Quantifying the Effects of Implements of Husbandry on Pavements (2022)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

2022 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1019 Quantifying the Effects of Implements of Husbandry on Pavements L. Khazanovich University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Subscriber Categories Materials • Pavements Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transporta- tion results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to high- way authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 ini- tiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniques—the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agree- ment No. 693JJ31950003. The Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was requested by AASHTO to administer the research program because of TRB’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. TRB is uniquely suited for this purpose for many reasons: TRB maintains an extensive com- mittee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; TRB possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, univer- sities, and industry; TRB’s relationship to the National Academies is an insurance of objectivity; and TRB maintains a full-time staff of special- ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs iden- tified by chief administrators and other staff of the highway and transportation departments, by committees of AASHTO, and by the FHWA. Topics of the highest merit are selected by the AASHTO Special Committee on Research and Innovation (R&I), and each year R&I’s recommendations are proposed to the AASHTO Board of Direc- tors and the National Academies. Research projects to address these topics are defined by NCHRP, and qualified research agencies are selected from submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Academies and TRB. The needs for highway research are many, and NCHRP can make significant contributions to solving highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement, rather than to substitute for or duplicate, other highway research programs. Published research reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1019 Project 01-58 ISSN 2572-3766 (Print) ISSN 2572-3774 (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-68757-7 Library of Congress Control Number 2022948200 © 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trade- marks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, APTA, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, or NHTSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or speci- fications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 01-58 by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. The University of Pittsburgh was the contractor for this study, with the Office of Sponsored Programs at the University of Pittsburgh serving as Fiscal Administrator. Dr. Lev Khazanovich, Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh, was the Project Director and Principal Investigator. The work was done under the general supervision of Dr. Khazanovich and included the participation of graduate students and postdocs in the Department of Civil and Envi- ronmental Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. The Minnesota Department of Transportation conducted laboratory testing for this project. CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1019 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Sid Mohan, Associate Program Manager, Implementation and Technology Transfer, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Amir N. Hanna, Senior Program Officer Emily Griswold, Program Coordinator Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications NCHRP PROJECT 01-58 PANEL Field of Design—Area of Pavements Karim Chatti, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI (Chair) Edgardo D. Block, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Newington, CT Xingwei Chen, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge, LA Laura L. Fenley, Wisconsin Department of Transportation (formerly), Madison, WI Brian J. Hogan, Illinois Department of Transportation, Paris, IL Mohammad Karim, Alberta Transportation and Utilities, Edmonton, AB Nadarajah Sivaneswaran, FHWA Liaison Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison

Implements of husbandry (IoH) are vehicles designed for agricultural purposes and exclusively used in the conduct of agricultural operations. This report presents mechanistic- based procedures and rudimentary software for estimating the effects of IoH on flexible and rigid pavements. These procedures and software provide transportation agencies with the means for estimating the damage caused by IoH and establishing guidelines for permitting and size and weight enforcement. The information contained in the report will be of imme- diate interest to pavement engineers and those involved in making decisions regarding the movement of IoH on highway pavements. The size, geometry, weight, and other features of implements of husbandry (IoH) have increased and changed significantly to meet the needs of the modern agricultural industry. While IoH are intended primarily for use on the farm or in the field, these vehicles fre- quently travel on roads and bridges. Highway pavements are generally designed for traffic loadings and configurations defined by 13 FHWA vehicle classes. However, the configura- tions, size and weight, and other features of IoH differ substantially from the 13 FHWA vehicle classes and, therefore, will result in different forms of pavement distress and damage than those caused by truck traffic. Although a great deal of research has focused on the effects of truck traffic on pave- ment performance, research on the procedures for quantifying the effects of IoH on pave- ment performance is limited, and there are no nationally accepted procedures to estimate these effects. There was a need to develop procedures for quantifying the effects of IoH on pavement performance that can be used for the different IoH configurations, pavement types, and applications and a need to develop a tool to facilitate the implementation of these procedures. The procedures presented in this report and the accompanying tool should help highway agencies in making decisions regarding the movement of IoH on highway pavements. Under NCHRP Project 01-58, “Quantifying the Effects of Implements of Husbandry on Pavements,” the University of Pittsburgh worked with the objectives of (1) proposing procedures for quantifying the effects of IoH on pavement performance and (2) develop- ing a tool to facilitate implementation of these procedures. To accomplish this objective, the researchers reviewed literature pertaining to the effects of IoH on the performance of flexible and rigid pavements, identified the factors that influence these effects, and devel- oped mechanistic-based procedures for quantifying these effects. Finally, the researchers developed rudimentary software and related user manuals to facilitate implementation of these procedures. F O R E W O R D By Amir N. Hanna Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

Appendices A through F of this report, which further elaborate on the work performed under NCHRP Project 01-58, are published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 338: Quantify- ing the Effects of Implements of Husbandry on Pavements: Appendices. The software devel- oped as part of the project and user manuals for the software are available on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) by searching on NCHRP Research Report 1019: Quantifying the Effects of Implements of Husbandry on Pavements.

Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at nap.nationalacademies.org) retains the color versions. 1 Summary 2 Chapter 1 Background 2 1.1 Problem Statement 2 1.2 Research Scope 3 1.3 Report Organization 3 1.4 Additional Research Deliverables 5 Chapter 2 Research Approach 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Assessment of Research Needs 6 2.2.1 Review of Past Field and Analytical Studies of the Effect of IoH on Rural Infrastructure 7 2.2.2 IoH Characterization 15 2.3 Estimation of the Effects of IoH on Pavement Performance 15 2.3.1 Important Factors in Estimating Pavement Responses to IoH Loading 35 2.3.2 Damage Modeling in Flexible Pavements 42 2.3.3 Damage Modeling in Rigid Pavements 44 2.3.4 Relative Damage from IoH in Flexible Pavements 48 2.3.5 Relative Damage from IoH in Rigid Pavements 54 2.3.6 Implementation of Alternative Models into Rudimentary Software 56 Chapter 3 Findings and Applications 56 3.1 Quantification of Damage in Flexible Pavements 59 3.1.1 Effect of Site Conditions 60 3.1.2 Effect of Pavement Structure 64 3.1.3 Effect of IoH Parameters 68 3.2 Quantification of Damage in Rigid Pavements 69 3.2.1 Effect of Site Conditions 70 3.2.2 Effect of Pavement Structure 75 3.2.3 Damage Analysis of MnROAD Cells 76 3.3 Rudimentary Software 77 3.3.1 NCHRP0158Flexible 81 3.3.2 NCHRP0158Rigid 87 Chapter 4 Summary and Proposed Future Research 87 4.1 Summary 88 4.2 Proposed Future Research 89 References 91 Appendices A Through F C O N T E N T S