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2022 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 998 Planning Freight-Efcient Land Uses METHODOLOGY, STRATEGIES, AND TOOLS José HolguÃn-Veras Cara Wang Juvena Ng Diana RamÃrez-RÃos Jerey Wojtowicz Oriana Calderón Benjamin Caron Carlos Rivera-González SofÃa Pérez Joshua Schmid Woojung Kim Abdelrahman Ismael Julia Coutinho Amaral Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY Catherine Lawson State University of New York at Albany Albany, NY Daniel Haake HDR Indianapolis, IN Subscriber Categories Planning and Forecasting Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniquesâthe National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRBâs recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRBâs relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&Iâs recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 998 Project 08-111 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-68720-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2022942409 © 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trade- marks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or speci- fications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. 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e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work was performed under NCHRP Project 08-111, âEffective Decision-Making Methods for Freight-Efficient Land Use.â The team is grateful to the participants of the Peer Exchange Workshop who provided insightful remarks that helped shaped the final version of this researchâs products. This project involved gathering information about international practices in freight-efficient land uses. To this effect, the team conducted webinars with international experts in the field, including Professor Michael Browne, University of Gothenburg; Professor Eiichi Taniguchi, Kyoto University; Professor Laetitia Dablanc, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR, University of Paris-Est); Professor Russell Thompson, University of Melbourne; Professor Sergio Jara-Diaz, University of Chile; Professor Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University; Professor Kazuya Kawamura, University of Illinois at Chicago; Dr. Tom OâBrien, California State UniversityâLong Beach; Dr. Jardar Andersen, Institute of Trans- port Economics Norwegian Centre for Transport Research; Dr. Sönke Behrends, Chalmers University of Technology; Dr. Sara Verlinde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Dr. Hans Quak, TNO; Dr. Julian Allen, University of Westminster; Dr. Seckin Ozkul, University of South Florida; Mr. Gordon Fellers, Meeting of the Minds; Ms. Anne Strauss-Wider, New Jersey Transportation Planning Authority; Mr. Ian MacMillan, South Coast Air Quality Management District; Mr. David Greensfelder, Greensfelder Commercial Real Estate; and Ms. Larisa Ortiz, Larisa Ortiz Associates and Commissioner of NYC Department of City Planning. The team both acknowledges and appreciates the time and effort made by these individuals to share their experiences and insights about this important subject. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 998 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Sid Mohan, Associate Program Manager, Implementation and Technology Transfer, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Deborah Irvin, Program Coordinator Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Kami Cabral, Editor NCHRP PROJECT 08-111 PANEL Field of Transportation PlanningâArea of Planning Methods & Processes Gabriel B. Sherman, Boston, MA (Chair) Steven E. Bowman, Ames, IA Mandar Khanal, Boise State University, Boise, ID David Jung-Hwi Lee, Tennessee Department of Transportation, Nashville, TN Jose I. Marquez, California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), San Diego, CA Peter C. Martin, CDM Smith, San Francisco, CA Caroline A. Mays, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX Pitu B. Mirchandani, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Patrick Tyner, California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), Sacramento, CA Spencer Stevens, FHWA Liaison Scott Brotemarkle, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (Continued) Throughout the duration of project, the team was fortunate to have close interactions with staff at public-sector agencies and academic institutes who provided candid remarks on the results. These people include Michael V. Franchini and Christian Bauer at the Capital District Transportation Committee in Albany, New York; Dr. Johanna Amaya at Iowa State University; Dr. Wilfredo Yushimito at Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez; Dr. Lokesh Kalahasthi at Chalmers University of Technology; and Dr. Trilce Encarnacion at University of MissouriâSt. Louis.
NCHRP Research Report 998: Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strate- gies, and Tools presents a state-of-the-art guide for enhancing land-use practices to better incorporate the needs and impacts of freight activity, including the potential to improve the efficiency of the associated supply chains. This report will be of immediate interest to land- use planners specifically, and to transportation planners and policymakers generally, as they seek to understand how land-use policies can enable the efficient movement of freight while meeting other community goals. Much attention has been focused on land-use strategies for reducing vehicle travel as well as providing a range of other economic, social, and environmental benefits. These strategies include compact, higher density neighborhoods; greater mixes of uses; pedestrian-friendly design; and infill developmentâstrategies that are collectively referred to as smart growth. However, research has almost exclusively focused on the impact of smart growth on passenger travel and has generally ignored goods and services movement by trucks. In addition, there are many other factors influencing land use, such as population growth and gentrification, and new supply chain management approaches, such as freight villages, freight hubs, and inland ports, that can affect freight movement. Freight traffic is growing faster than car traffic. The U.S. Department of Energy projects that truck vehicle miles traveled (VMT) will grow by 50% between 2015 and 2040, compared with 26% for light-duty vehicles. Further- more, diesel engine pollutants have emerged as a top health concern among mobile source- generated air pollution, especially particulate matter and fine particles. These increases will greatly impact the nationâs ability to achieve its objectives for environmental sustainability and livability. As metropolitan areas increasingly adopt various land-use practices, research was needed on their impacts on goods movement by all freight modes. Under NCHRP Project 08-111, âEffective Decision-Making Methods for Freight-Efficient Land Use,â Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute was asked to develop a guide to (1) quantify and evaluate the impact of land-use practices and policies to support the efficient move- ment of all modes of freight, and (2) develop quantitative and qualitative land-use assess- ment tools (e.g., models, matrices, guides) to assist local, regional, and state land-use and transportation decision-makers to support the efficient movement of freight. In addition to this Guide, the following deliverables are available on the National Academies Press website (www.nap.edu) by searching for NCHRP Research Report 998: ⢠The research agencyâs final report documenting the research effort, ⢠A software tool for the assessment of the overall impacts of freight land uses, ⢠A PowerPoint presentation introducing NCHRP Research Report 998. By Waseem Dekelbab Staff Officer Transportation Research Board F O R E W O R D
1 Summary 4 Chapter 1 Introduction 9 Chapter 2 FELUs: Definition, Principles, and Strategy 12 2.1 The Case of the Port of New York 13 2.2 FELU Principles 16 Chapter 3 Development of a FELU Program 16 3.1 FELU Strategy 17 3.2 FELU Urban-to-Rural Transect 21 3.3 Suggested Steps to Produce a FELU Program 22 3.4 Overview of Suggested Decision-Support Tools 24 Chapter 4 Integrating Stakeholders into the Planning Processes 24 4.1 Transportation Planning 25 4.2 Land-Use Planning 26 4.3 Paradox 27 Chapter 5 Urban and Metropolitan Areas: Economies, Supply Chains, and Freight Activity 27 5.1 Urban Economies and Metropolitan Economies 37 5.2 Characterization of Supply Chains 39 5.3 Freight Trip Generation 49 Chapter 6 Understanding Existing Local Conditions 49 6.1 Understanding the Economic Geography 52 6.2 Physical Separation between Key Stages of the Supply Chain 58 6.3 Understanding Freight Activity 59 6.4 Local-Level Data Sources 62 Chapter 7 Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 62 7.1 Long-Term Planning 76 7.2 Zoning 84 7.3 Site and Building Design 94 7.4 Facilities and Infrastructure Management 102 7.5 Parking and Loading Areas Management 107 7.6 Pricing, Incentives, and Taxation 116 7.7 Stakeholder Engagement C O N T E N T S
125 Chapter 8 Urban Freight Transportation Decision-Making 127 8.1 Definition of the Freight Issue to Be Addressed 127 8.2 Identification of Root Cause 128 8.3 Definition of Goals and Objectives to Be Achieved 129 8.4 Definition of Performance Measures 131 8.5 Preliminary Identification of Potential Initiatives 132 8.6 Formulation and Performance Analysis of the Alternative Solutions 133 8.7 Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Alternatives 134 8.8 Creation of the Action Plan 135 8.9 Pilot Testing and Implementation 135 8.10 Follow up: Reassessment and Modification 137 Chapter 9 Overview of Transportation Initiatives 137 9.1 Facilities and Infrastructure Management 156 9.2 Parking and Loading Areas Management 168 9.3 Vehicle-Related Strategies 171 9.4 Traffic Management 186 9.5 Pricing, Incentives, and Taxation 193 9.6 Logistics Management 203 9.7 Freight Demand Management 209 9.8 Stakeholder Engagement 224 Chapter 10 Case Studies 224 10.1 The City of Parisâs Logistics Land-Use Plan 227 10.2 Cali, Colombia: Logistics Sprawl 230 10.3 Economic Geography Measures for Selected U.S. Metropolitan Areas 236 10.4 A Simulation of the Impacts of Facility Location in the New York State Capital Region 241 Acronyms and Abbreviations 243 References A-1 Appendix A Emerging Market and Technological Trends B-1 Appendix B Interaction Index Research C-1 Appendix C Clusters of Metropolitan Statistical Areas D-1 Appendix D Descriptions of Typical Supply Chains Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at www.nap.edu) retains the color versions.