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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Evidence to
Advance Reform in the
Global Security and
Justice Sectors

COMPILATION OF REPORTS

Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the
Global Security and Justice Sectors

Committee on Law and Justice

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

A Consensus Study Report of

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, Award No. SINLEC20CA3213. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309- 69610-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309- 69610-0
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26782

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2022). Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26782.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE TO ADVANCE REFORM IN THE GLOBAL SECURITY AND JUSTICE SECTORS

LAWRENCE W. SHERMAN (Chair), University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology

BEATRIZ ABIZANDA, Inter-American Development Bank

YANILDA MARÍA GONZÁLEZ, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

GUY GROSSMAN, University of Pennsylvania

JOHN L. HAGAN, Northwestern University

KAREN HALL, Rule of Law Collaborative, University of South Carolina

CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University

EMILY OWENS, University of California, Irvine

JUSTICE TANKEBE, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology

JULIE ANNE SCHUCK, Study Director

SUNIA YOUNG, Senior Program Assistant (from October 2021)

ABIGAIL ALLEN, Associate Program Officer (from November 2021)

EMILY P. BACKES, Associate Director, Committee on Law and Justice

MEGAN SNAIR, Technical Writer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

COMMITTEE ON LAW AND JUSTICE

ROBERT D. CRUTCHFIELD (Chair), University of Washington (retired)

SALLY S. SIMPSON (Vice Chair), University of Maryland

ROD K. BRUNSON, Northeastern University

SHAWN D. BUSHWAY, University at Albany

PREETI CHAUHAN, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

KIMBERLÉ W. CRENSHAW, University of California, Los Angeles

MARK S. JOHNSON, Howard University

CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University

JOHN M. MACDONALD, University of Pennsylvania

KAREN J. MATHIS, American Bar Association (retired), University of Denver

THEODORE A. MCKEE, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit

SAMUEL L. MYERS JR., University of Minnesota

EMILY OWENS, University of California, Irvine

CYNTHIA RUDIN, Duke University

WILLIAM J. SABOL, Georgia State University

LINDA A. TEPLIN, Northwestern University Medical School

NATACHA BLAIN, Director

EMILY P. BACKES, Associate Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Preface

The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems.1

At the request of INL, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled the Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors (“the committee”) to review the available research evidence on police and policing practices, with emphasis on how police reform can promote the rule of law (including human rights) and protect the public. The 9-member committee comprises experts in criminology, economics, international and organized crime, law, policing, and political science and brings knowledge and experience from a portfolio of work that spans four continents. The committee’s work sought to provide evidence-driven policy and research recommendations for key stakeholders with the goal of informing capacity-building activities. The primary audience for this compilation includes INL and other foreign assistance donors; though, it will also serve the research community and others interested in policing practices and capacities, police legitimacy in the international context, the rule of law, justice, and global security.

___________________

1 See https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracyand-human-rights/bureau-of-international-narcotics-and-law-enforcement-affairs/.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

The committee was tasked with producing five consensus study reports, beginning its work in March 2021 and publishing its final report in November 2022. The series of reports centered on the theme “what is the best evidence to advance reform in the global security and justice sectors?” Each report separately addressed five questions of interest to INL in the committee’s charge.

The committee recognizes the inherent challenge of its charge: the unknown extent to which knowledge primarily developed in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia can be generalized to police practices in other countries and within different cultural, economic, educational, political, and social environments and contexts. Such differences can alter both the implementation and the impact of practices tested in one context and applied in another. What these reports offer is a starting point toward developing stronger knowledge about how overseas assistance can help improve program outcomes for police institutions in these varied contexts.

THE COMMITTEE’S CHARGE

In 2018, guided by The Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act, INL created the Office of Knowledge Management to assemble evidence from research to inform its work. To support its efforts to synthesize findings from scientific research, INL asked the Committee on Law and Justice (CLAJ) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) to convene an ad hoc consensus committee. The charge to that committee is as follows:

An ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine will consider evidence in the areas of policing institutions, police practices and capacities, and police legitimacy in the international context. The committee will hold a series of five public workshops; each of the workshops will focus on a targeted set of questions of interest to the State Department and serve as the primary data source for a brief consensus report. Drawing on relevant literature, particularly from the international context, the project will inform the State Department’s capacity-building activities aimed at strengthening the effectiveness of local, in-country law enforcement agencies, building the technical skills of foreign law enforcement personnel through training and technical assistance, and assisting in institutional police reform at the local level.

Each of the five (5) workshops will bring together experts to discuss the evidence and its implications for the international sector, as well as practitioners using the evidence to implement policy. Some papers may be commissioned for one or more workshops. The committee will issue brief independent consensus reports after each public workshop. These reports

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

will include conclusions and recommendations, as appropriate, and will provide practical guidance on key implications of the evidence for the field.

  1. What organizational policies, structures, or practices (e.g., HR and recruiting, legal authorities, reporting lines, etc.) enable a police service to promote the rule of law and protect the population?
  2. What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population?
  3. What policies and practices for police use of force are effective in promoting the rule of law and protecting the population (including officers themselves)? What is known about effective practices for implementing those policies and practices in recruitment, training, and internal affairs?
  4. What policing practices build community trust and legitimacy in countries with low-to-moderate criminal justice sector capacity?
  5. What are the systemic features needed to effectively control high-level corruption, and how can police effectively contribute to efforts to combat high-level corruption?2

These are important and timely questions. Existing evidence is limited, however, but the good news is that research on these topics is growing. The committee’s reports are written with the premise that there is an opportunity in many global contexts to build on existing evidence. Digesting that evidence can help to generate new knowledge aimed at promoting the rule of law and protecting the population. This opportunity is afforded by an evidence-based approach to policing and policing reform.

Evidence-based policing is an approach to police practice and management that uses scientifically derived information to strengthen police departments’ decision making, tactics, strategies, and overall agency functioning. An evidence-based policing approach requires a reliable body of knowledge about myriad police practices for both internal organization and external activities; the ongoing practice of targeting, testing, and tracking these activities against legitimate outcomes; and the institutionalization

___________________

2 The original fifth question was “What is the relationship between police agencies and forensics labs obtaining accreditation and how they conduct operations on a day-to-day basis?” The question was changed after the committee’s first report to address high-level corruption at the request and in discussion with INL. The committee did not examine evidence on accreditation.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

and implementation of knowledge in police practices. Further discussion of evidence-based policing can be found within this compilation of reports. In the committee’s opinion, following the principles of evidence-based policing to shape, implement, and evaluate police programs will be productive toward transforming policing.

APPROACH TO THE STUDY

Consensus study reports published by the National Academies document the findings and consensus advice by an authoring committee of experts as appropriate to its charge. These reports typically include conclusions and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. The series of reports in this compilation were workshop-focused and differ from the National Academies’ traditional consensus reports in that the committee’s data gathering period was shorter and centered on public workshops. Each workshop was held virtually over two days. The committee commissioned one or two papers to prime the discussions at the workshops, and these discussions formed the main input for committee deliberations. One can find more details on the workshops and commissioned papers in the corresponding reports in this publication and online.3

This publication is the final product of the committee’s work and represents a compilation of all five of the committee’s reports.4 The reports in this collection are as follows:

  1. Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population: An Evidence-Based Approach
  2. Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population
  3. Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally
  4. Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy
  5. Police Strategies to Control High-Level Corruption: A Global Perspective

___________________

3 For more information on the study and the sets of workshops and papers, visit https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-andjustice-sectors.

4 Each report in the series is available as a stand-alone report and was released in PDF in sequence of completion from August 2021 to November 2022. Visit https://nap.nationalacademies.org/ to access the reports.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Policing to Promote
the Rule of Law and
Protect the Population

AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Policing to Promote
the Rule of Law and
Protect the Population

AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the
Global Security and Justice Sectors

Committee on Law and Justice

Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education

A Consensus Study Report of

images

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs of the U.S. Department of State, Award No. SINLEC20CA3213. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-68535-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-68535-4
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/26217

Additional copies of this publication are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2022). Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population: An Evidence-Based Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26217.

Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Image

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president.

The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.

The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.

Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org.

Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Image

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

Proceedings published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other event convened by the National Academies. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies.

For information about other products and activities of the National Academies, please visit www.nationalacademies.org/about/whatwedo.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

COMMITTEE ON EVIDENCE TO ADVANCE REFORM IN THE GLOBAL SECURITY AND JUSTICE SECTORS

LAWRENCE W. SHERMAN (Chair), University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology

BEATRIZ ABIZANDA, Inter-American Development Bank

YANILDA MARÍA GONZÁLEZ, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

GUY GROSSMAN, University of Pennsylvania

JOHN L. HAGAN, Northwestern University

KAREN HALL, Rule of Law Collaborative, University of South Carolina

CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University

EMILY OWENS, University of California, Irvine

JUSTICE TANKEBE, University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology

JULIE ANNE SCHUCK, Study Director

JESSALYN BROGAN WALKER, Study Director (through June 2021)

SARAH PERUMATTAM, Senior Program Assistant

EMILY P. BACKES, Associate Director, CLAJ

MEGAN SNAIR, Technical Writer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

COMMITTEE ON LAW AND JUSTICE

ROBERT D. CRUTCHFIELD (Chair), University of Washington (retired)

SALLY S. SIMPSON (Vice Chair), University of Maryland

ROD K. BRUNSON, Northeastern University

SHAWN D. BUSHWAY, University at Albany

PREETI CHAUHAN, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

KIMBERLÉ W. CRENSHAW, University of California, Los Angeles

MARK S. JOHNSON, Howard University

CYNTHIA LUM, George Mason University

JOHN M. MACDONALD, University of Pennsylvania

KAREN J. MATHIS, American Bar Association (retired), University of Denver

THEODORE A. MCKEE, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, Philadelphia, PA

STEVEN RAPHAEL, University of California, Berkeley

LAURIE O. ROBINSON, George Mason University

CYNTHIA RUDIN, Duke University

WILLIAM J. SABOL, Georgia State University

LINDA A. TEPLIN, Northwestern University Medical School

HEATHER ANN THOMSON, University of Michigan

BRUCE WESTERN, Columbia University

NATACHA BLAIN, Director

EMILY P. BACKES, Associate Director

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Preface

The movement for evidence-based policing in the 1990s came on the heels of the concept of evidence-based medicine in the same decade, but with far less clinical research to apply in policing practices. Since then, police research findings have been growing at a rapid rate and have been reviewed by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on repeated occasions in the last two decades. However, scant research findings have been reported at the country level, examining differences in police systems and policies across nations. In an era when the U.S. Congress has mandated better evidence to support public expenditure, the application of that mandate to overseas police development requires two responses. One is to do the best translation possible from existing research comparing differences between and within countries. The other is to map out research and action agendas that will promote the growth of new evidence to provide better guidance to policing in the international context.

This report is the first of five by a committee with diverse kinds of policing expertise assembled for the task by the National Academies. All five of these reports will be completed at the request of the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) of the U.S. Department of State. The committee was charged by INL to identify good practices in police reform. INL’s goal is for our reports to help ensure that ongoing U.S. foreign assistance for organizational police capacity building is informed by research. At the same time, INL seeks guidance from lessons learned from practitioners. Linking the two kinds of knowledge is an ongoing challenge in policing. Addressing this challenge requires a consensus-building process that identifies and then weighs the strength of relevant evidence, debates the

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

conclusions, and engages a wide group of users to ensure that its presentation is relevant and accessible to them.

The project, beginning with this report, offers a unique opportunity to unite the research and practitioner perspectives for actionable recommendations that can strengthen the assistance provided for international policing.

In approaching my charge to chair this committee, I draw upon five decades of work in evidence-based police reform, partnering with police on five continents to both conduct research and apply it to policy making, with some successes and many failures. My own background is strengthened by a committee composed of experts across the areas of criminology, political science, economics, law, and international and organized crime. By joining in this undertaking, they have emphasized the need to draw from multiple fields to determine how policing can be improved. Committee members also bring with them a wealth of understanding from their work across Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America. Their work has been intensely related to the various ways that communities experience the act of being policed and how police engage with their communities. This diversity of background led to robust discussions, not just about what can be concluded from existing evidence, but what the consequences might be from each recommendation we make. Our broadest area of agreement was the ongoing need for better evidence and infrastructure in each country for measuring the rule of law and harm to the public.

The report that follows considers the institutional landscape of policing and the capacity to provide proper and fair protection to all members of the public and not just to a powerful few. It examines organizational policies, structures, and practices for policing likely to be effective in some contexts at promoting the rule of law and protecting the population. We hope that for this broadest and perhaps most difficult of our five tasks, this report can provide a research agenda to better support program development in this area. The reader can use the report most wisely as a provisional statement of what is known, in 2021, on the basis of either systematic research evidence or case study experience. We fully expect some conclusions may change or that others may expand existing knowledge—especially with the research agenda we recommend.

While each report is published separately, all five should be seen as attempts to solve a larger puzzle of understanding and implementing successful police reform. This report offers a starting point for solving that puzzle.

Lawrence W. Sherman, Chair
Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors

Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

Acknowledgments

This report would not have been possible without the contributions of many people. First, we thank the sponsor of this study, the U.S. Department of State and the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, for requesting and supporting this endeavor. We have admired the sponsor’s dedication to an evidence-led approach to further its programming.

Special thanks go to the members of the study committee, who dedicated extensive time, thought, and energy to this report. In addition to its own research and deliberations, the committee received input from several outside sources, whose willingness to share their perspectives and experience was essential to the committee’s work. We thank Stephen White (Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission), Andrew Carpenter (United Nations Police Division), Elizabeth Linos (Goldman School of Public Policy), Anne Li Kringen (University of New Haven), Sir Denis O’Connor (University of Cambridge), and Gustavo Flores-Macías (Cornell University). The committee also gathered information through a commissioned paper. We thank Peter Neyroud (University of Cambridge) for his paper and for contributing both to the discussion at the committee’s information-gathering workshop and to findings in the report.

The committee also wishes to extend its gratitude to the staff of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, in particular to Julie Schuck, who made critical substantive contributions in the conception, writing, and editing of the report, and Jessalyn Walker, who served as the study director until her departure in June 2021. Thanks are also due

Page xxiv Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×

to Emily Backes who provided substantive writing and editing contributions and critical oversight and direction for the project. Sarah Perumattam provided key administrative and logistical support and made sure the committee process ran efficiently and smoothly. The National Academies Research Center, particularly Anne Marie Houppert, provided valuable research assistance. From the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, we thank Kirsten Sampson-Snyder, who shepherded the report through the review process, and Douglas Sprunger and Dara Shefska, who assisted with the report’s communication and dissemination. We also thank technical writer Megan Snair for quickly summarizing the presentations and discussions from the committee’s workshop and editor Marc DeFrancis for their skillful writing and editing of the report manuscript.

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Jay S. Albanese, Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University; Lucia Dammert, Humanities Department, University of Chile, Santiago; Andrew Faull, Justice and Violence Prevention Programme, Institute for Security Studies, Africa; Anna Giudice, Justice Section, Division for Operations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; Liam O’Shea, Department of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science; and Victoria Walker, International Security Sector Advisory Team, Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, Switzerland.

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Alex R. Piquero, Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Miami, and Philip J. Cook, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×
Page xxvi Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26782.
×
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The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems.

At the request of INL, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled the Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors to review the available research evidence on police and policing practices, with emphasis on how police reform can promote the rule of law and protect the public. The 5 consensus studies that are part of this project provide evidence-driven policy and research recommendations for key stakeholders with the goal of informing capacity-building activities. This report is a compilation of those 5 studies.

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