Common Justice, The HistoryMakers, and the Lapidus Center for the Study of Transatlantic Slavery. Muhammad graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a B.A. in economics and earned a Ph.D. in U.S. history from Rutgers University. He also holds two honorary doctorates.

Bruce Western (Co-Chair) is the Bryce Professor of Sociology and Social Justice and co-director of the Justice Lab at Columbia University. His research has examined the causes, scope, and consequences of the historic growth in U.S. prison populations. Western’s current projects include a randomized experiment assessing the effects of criminal justice fines and fees on misdemeanor defendants in Oklahoma City, as well as a field study of solitary confinement in Pennsylvania state prisons. He is also the principal investigator of the Square One Project, which aims to re-imagine the public policy response to violence under conditions of poverty and racial inequality. Western was the vice chair of the National Research Council panel on the causes and consequences of high incarceration rates in the United States. He is the author of Homeward: Life in the Year After Prison and Punishment and Inequality in America. Western is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a Guggenheim fellow, a Russell Sage Foundation visiting scholar, and a fellow of the Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Study. Western received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of California, Los Angeles.

Daryl Atkinson is the co-director of Forward Justice, a non-partisan law, policy, and strategy center dedicated to advancing racial, social, and economic justice in the U.S. South. Prior to joining Forward Justice, he was the first Second Chance Fellow for the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). While at DOJ, Atkinson was an advisor to the Second Chance portfolio of the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), a member of the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, and a conduit to the broader justice-involved population to ensure that BJA heard from all stakeholders when developing reentry policy. Atkinson was the senior staff attorney at the Southern Coalition for Social Justice where he focused on criminal justice reform issues, particularly removing the legal barriers triggered by contact with the criminal justice system, and he was a staff attorney at the North Carolina Office of Indigent Defense Services where he helped develop the Collateral Consequence Assessment Tool (C-CAT). C-CAT is an online searchable database that allows the user to identify the collateral consequences triggered by North Carolina convictions. He was recognized by the White House as a “Reentry and Employment Champion of Change” for his extraordinary work to facilitate employment opportunities for people with criminal records. Atkinson is a founding member of the North Carolina Second Chance Alliance and serves on the North Carolina Commission for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Criminal Justice System. He received a B.A. in political science from Benedict College, Columbia, and a J.D. from the University of St. Thomas School of Law, Minneapolis.

Robert D. Crutchfield is professor emeritus and department chair in the Department of Sociology at the University of Washington. His research is on labor markets and crime, alongside race, ethnicity, and the criminal justice system. Crutchfield is a fellow and former vice president of the American Society of Criminology; a University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Award winner; chair of the American Sociological Association’s (ASA’s) Crime, Law, and Deviance Section; and to the Council of the ASA. He is chair of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Law and Justice and served on several National Research Council study panels, including the Committee to Improve Research and Data on Firearms, the Committee on Assessing the Research Program of the National Institute of Justice, and the Committee on the Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration. Crutchfield is a National Associate of the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. He has been on the board of directors of The Sentencing Project, the Washington State Juvenile Sentencing Commission, and the Board for the Washington State Council on Crime and Delinquency, and he served on the Executive Committee of the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Science Advisory Board. Crutchfield is a former juvenile probation officer and worked as a parole agent for the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole. He received his B.A. in sociology from Thiel College and his M.A. as well as his Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University.

Ronald L. Davis is a principal consultant at 21st CP Solutions, LLC. He served as the director of the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) and was appointed to serve as the executive director of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (Task Force). The final report of the Task Force now serves as a foundational document in American policing. Prior to serving as COPS director, Davis had a distinguished career in law enforcement serving as chief of police of East Palo Alto (CA) and with the Oakland (CA) Police Department. He was recognized for working collaboratively with the community to dramatically reduce crime and violence in a city once named as the murder capital of the United States. Davis also served as the interim city manager for East Palo Alto. He led the city through a national economic downturn and the state dissolution of all re-development agencies. Davis worked with stakeholders, including employee unions, to reduce costs while avoiding staff layoffs. He also led the city’s adoption of an economic development strategy that has contributed to significant economic growth. Davis is the co-author of the publications Race and Policing: An Agenda for Action and Exploring the Role of the Police in Prisoner Reentry, and the U.S. Department of Justice publication How to Correctly Collect and Analyze Racial Profiling Data: Your Reputation Depends on It. He has a

B.A. from Southern Illinois University and has completed the Senior Executives in State and Local Government Program at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government.

Bernice Donald is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. She was nominated to that position by President Barack Obama and was confirmed by the Senate. Prior to her nomination, Donald sat on the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. She previously served as judge on the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Tennessee and was also elected to the General Sessions Criminal Court, becoming both the first African American woman in the history of the United States to serve as a bankruptcy judge and the first African American woman to serve as a judge in the history of the state of Tennessee. Donald also served as adjunct faculty at the University of Memphis School of Law and as faculty for the Federal Judicial Center and the National Judicial College. Chief Justice Rehnquist appointed Donald to the Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules two different times. She is extremely active in the American, Tennessee, and Memphis Bar Associations, serving in vital leadership roles in key committees. She previously served as secretary of the 430,000-member American Bar Association. Donald has been the recipient of more than 100 awards for professional, civic, and community activities. She received her law degree from the University of Memphis School of Law, an LL.M. from the Duke University School of Law, and an honorary Doctor of Law degree from Suffolk University.

Francis (Frankie) Guzman is director of the California Youth Justice Initiative at the National Center for Youth Law. He leads a team of attorneys, policy advocates, and community organizers working to eliminate the practice of prosecuting and incarcerating children in California’s adult criminal justice system, reduce incarceration and justice system involvement, and increase developmentally appropriate services in communities for youth. Raised in a poor, mostly immigrant community plagued by crime and drugs, Guzman experienced his parents’ divorce and his family’s subsequent homelessness at age three, experienced the life-imprisonment of his 16-year-old brother at age five, and lost numerous childhood friends to violence. At age 15, he was arrested for armed robbery and, on his first offense, was sentenced to serve 15 years in the California Youth Authority. Released on parole after six years, Guzman attended law school and became an expert in juvenile law and policy with a focus on ending the prosecution of juveniles as adults. Through partnerships with community organizations and advocacy groups, he has helped lead California’s effort to reduce the number of youths prosecuted as adults and serving time in adult prisons by passing legislation that established Youth Offender Parole

Hearings, reformed Juvenile Transfer Hearings, and eliminated prosecutors’ direct file authority. More recently, Guzman helped lead statewide efforts to eliminate California’s practice of prosecuting 14- and 15-year-olds as adults and prohibit the incarceration of children younger than age 12 in the juvenile system; furthermore, he secured approximately $60 million to expand pre-arrest diversion programs and developmentally appropriate, culturally relevant community-based services for youth in California. Guzman received his J.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law.

Elizabeth Hinton is associate professor of history and African American studies and professor of law at Yale University. Her research focuses on the problems of poverty, urban violence, and inequality in the 20th century United States. Hinton is the author of From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America, which received the Ralph Waldo Emerson prize from the Phi Beta Kappa Society and was named to the New York Times’s 100 notable books in 2016. Her articles and op-eds can be found in the pages of the New York Times, The Atlantic, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Review, The Nation, and Time. Hinton earned her Ph.D. in U.S. history from Columbia University.

Nikki Jones is a professor in the Department of African American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. She is also a faculty affiliate with the Center for the Study of Law and Society. Jones’s areas of expertise include urban ethnography, race and ethnic relations, and criminology and criminal justice, with a special emphasis on the intersection of race, gender, and justice. She has published three books, including the sole-authored Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner City Violence (www.betweengoodandghetto.com). Her research appears in peer-reviewed journals in sociology, gender studies, and criminology. Jones’s next book, based on several years of field research in a San Francisco neighborhood, examines how African American men with criminal histories change their lives and their place in the neighborhood once they do. Her current research draws on the systematic analysis of video records that document routine encounters between police and civilians, including young Black men’s frequent encounters with the police. Jones is the past-chair of the American Sociological Association’s Race, Gender and Class Section. Jones has received awards for her research and publications including the William T. Grant Award for Early Career Scholars, the New Scholar Award from the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime, and the New Scholar Award from the American Society of Criminology’s Division on People of Color and Crime. Before joining the faculty at the University of Calfornia, she was on faculty in the Department of Sociology at the

University of California, Santa Barbara. Jones earned her Ph.D. in sociology and criminology from the University of Pennsylvania.

Tracey Meares is the Walton Hale Hamilton Professor and a founding director of the Justice Collaboratory at Yale Law School. Before joining the faculty at Yale, she was a professor at the University of Chicago Law School, serving as Max Pam Professor and director of the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice. Meares was the first African American woman to be granted tenure at both law schools. She is a nationally recognized expert on policing in urban communities. Meares’s research focuses on understanding how members of the public think about their relationship(s) with legal authorities such as police, prosecutors, and judges. She teaches courses on criminal procedure, criminal law, and policy as well as having served on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Law and Justice, a standing committee, and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Science Advisory Board. Meares is a member of the board of directors at The Joyce Foundation. She was elected as a member to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and later appointed as a member of The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. She has a B.S. in general engineering from the University of Illinois and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School.

Derek A. Neal is the William C. Norby Professor at the University of Chicago. He studies labor, Black-White wage inequality, economics of crime, and education policy. Neal is the recipient of the Llewellyn John and Harriet Manchester Quantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, a fellow with the Society of Labor Economists, president of the Midwest Economics Association, former co-editor of Journal of Human Resources, former editor-in-chief of Journal of Labor Economics, and former editor of Journal of Political Economy. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Virginia.

Steven Raphael is a professor of public policy at the University of California, Berkeley and is the James D. Marver chair at the Goldman School of Public Policy. His research focuses on the economics of low-wage labor markets, housing, and the economics of crime and corrections. Raphael’s most recent research focuses on the social consequences of the large increases in U.S. incarceration rates and racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes. He also works on immigration policy, research questions pertaining to various aspects of racial inequality, the economics of labor unions, social insurance policies, homelessness, and low-income housing. Raphael, with Michael Stoll, is the author of Why Are so Many Americans in Prison? and The New Scarlet Letter? Negotiating the U.S. Labor Market with a Criminal Record.

He is a research fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, the California Policy Lab, the University of Michigan National Poverty Center, the University of Chicago Crime Lab, IZA (Bonn, Germany), and the Public Policy Institute of California. Raphael holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.

Nancy Rodriguez is a professor in the Department of Criminology, Law, and Society at the University of California, Irvine. Her research interests include inequality (race/ethnicity, class, crime, and justice) and the collateral consequences of mass incarceration. Throughout her career, Rodriguez has engaged in use-inspired research and has been part of many successful collaborations with law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies. Rodriguez was appointed by President Barack Obama to serve as the director of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). As director of NIJ, she led the development of the agency’s first strategic research plans in the areas of corrections, safety, health and wellness, and policing. She worked with federal partners to raise awareness of crime and justice research gaps and collaborated with federal partners to make investments in research and evaluation. Since leaving NIJ, Rodriguez has dedicated her time to advancing research in the areas of racial and ethnic disparities and prison violence (with the generous support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and Arnold Ventures).

Addie C. Rolnick is a professor of law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, William S. Boyd School of Law and a board member of the law school’s program on race, gender, and policing. Her research investigates the relationships between sovereign power and Indigenous/minority rights in four main areas: the role of race and gender in the administration of criminal and juvenile justice, Native youth and juvenile justice, equal protection-based challenges to Indigenous rights, and tribal jurisdiction. Rolnick has investigated the impact of tribal, federal, and state juvenile justice systems on Native youth and regularly advises advocates, federal policy makers, and tribal governments on Native youth and juvenile justice. She teaches courses in criminal law, policing and race, civil rights, and Indian and tribal law. Prior to joining the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, she was the inaugural Critical Race Studies Law Fellow at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Law. Before that, she represented tribal governments as a lawyer and lobbyist in Washington, DC. Professor Rolnick holds an M.A. in American Indian studies from UCLA and a J.D. with a concentration in critical race studies from UCLA School of Law.

Robert J. Sampson is the Henry Ford II Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University, affiliated research professor at the American Bar

Foundation, and founding director of the Boston Area Research Initiative. He has also taught at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois. Sampson is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Society of Criminology, the American Philosophical Society, as well as the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He served as president of the American Society of Criminology and received the Stockholm Prize in Criminology. Sampson was also elected as corresponding fellow of the British Academy and fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. His research and teaching cover a variety of areas including crime, disorder, life course, neighborhood effects, civic engagement, inequality, “ecometrics,” and the social structure of the city. Sampson is the author of three award-winning books and numerous articles. His last book, published by the University of Chicago Press, is Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect, which is based on the culmination of more than a decade of research from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, for which Sampson served as scientific director. He received his Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Albany.

Jeffrey Sedgwick is the executive director of the Justice Research and Statistics Association. He was appointed by President Bush as the director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics under the Office of Justice Programs (OJP). He was later appointed to serve as the acting assistant attorney general for the OJP. He is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, where he has taught multiple courses, including policy analysis and evaluation as well as public policy. Sedgwick served on the National Research Council Committee on Modernizing the Nation’s Crime Statistics. He also co-founded the consulting firm Keswick Advisors, which aides in developing program outcome and performance measures for a range of projects including an evaluation of youth crime prevention programs funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Sedgwick is the author of Law Enforcement Planning: The Limits of an Economic Approach and Deterring Criminals: Policy-making and the American Political Tradition. He received his M.A.P.A. in public administration and public policy and his Ph.D. in government and public affairs from the University of Virginia.

María B. Vélez is an associate professor at the University of Maryland. Her general interests are to understand how stratification along racial-ethnic, political, and economic lines shapes and is shaped by the uneven patterning of crime and justice outcomes. Key themes include investigating the influence of political conditions on crime patterns across neighborhoods, the dynamic nature of crime, and the consequences of mass incarceration and

other forms of criminal justice contact for minority political behavior and the well-being of democracy in the United States. Vélez was a member of the Roundtable on Crime Trends in America for the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Law and Justice. She received her Ph.D. in sociology from The Ohio State University.

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Emily P. Backes serves as the deputy board director with the Committee on Law and Justice and the Board on Children, Youth, and Families in the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Backes has served as the study director for the following reports: The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth; Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access and Choice; and Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. Additionally, she has provided substantive analytical and editorial support to projects covering a range of topics, including policing, juvenile justice reform, forensic science, and illicit markets; children’s cognitive and behavioral health; science communication and literacy; and science and human rights. She is a member of the District of Columbia Bar. Backes received an M.A. and B.A. in history from the University of Missouri, specializing in international law and human rights policy. She received a J.D. from the University of the District of Columbia’s David A. Clarke School of Law, where she represented clients as a student attorney with the Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic and the Juvenile and Special Education Law Clinic.

Natacha Blain serves as the senior director of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families and the Committee on Law and Justice at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. She has experience working with policy makers and senior legislative officials on a variety of social justice issues and campaigns including serving as a Supreme Court Fellow, chief counsel to Senator Dick Durbin on the Senate Judiciary Committee, and lead strategic advisor for the Children’s Defense Fund’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline Campaign. Prior to joining the National Academies, Blain served as associate director/acting executive director of Grantmakers for Children, Youth and Families. There, she played a critical role in helping convene and engage diverse constituencies, fostering leadership, collaboration and innovation-sharing through a network of funders committed to the enduring well-being of children, youth, and families. Blain earned her Master of Science and Doctorate in clinical psychology from Allegheny University of Health Sciences and MCP—Hahnemann University (now Drexel University), respectively, and her Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from the Villanova University School of Law.

Yamrot Negussie serves as the senior program officer supporting the Committee on Law and Justice in the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Previously, Negussie worked in the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies, facilitating consensus studies and supporting the Forum on Microbial Threats. Since joining the National Academies she has staffed three major consensus studies on the topics of implementing community-based interventions to promote health equity, reducing alcohol-impaired driving injuries and fatalities, and advancing equity in prenatal and early childhood development. Prior to joining the National Academies, Negussie conducted research at the Boston University School of Public Health, exploring topics such as intimate partner violence and gun ownership in relation to homicide rates in the United States. She was also a co-evaluator of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–funded prevention program in the greater Boston area, which trained residents living in public housing to be health advocates in their communities. Negussie interned for the Boston Public Health Commission, assisting in the implementation of a teen dating violence prevention program. She conducted surveillance and assisted with police investigations for a local Maryland department of public safety. She received her M.P.H. from Boston University with concentrations in epidemiology and social and behavioral health and her B.A. in criminology and criminal justice from the University of Maryland, College Park.

Ellie Grimes serves as the research associate with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Law and Justice. Previously, she worked with the Committee on Population and the Committee on National Statistics as a senior program assistant. Since joining the National Academies, Grimes has supported consensus studies on rising midlife mortality rates and socioeconomic disparities and the transformation of retail trade, as well as supported numerous workshops and expert meetings on topics including forced migration, human trafficking, and family planning and women’s empowerment. Prior to joining the National Academies, she worked in the House of Representatives as a staff assistant for a member of Congress who represents Louisville, Kentucky. Grimes received her B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, where she studied health and societies with a concentration in health policy and law.

Stacey Smit serves as the program coordinator on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee on Law and Justice, supporting consensus studies on the board. She has experience providing project management, administrative, and event planning support and has worked at various organizations in the area. In the past, she has supported

the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education’s Executive Office; the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security; the Committee on the Use of Economic Evidence to Inform Investments in Children, Youth, and Families; the Committee on Supporting the Parents of Young Children; the Forum on Children’s Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health; and the Committee on Increasing Capacity for Reducing Bullying and Its Impact on the Lifecourse of Youth Involved. She received her B.A. in sociology from the University of Maryland, College Park.

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