National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being (2022)

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APPENDIX C References DEFINITIONS American Medical Association (AMA). 2020. Jo Shapiro, MD, Ex- plores Peer Support Implementation During a Crisis. Available at: https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/sustain- ability/jo-shapiro-md-explores-peer-support-implementa- tion-during-crisis (accessed June 13, 2022). APA Dictionary of Psychology. 2022. Stigma. Available at: https:// dictionary.apa.org/stigma (accessed June 13, 2022). Center for Creative Leadership. 2022. What is Psychological Safety at Work? Available at: https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading- effectively-articles/what-is-psychological-safety-at-work/ (accessed June 13, 2022). Danna, K., and R. W. Griffin. 1999. Health and well-being in the workforce: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management 25(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206399025003 05. Doble, S. E., and J. C. Santha. 2008. Occupational well-being: Re- thinking occupational therapy outcomes. Canadian Jour- nal of Occupational Therapy 75(3):184–190. https://doi. org/10.1177/000841740807500310. Edmondson, A. C. 2018. The Fearless Organization: Creating Psy- chological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). 2021. Health Workforce Strategic Plan 2021. Available at: https://bhw.hrsa. gov/sites/default/files/bureau-health-workforce/about-us/ 81 

82 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being hhs-health workforce-strategic-plan-2021.pdf (accessed June 13, 2022). KaufmanHall. 2022. National Hospital Flash Report: August 2022. Available at: https://www.kaufmanhall.com/insights/re- search-report/national-hospital-flash-report-august-2022 (accessed September 25, 2022). Litz, B. T., N. Stein, E. Delaney, L. Lebowitz, W. P. Nash, C. Silva, and S. Maguen. 2009. Moral injury and moral repair in war vet- erans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review 29(8):695–706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cpr.2009.07.003. Morley, G., J. Ives, C. Bradbury-Jones, and F. Irvine. 2017. What is 'mor- al distress'? A narrative synthesis of the literature. Nursing Eth- ics 26(3):646–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017724354. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2017. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Eq- uity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https:// doi.org/10.17226/24624. NASEM. 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Ap- proach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2016. Healthcare Workers: Work Stress & Mental Health. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/healthcare/workstress. html (accessed June 13, 2022). National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2021. Cultural Respect. Available at: https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/ office-communications-public-liaison/clear-communica- tion/cultural-respect (accessed August 31, 2022). World Health Organization (WHO). 2007. Everybody’s Business – Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes: WHO’s Framework for Action. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/43918 (accessed June 13, 2022). WHO. 2008. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health - Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Available at: https:// www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IER-CSDH-08.1 (ac- cessed August 31, 2022). PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

Appendix C | 83 WHO. 2022. Mental Health: Strengthening our Response. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/men- tal-health-strengthening-our-response (accessed August 31, 2022). INTRODUCTION 117th Congress. 2021. H.R. 1667 – Dr. Lorna Breen Health Care Pro- vider Protection Act. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/ bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1667 (accessed June 13, 2022). Abbasi, J. 2022. Pushed to their limits, 1 in 5 physicians intends to leave practice. JAMA 327(15):1435-1437. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2022.5074. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS). n.d. COVID-19 Member Resource Center. Available at: https://www.aaos.org/ about/covid-19-information-for-our-members/healthcare- policy-updates/ (accessed June 13, 2022). American Hospital Association (AHA). 2021. Strengthening the Health Care Workforce. Available at: https://www.aha.org/sys- tem/files/media/file/2021/11/strengthening-the-health-care- workforce-II.pdf (accessed June 13, 2022). Archambault, J. 2022. 10 State Health Policy Changes that should Outlive COVID-19. Available at: https://spn.org/blog/10-state- health-policy-changes-that-should-outlive-covid-19/ (ac- cessed June 13, 2022). Berg, S. 2021. Half of Health Workers Report Burnout Amid COVID-19. American Medical Association. Available at: https://www. ama-assn.org/practice-management/physician-health/half- health-workers-report-burnout-amid-covid-19 (accessed June 13, 2022). Center for American Progress (CAP). 2020. On the Frontlines at Work and at Home: The Disproportionate Economic Effects of the Coro- navirus Pandemic on Women of Color. Available at: https://www. americanprogress.org/article/frontlines-work-home/ (ac- cessed June 17, 2022). de Beaumont. 2021. 2021 Findings. Available at: https://debeau- mont.org/phwins/2021-findings/ (accessed June 13, 2022). Frogner, B. K., and J. S. Dill. 2022. Tracking turnover among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

84 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being study. JAMA Health Forum 3(4):e220371. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamahealthforum.2022.0371. Hardy, L. J., A. Mana, L. Mundell, M. Neuman, S. Benheim, and E. Otenyo. 2021. Who is to blame for COVID-19? Examining politi- cized fear and health behavior through a mixed methods study in the United States. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0256136. Jones, G. M., N. A. Roe, L. Louden, and C. R. Tubbs. 2017. Factors Asso- ciated with Burnout Among US Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Prac- titioners: Results of a Nationwide Pilot Survey. Hospital Pharma- cy 52(11):742–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018578717732339. Kahan, S. and J. J. Avritt. 2015. Leading the Way to Scalable Social Change. Available at: https://visionaryleadership.com/christi- na-economos-leading-the-way-to-scalable-social-change/ (accessed June 13, 2022). Khan, A., S. Jain, and V. Arora. 2022. The Demise of the Social Con- tract in Medicine: Recent Health Policy Changes Benefit Patients but Ignore Demoralized Health Care Workers. Available at: https:// www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/96536 (accessed June 13, 2022). Knoll, C., A. Watkins, and M. Rothfeld. 2020. ‘I couldn’t do anything’: The virus and an E.R. doctor’s suicide. The New York Times, July 11. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/11/nyre- gion/lorna-breen-suicide-coronavirus.html (accessed June 5, 2022). Lai, A. Y., and B. P. I. Fleuren. 2022. Clarifying the concepts of joy and meaning for work in health care. Journal of Hospital Man- agement and Health Policy. Available at: https://jhmhp.ame- groups.com/article/view/6816 (accessed June 13, 2022). Larkin, H. 2021. Navigating attacks against health care work- ers in the COVID-19 era. JAMA 325(18): 1822-1824. https://doi. org/10.1001/jama.2021.2701. Maslach, C. 2018. Job burnout in professional and economic con- texts. In Diversity in Unity: Perspectives from Psychology and Be- havioral Sciences, edited by A. A. Ariyanto, H. Muluk, P. New- combe, F. P. Piercy, E. K. Poerwandari, and S. H. R. Suradijono. London, England: Routledge. Available at: https://www.tay- lorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.1201/9781315225302-2/ PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

Appendix C | 85 job-burnout-professional-economic-contexts-christina- maslach (accessed June 13, 2022). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Sys- tems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. National Academy of Medicine (NAM). 2022a. Clinician Burnout Crisis in the Era of COVID-19: Insights from the Frontline of Care. Available at: https://nam.edu/initiatives/clinician-resilience- and-well-being/clinician-burnout-crisis-in-the-era-of-co- vid-19/ (accessed June 13, 2022). NAM. 2022b. Clinician Retention in the Era of COVID: Uniting the Health Workforce to Optimize Well-Being. Presentations from Rachel Villanueva and Kim Templeton. Available at: https://nam.edu/ event/clinician-retention-in-the-era-of-covid-uniting-the- health-workforce-to-optimize-well-being/ (accessed June 13, 2022). Nundy, S., L. A. Cooper, and K. S. Mate. 2022. The Quintuple Aim for Health Care Improvement: A New Imperative to Advance Health Equity. JAMA 327(6): 521-522. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.2021.25181. Patel, S. K., M. J. Kelm, P. W. Bush, H-J. Lee, and A. M. Ball. 2021. Prevalence and risk factors of burnout in community pharma- cists. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 61(2):145– 150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.022. Stone, K. W., K. W. Kintziger, M. A. Jagger, and J. A. Horney. 2021. Public health workforce burnout in the COVID-19 response. U.S. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084369. Templeton, K., C. Bernstein, J. Sukhera, L. M. Nora, C. Newman, H. Burstin, C. Guille, L. Lynn, M. L. Schwarze, S. Sen, and N. Busis. 2019. Gender-based differences in burnout: Issues faced by women physicians. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi. org/10.31478/201905a. Thomas-Hawkins, C., P. Zha, L. Finn, and S. Ando. 2022. Effects of Race, Workplace Racism, and COVID Worry on the Emotional Well-Being of Hospital-Based Nurses: A Dual Pandemic. Be- PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

86 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being havioral Medicine. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/089642 89.2021.1977605 (accessed June 17, 2022). United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (UNHR). 2020. Racial Discrimination in the Context of the COV- ID-19 Crisis. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/ files/Documents/Issues/Racism/COVID-19_and_Racial_Dis- crimination.pdf (accessed June 17, 2022). Yi, S. 2020. I’m an Asian American doctor on the front lines of two wars: Coronavirus and racism. The Lily, April 21. Available at: https://www.thelily.com/im-an-asian-american-doctor-on- the-front-lines-of-two-wars-coronavirus-and-racism/ (ac- cessed June 13, 2022). CHAPTER 1: PRIORITY AREA: CREATE AND SUSTAIN POSITIVE WORK AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AND CULTURE Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). 2019. CLER Pathways to Excellence: Expectations for an Optimal Clinical Learning Environment to Achieve Safe and High-Quality Patient Care. Available at: https://www.acgme.org/globalas- sets/pdfs/cler/1079acgme-cler2019pte-brochdigital.pdf (ac- cessed June 13, 2022). American Nurses Association (ANA). 2022. Survey Shows Substan- tial Racism in Nursing. Available at: https://www.nursingworld. org/practice-policy/workforce/clinical-practice-material/ national-commission-to-address-racism-in-nursing/sur- vey-shows-substantial-racism-in-nursing/ (accessed June 6, 2022). Bhatnagar, S., J. Harris, T. Hartnett, G.W. Hoagland, J. Ruff, M.W. Serafini, and D. McDonough. 2022. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Rural Health Care Landscape. Bipartisan Policy Center. Avail- able at: https://bipartisanpolicy.org/report/the-impact-of- covid-19-on-the-rural-health-care-landscape/ (accessed August 31, 2022). Dyrbye, L. N., T. D. Shanafelt, C. A. Sinsky, P. F. Cipriano, J. Bhatt, A. Ommaya, C. P. West, and D. Meyers. 2017. Burnout among PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

Appendix C | 87 health care professionals: A call to explore and address this un- derrecognized threat to safe, high-quality care. NAM Perspec- tives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Wash- ington, DC. https://doi.org/10.31478/201707b. Hu, Y.-Y., R. J. Ellis, D. B. Hewitt, A. D. Yang, E. O. Cheung, J. T. Mos- kowitz, J. R. Potts, J. Buyske, D. B. Hoyt, T. J. Nasca, and K. Y. Bil- imoria. 2019. Discrimination, Abuse, Harassment, and Burnout in Surgical Residency Training. New England Journal of Medicine 381(18):1741–1752. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1903759. Leape, L. L., M. F. Shore, J. L. Dienstag, R. J. Mayer, S. Edgman- Levitan, G. S. Meyer, and G. B. Healy. 2012. Perspective: A Culture of Respect, Part 2: Creating a Culture of Respect. Ac- ademic Medicine 87(7):853–858. https://doi.org/10.1097/ ACM.0b013e3182583536. Nasca, T. J., K. B. Weiss, and J. P. Bagian. 2014. Improving Clini- cal Learning Environments for Tomorrow’s Physicians. New England Journal of Medicine 370(11): 991-993. https://doi. org/10.1056/NEJMp1314628. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Sys- tems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. Prasad, S. J., P. Nair, K. Gadhvi, I. Barai, H. S. Danish, and A. B. Phil- ip. 2016. Cultural humility: treating the patient, not the illness. Medical Education Online 21:30908. https://doi.org/10.3402/ meo.v21.30908. Shanafelt, T., J. Goh, and C. Sinsky. 2017. The Business Case for Investing in Well-Being. JAMA Internal Medicine 177(12):1826- 1832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.4340. Sokol-Hessner, L., P. H. Folcarelli, C. L. Annas, S. M. L. Brown, L. Fernandez, S. D. Roche, B. S. Lee, and K. E. Sands. 2018. A Road Map for Advancing the Practice of Respect in Health Care: The Results of an Interdisciplinary Modified Delphi Consensus Study. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 44:8. Wright, A. 2021. Rural hospitals can’t find the nurses they need to fight COVID. Pew Trusts, September 1. Available at: https:// www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/state- PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

88 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being line/2021/09/01/rural-hospitals-cant-find-the-nurses-they- need-to-fight-covid (accessed June 13, 2022). CHAPTER 2: PRIORITY AREA: INVEST IN MEASURE- MENT, ASSESSMENT, STRATEGIES, AND RESEARCH Brady, K. J. S., P. Ni, L. Carlasare, T. D. Shanafelt, C. A. Sinsky, M. Linzer, M. Stillman, and M. T. Trockel. 2022. Establishing Cross- walks Between Common Measures of Burnout in US Physicians. Journal of General Internal Medicine 37(4):777–784. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11606-021-06661-4. Dyrbye, L. N., D. Satele, and T. Shanafelt. 2016. Ability of a 9-Item Well-Being Index to Identify Distress and Stratify Qual- ity of Life in U.S. Workers. Journal of Occupational Environ- mental Medicine 58(8):810-817. https://doi.org/10.1097/ JOM.0000000000000798. Mayer, T., A. Venkatesh, and D. M. Berwick. 2021. Criterion-Based Measurements of Patient Experience in Health Care: Elimi- nating Winners and Losers to Create a New Moral Ethos. JAMA 326(24):2471–2472. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.21771. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Sys- tems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. Sinsky, C. A., A. Rule, G. Cohen, B. G. Arndt, T. D. Shanafelt, C. D. Sharp, S. L. Baxter, M. Tai-Seale, S. Yan, Y. Chen, J. Adler- Milstein, and M. Hribar. 2020a. Metrics for assessing physi- cian activity using electronic health record log data. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27(4):639–643. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz223. CHAPTER 3: PRIORITY AREA: SUPPORT MENTAL HEALTH AND REDUCE STIGMA Bellini, L. M., M. Baime, and J. A. Shea. 2002. Variation of mood and empathy during internship. JAMA 287(23):3143-3146. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.23.3143. PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

Appendix C | 89 Fahrenkopf, A. M., T. C. Sectish, L. K. Barger, P. J. Sharek, D. Lewin, V. W. Chiang, S. Edwards, B. L. Wiedermann, and C. P. Landrigan. 2008. Rates of medication errors among depressed and burnt out residents: prospective cohort study. BMJ 336(7642):488- 491. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39469.763218.BE. Fang, Y., A. S. B. Bohnert, K. Pereira-Lima, J. Cleary, E. Frank, Z. Zhao, W. Dempsey, and S. Sen. 2022. Trends in Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors During Residency, 2007 to 2019: A Repeated Annual Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medi- cine 175(1):56-64. https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-1594. Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB). 2018. Physician Well- ness and Burnout. Available at: https://www.fsmb.org/siteas- sets/advocacy/policies/policy-on-wellness-and-burnout.pdf (accessed June 13, 2022). Guille, C., E. Frank, Z. Zhao, D. A. Kalmbach, P. J. Nietert, D. A. Mata, and S. Sen. 2017. Work-Family Conflict and the Sex Differ- ence in Depression Among Training Physicians. JAMA Internal Medicine 177(12):1766–1772. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamain- ternmed.2017.5138. Halter, M. J., D. G. Rolin, M. Adamaszek, M. C. Ladenheim, and B. F. Hutchens. 2019. State Nursing Licensure Questions About Mental Illness and Compliance With the Americans With Dis- abilities Act. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 57(8):17–22. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695- 20190405-02. Mata, D. A., M. A. Ramos, N. Bansal, R. Khan, C. Guille, E. Di An- gelantonio, and S. Sen. 2015. Prevalence of Depression and De- pressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 314(22):2373–2383. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.15845. McKay, D. and G. J. G. Asmundson. 2020. COVID-19 stress and sub- stance use: Current issues and future preparations. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 74:102274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janx- dis.2020.102274. Melnyk, B. M., S. A. Kelly, J. Stephens, K. Dhakal, C. McGovern, S. Tucker, J. Hoying, K. McRae, S. Ault, E. Spurlock, and S. B. Bird. 2020. Interventions to Improve Mental Health, Well-Being, Physical Health, and Lifestyle Behaviors in Physicians and PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

90 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being Nurses: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Health Promo- tion 34(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120920451. Muñoz, R. F., W. R. Beardslee, and Y. Leykin. 2012. Major depres- sion can be prevented. American Psychologist 67(4):285–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027666. Nash, M. P., R. J. Westphal, P. J. Watson, and B. T. Litz. 2010. Combat and Operational Stress First Aid: Caregiver Training Manual. Wash- ington, DC: U.S. Navy, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Avail- able at: https://www.academia.edu/20978265/Combat_Op- erational_Stress_First_Aid_Manual (accessed June 13, 2022). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Sys- tems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. US Burden of Disease Collaborators. 2013. The State of US Health, 1990-2010: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. JAMA 310(6):591-608. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.13805. World Health Organization (WHO). 2018. Mental Health: Strength- ening our Response. Available at: https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our- response (accessed June 13, 2022). CHAPTER 4: PRIORITY AREA: ADDRESS COMPLIANCE, REGULATORY, AND POLICY BARRIERS FOR DAILY WORK Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). 2020. CMS Takes Action Nationwide to Aggressively Respond to Coronavirus Nation- al Emergency. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/ press-releases/cms-takes-action-nationwide-aggressively- respond-coronavirus-national-emergency (accessed Septem- ber 14, 2022). Definitive Healthcare and Vocera. 2019. Cognitive Overload in Healthcare: How to Ease the Pain. Available at: https://www.de- finitivehc.com/blog/healthcare-cognitive-overload (accessed June 17, 2022). Padden, J. 2019. Documentation Burden and Cognitive Burden: How Much is Too Much Information? Computational Informatics PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

Appendix C | 91 Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1097/cin.0000000000000522 (ac- cessed June 17, 2022). Sinsky, C. A., L. Daugherty Biddison, A. Mallick, A. Legreid Dopp, J. Perlo, L, Lynn, and C. D. Smith. 2020b. Organizational Evidence- Based and Promising Practices for Improving Clinician Well- Being. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.31478/202011a. Smith, C. D., C. Balatbat, S. Corbridge, A. L. Dopp, J. Fried, R. Har- ter, S. Landefeld, C. Martin, F. Opelka, L. Sandy, L. Sato, and C. Sinsky. 2018. Implementing optimal team-based care to re- duce clinician burnout. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi. org/10.31478/201809c. CHAPTER 5: PRIORITY AREA: ENGAGE EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGY TOOLS Alotaibi, Y. K., and F. Federico. 2017. The impact of health infor- mation technology on patient safety. Saudi Medical Journal 38(12):1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2019. Taking Action Against Clinician Burnout: A Sys- tems Approach to Professional Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25521. O’Shea, D. 2020. How health care providers can use technology to help improve patient care and their practices. Modern Health- care, December 18. Available at: https://www.modernhealth- care.com/technology/how-health-care-providers-can-use- technology-help-improve-patient-care-and-their (accessed June 13, 2022). CHAPTER 6: PRIORITY AREA: INSTITUTIONALIZE WELL-BEING AS A LONG-TERM VALUE Farberman, R. K, M. McKillop, D. A. Lieberman, D. Delgado, C. Thomas, J. Cunningham, and K. McIntyre. 2020. The Impact of Chronic Underfunding on America’s Public Health System: Trends, PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs 

92 | National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being Risks, and Recommendations. Available at: https://www.tfah. org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TFAH2020PublicHealth- Funding.pdf (accessed June 13, 2022). CHAPTER 7: PRIORITY AREA: RECRUIT AND RETAIN A DIVERSE AND INCLUSIVE HEALTH WORKFORCE National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2021. The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25982. National Academy of Medicine (NAM). 2022. Clinician Retention in the Era of COVID: Uniting the Health Workforce to Optimize Well-Be- ing. Presentations from Rachel Villanueva and Kim Templeton. Available at: https://nam.edu/event/clinician-retention-in- the-era-of-covid-uniting-the-health-workforce-to-opti- mize-well-being/ (accessed June 13, 2022). Smith C. D., C. Balatbat, S. Corbridge, A. L. Dopp, J. Fried, R. Har- ter, S. Landefeld, C. Martin, F. Opelka, L. Sandy, L. Sato, and C. Sinsky. 2018. Implementing optimal team-based care to re- duce clinician burnout. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi. org/10.31478/201809c. PREPUBLICATION COPY - Uncorrected Proofs