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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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References

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Bryant University. 2021. Bryant declines to apply for continued funding for Confucius Institute. Press release, April 6, 2021. Retrieved from https://news.bryant.edu/bryant-declines-apply-continued-funding-confucius-institute.

Bullard, G. 2020. Following federal pressure, UMD will close a program that had Chinese government support. WAMU 88.5, January 17, 2020. Retrieved from https://wamu.org/story/20/01/17/following-federal-pressure-umd-will-close-a-program-that-had-chinese-government-support/.

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CIWA (Confucius Institute of the State of Washington). 2022. Pacific Lutheran University (department website). Retrieved from https://www.plu.edu/confucius-institute/.

CRS (Congressional Research Service). 2022. Confucius Institutes in the United States: Selected Issues. Retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11180.

Diamond, L., and O. Schell. 2019. China’s Influence and American Interests: Promoting Constructive Vigilance. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. Retrieved from https://www.hoover.org/research/chinas-influence-american-interests-promoting-constructive-vigilance.

Dig Mandarin. 2021. Confucius Institutes Around the World – 2021. Retrieved from https://www.digmandarin.com/confucius-institutes-around-the-world.html.

DOJ (U.S. Department of Justice). 2021. Information About the Department of Justice’s China Initiative and a Compilation of China-related Prosecutions Since 2018. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/archives/nsd/information-about-department-justice-s-china-initiative-and-compilation-china-related.

Dunning, S., and A. Kwong. 2022. An Investigation of China’s Confucius Institutes in the UK. London: Henry Jackson Society. Retrieved from https://henryjacksonsociety.org/publications/an-investigation-of-chinas-confucius-institutes-in-the-uk/.

Fan, Y., J. Pan, and T. Zhang. 2022. Confucius Institutes: Vehicles of CCP Propaganda? SCCEI China Briefs. Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Center on China’s Economy and Institutions. Retrieved from https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/content/confucius-institutes-vehicles-ccp-propaganda.

Fedasiuk, R. 2020. Putting money in the party’s mouth: How China mobilizes funding for United Front work. China Brief 20(16). Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/putting-money-in-the-partys-mouth-how-china-mobilizes-funding-for-united-front-work/.

Fedasiuk, R., and E. Weinstein. 2020. Overseas Professional and Technology Transfer to China. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Retrieved from https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Overseas-Professionals-and-Technology-Transfer-to-China.pdf.

Fedasiuk, R., E. Weinstein, and A. Puglisi. 2021. China’s Foreign Technology Wish List. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Retrieved from https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Chinas-Foreign-Technology-Wish-List.pdf.

Feldgoise, J., and R. Zwetsloot. 2022. Estimating the Number of Chinese STEM Students in the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Retrieved from https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/estimating-the-number-of-chinese-stem-students-in-the-united-states/.

Financial Times. 2022. America is struggling to counter China’s intellectual property theft. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/1d13ab71-bffd-4d63-a0bf-9e9bdfc33c39.

FIRE (Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression). 2022. Tracker: University Responses to Chinese Censorship. Retrieved from https://www.thefire.org/resources/home-abroad-resources/universities-respond-to-chinas-censorship-efforts/.

Flaherty, C. 2018. L’œuf ou la poule? Inside Higher Ed (March 19). Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/19/mla-data-enrollments-show-foreign-language-study-decline.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Flaherty, C. 2019. Blowback for Huawei bans. Inside Higher Ed (May 31). Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/31/researchers-want-less-restrictive-policies-accepting-money-chinese-telecoms-giant.

Ford, W. 2022. How far does China’s influence at U.S. universities go? One student tried to find out. Politico (April 24). Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/04/24/confucius-institutes-china-new-mexico-00027287.

Fowler, V. L. 2018. Dear leaders and friends of higher education. Press release, March 21, 2018. Wesleyan College. Retrieved from https://www.wesleyancollege.edu/academics/upload/openletter.pdf.

Franks, S. 2019. America’s failure to fund language education is creating a crisis. Language-Line Solutions blog, posted March 4, 2019. Retrieved from https://blog.languageline.com/americas-failure-to-fund-language-education-is-creating-a-crisis.

Friedman, A. 2015. America’s lacking language skills. The Atlantic (May 10). Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/05/filling-americas-language-education-potholes/392876/.

Friis, K., and O. Lysne. 2021. Huawei, 5G and security: Technological limitations and political responses. Development and Change 52(5), 1174–1195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12680.

GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2019. Agreements Establishing Confucius Institutes at U.S. Universities Are Similar, But Institute Operations Vary (GAO-19-278). Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-278.pdf.

Gibney, E. 2019. UC Berkeley bans new research funding from Huawei. Nature 566(7742), 16–17. DOI:10.1038/d41586-019-00451-z. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00451-z.

Gladstone, Z., J. Ho, and J. Wang. 2021. Unraveling China’s Attempts to Hinder Academic Freedom: Confucius Institutes. New York: Human Rights Foundation. Retrieved from https://hrf.org/unraveling-chinas-attempts-to-hinder-academic-freedom-confucius-institutes/.

Golden, D. 2015. Testimony to the House Science Committee by Daniel Golden, April 11, 2015 (U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology). Retrieved from https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY21/20180411/108175/HHRG-115-SY21-Wstate-GoldenD-20180411.pdf.

Green-Riley, N. 2020. The State Department labeled China’s Confucius programs a bad influence on U.S. students. What’s the story? The Washington Post, August 25, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/24/state-department-labeled-chinas-confucius-programs-bad-influence-us-students-whats-story/.

Horsley, J. P. 2021. It’s time for a new policy on Confucius institutes. Brookings Institution, April 1, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/its-time-for-a-new-policy-on-confucius-institutes/.

JASON. 2019. Fundamental Research Security. McLean, VA: JASON, The MITRE Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/jasonsecurity/JSR-19-2IFundamentalResearchSecurity_12062019FINAL.pdf.

Joske, A. 2020. The Party Speaks for You: Foreign Interference and the Chinese Communist Party’s United Front System. Barton, Australia: Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.aspi.org.au/report/party-speaks-you.

Kaleem, K., J. Howard, and K. Macdonald. 2022. Information-Gathering Sessions with U.S. Colleges and Universities That Are Current or Former Hosts of Confucius Institutes. Arlington, VA: American Institutes for Research.

Knowles, H., and B. Jin. 2019. Warnings of Chinese government ‘influence’ on campuses divide Stanford community. The Stanford Daily, May 30, 2019. Retrieved from https://stanforddaily.com/2019/05/30/warnings-of-chinese-government-influence-on-campuses-divide-stanford-community/.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Lee, K., and A. Sullivan. 2019. People’s Republic of the United Nations: China’s Emerging Revisionism in International Organizations. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security. Retrieved from https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/peoples-republic-of-the-united-nations.

Ma, Y. 2020. Ambitious and Anxious: How Chinese College Students Succeed and Struggle in American Higher Education. New York: Columbia University Press.

Mitchell, T. 2018. Letter to the President of the United States. Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Retrieved from https://www.acenet.edu/Documents/Letter-on-Confucius-Institutes.pdf.

Mosher, S. W. 2012. Confucius Institutes: Trojan Horses with Chinese Characteristics. Testimony Presented to the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Committee on Foreign Affairs, March 28, 2012. Retrieved from https://www.iwp.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/20181017_MosherConfuciusInstitutes.pdf.

Mroz, I. 2021. Understanding Higher Education Cybersecurity Threats to Research and IP. archTIS blog, posted December 2, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.archtis.com/understanding-higher-education-cybersecurity-threats-to-research-and-ip/.

NBC 10 WJAR News. 2021. Bryant University will not seek funding for the Confucius Institute. March 22, 2021. Retrieved from https://turnto10.com/news/local/bryant-university-will-not-seek-funding-for-the-confucius-institute-after-15-years.

NCES (National Center for Education Statistics). 2022. Undergraduate Enrollment. Condition of Education (web page). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/cha.

NHA (National Humanities Alliance). 2022. Huge cuts proposed to already depleted international education and foreign language programs. National Humanities Alliance blog, n.d. Retrieved from https://www.nhalliance.org/titlevi_cuts.

NSB (National Science Board, National Science Foundation). 2022. Science and Engineering Indicators 2022: The State of U.S. Science and Engineering. NSB-2022-1. Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20221.

NSCRC (National Student Clearing House Research Center). 2022. Overview: Spring 2022 Current Term Enrollment Estimates. Retrieved from https://nscresearchcenter.org/current-term-enrollment-estimates/.

NSF (National Science Foundation). 2021. Higher Education Research and Development: Fiscal Year 2020. NSF 22-311. Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22311.

Obama, B. 2010. Executive Order 13556—Controlled Unclassified Information. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, November 4, 2010. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United States. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/04/executive-order-13556-controlled-unclassified-information.

OpenDoors. 2021. 2021 Fact Sheet: China. Retrieved from https://opendoorsdata.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Country-Sheet_China_2021.pdf.

Padilla, J. D. 2021. Closing the Confucius Institute at Valparaiso University. Press release, August 30, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.valpo.edu/news/2021/08/30/closing-the-confucius-institute-at-valparaiso-university-civu/.

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 2019a. China’s Impact on the U.S. Education System. Staff Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate. Retrieved from https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/imo/media/doc/PSI%20Report%20China’s%20Impact%20on%20the%20US%20Education%20System.pdf.

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 2019b. Senators Portman & Carper unveil bipartisan report on Confucius Institutes at U.S. universities & K-12 classrooms. Media release, February 27, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/subcommittees/investigations/media/senators-portman-and-carper-unveil-bipartisan-report-on-confucius-institutes-at-us-universities_k-12-classrooms.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Peterson, R. 2017. Outsourced to China: Confucius Institutes and Soft Power in American Higher Education. New York: National Association of Scholars. Retrieved from https://www.nas.org/storage/app/media/Reports/Outsourced to China/NAS_confuciusInstitutes.pdf.

Peterson, R., F. Yan., and I. Oxnevad. 2022. After Confucius Institutes: China’s Enduring Influence on American Higher Education. New York: National Association of Scholars. Retrieved from https://www.nas.org/storage/app/media/Reports/After%20Confucius%20Institutes/After_Confucius_Institutes_NAS.pdf.

Puglisi, A. 2020. The Myth of the Stateless Global Society. In W. C. Hannas and D. K. Tatlow (eds.), China’s Quest for Foreign Technology. London: Routledge.

Puglisi, A. 2021. Beijing’s Long Arm: Threats to U.S. National Security. Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, August 4, 2021. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Retrieved from https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/anna-puglisis-testimony-before-the-senate-select-committee-on-intelligence/.

Redden, E. 2012. Confucius says… Inside Higher Ed (January 4). Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/01/04/debate-over-chinese-funded-institutes-american-universities#ixzz1qBcE0hjA.

Redden, E. 2017. New Scrutiny for Confucius Institutes. Inside Higher Ed (April 26). Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/04/26/report-confucius-institutes-finds-no-smoking-guns-enough-concerns-recommend-closure.

Redden, E. 2018. The Chinese Student Threat? Inside Higher Ed (February 15). Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/02/15/fbi-director-testifies-chinese-students-and-intelligence-threats.

Ren, Z. 2012. The Confucius Institutes and China’s Soft Power. IDE Discussion Papers 330. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan’s External Trade Organization (JETRO). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/jet/dpaper/dpaper330.html.

Riley, C. 2013. UI avoids controversy with Confucius Institute contract. The Daily Iowan, February 28, 2013. Retrieved from https://dailyiowan.com/2013/02/28/ui-avoids-controversy-with-confucius-institute-contract/.

Rogin, J. 2018. Preventing Chinese espionage at American universities. The Washington Post (May 22, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/josh-rogin/wp/2018/05/22/preventing-chinese-espionage-at-americas-universities/.

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Rui, G. 2022. China’s Communist Party nears 97 million, with more younger and educated members. South China Morning Post, November 30, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3183669/chinas-communist-party-grows-near-97-million-its-made-younger.

Ruth, J., and Y. Xiao. 2019. Academic Freedom and China. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors. Retrieved from https://www.aaup.org/article/academic-freedom-and-china#.Y2lzWXbMI2w.

Sabrowsky, H. 2019. China-funded institute set to close. The Minnesota Daily, February 21, 2019. Retrieved from https://mndaily.com/242511/news/adconfucius/.

Sahlins, M. 2014. Confucius Institutes. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press, LLC.

Schmidt, C. 2014. University to end partnership with Confucius Institute. The Chicago Maroon, September 30, 2014. Retrieved from http://chicagomaroon.com/19307/news/university-to-end-partnership-with-confucius-institute/.

Stoff, J. 2022. Reassessing Threats to US Innovation Posed by China and Implications for Safeguarding Future Supply Chains. Testimony Before the U.S.- China Economic and Security Review Commission. Hearing on “U.S.–China Competition in Global Supply Chains,” June 9, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Jeff_Stoff_Testimony.pdf.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Subcommittee on Research Security, Joint Committee on the Research Environment. 2022. Guidance for Implementing National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33) on National Security Strategy for United States Government-Supported Research and Development. Washington, DC: National Science and Technology Council. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/010422-NSPM-33-Implementation-Guidance.pdf.

Thennarasu, E. 2019. URI cuts ties with Confucius Institute. The Good Five Cent Cigar, February 7, 2019. Retrieved from https://rhodycigar.com/2019/02/07/dissolution-of-the-confucius-institute/.

Today Online. 2022a. ‘Malign influence’: China’s cultural institutes under growing scrutiny. October 9, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/world/malign-influence-chinas-cultural-institutes-under-growing-scrutiny-2013886.

Today Online. 2022b. UK PM hopeful Sunak takes aim at China in leadership contest. July 25, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.todayonline.com/world/uk-pm-hopeful-sunak-takes-aim-china-leadership-contest-1952541.

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Tufts (Tufts University). 2019. Findings of the Confucius Institute Review Committee and Decision of the University Administration Regarding the Confucius Institute at Tufts University. Retrieved from https://provost.tufts.edu/wp-content/uploads/CITU-report-for-publication-final-clean.pdf.

Tufts (Tufts University). 2021. Decision to close the Confucius Institute at Tufts University. Office of the Provost and Senior Vice President blog, posted March 17, 2021. Retrieved from https://provost.tufts.edu/blog/news/2021/03/17/decision-to-close-the-confucius-institute-at-tufts-university/.

University of Akron News. 2021. UA to close Confucius Institute. Press release, November 8, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.uakron.edu/im/news/ua-to-close-confucius-institute.

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Wilson, N. 2022. Rishi Sunak ‘looking to close’ Confucius Institutes across UK universities. The National, November 1, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.thenational.scot/news/23094268.rishi-sunak-looking-close-confucius-institutes-pose-threat-civil-liberties/.

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Xinhua News Agency. 2018. Sun Chunlan emphasized at the 13th Confucius Institute Conference to promote the high-quality development of Confucius Institutes and contribute to building a community with a shared future for mankind. Press release, December 4, 2018. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190902020727/http:/www.hanban.org/article/2018-12/04/content_754703.htm.

Zialcita, P. 2021. CSU will close its Confucius Institute rather than risk loss of federal funding. Colorado Public Radio News, March 6, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.cpr.org/2021/03/06/csu-will-close-its-confucius-institute-rather-than-risk-loss-of-federal-funding/.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
×
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
×
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
×
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
×
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26747.
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More than 100 U.S. institutions of higher education hosted Confucius Institutes (CIs), Chinese government-funded language and culture centers, on campus during the late 2000s and 2010s. While CIs provided a source of funding and other resources that enabled U.S. colleges and universities to build capacity, offer supplemental programming, and engage with the local community, CIs presented an added, legitimate source of risk to host institutions with respect to academic freedom, freedom of expression, and national security.

By 2017, deteriorating U.S.-China relations led some U.S. colleges and universities to reconsider the value of having a CI on campus. Sustained interest by Congress and political pressure led numerous U.S.-based CIs to close, especially following the passage of the Fiscal Year 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, which contained a provision that ultimately barred institutions receiving Department of Defense (DOD) critical language flagship funding in Chinese from hosting a CI. While this provision allowed for a waiver process - and several affected colleges and universities applied for waivers in 2018 and 2019 - DOD did not issue any waivers. Today, seven CIs remain on U.S. university and college campuses. At the request of DOD, Confucius Institutes at U.S. Institutions of Higher Education presents a set of findings and recommendations for waiver criteria to potentially permit the continued presence of CIs on U.S. university campuses that also receive DOD funding.

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