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  NCHRP Web-Only Document 331 Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment Susan Shaheen Adam Cohen Jacquelyn Broader University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Sarah Hoban Ashley Auer Gustave Cordahi Shawn Kimmel Booz Allen Hamilton Washington, DC Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 20-102(11) Submitted August 2020 © 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniquesâthe National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, APTA, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, or NHTSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or specifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
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C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 331 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Sid Mohan, Associate Program Manager, Implementation and Technology Transfer, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Leslie Harwood, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Assistant Editor NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(11) PANEL Field of Special Projects Carrie O. Butler, Transit Authority of River City (TARC), Lexington, KY (Cochair) Stephanie P. Dock, District Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (Cochair) Majed N. Al-Ghandour, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC Marlene Connor, Marlene Connor Associates, Holyoke, MA John Easterling, Florida Department of Transportation, Fort Lauderdale, FL Barry Einsig, CAVita LLC, Elizabethtown, PA Daniel J. Fagnant, General Motors Company, Austin, TX Ranjit Godavarthy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND Abul Hassan, Keolis Transit America, Reno, NV Koorosh Olyai, Dallas, TX Jean M. Ruestman, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI Alana M. Spendlove, Utah Department of Transportation, Salt Lake City, UT Allen Greenberg, FHWA Liaison Steven Mortensen, FTA Liaison Patricia S. Hu, OST-R/Bureau of Transportation Statistics Liaison Annie Chang, Lime Liaison Richard A. Cunard, TRB Liaison
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ viii INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1 MOD and AVs .............................................................................................................................................. 2 SECTION 1: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................5 SECTION 2: SHARED MOBILITY ............................................................................................7 Shared Mobility Section Overview ............................................................................................................... 7 What Is Shared Mobility? ............................................................................................................................. 7 Who Are the Shared Mobility Stakeholders? ............................................................................................. 10 What Types of Partnerships Can Shared Micromobility Stakeholders Engage in? .................................... 14 How Does the Built Environment Impact Shared Mobility Deployment? ................................................. 16 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 18 SECTION 3: THE COMMODIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION ................................19 The Commodification of Transportation Section Overview ....................................................................... 19 What Is the Commodification of Transportation? ...................................................................................... 19 What Is MOD? ............................................................................................................................................ 19 What Is the MOD Ecosystem? .................................................................................................................... 20 Mobility as a Service .................................................................................................................................. 21 Policies and Regulations ............................................................................................................................. 22 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................................................... 23 Emerging and Enabling Technologies ........................................................................................................ 24 FTA MOD Sandbox Demonstration Program ............................................................................................ 27 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 28 SECTION 4: DIGITAL INFORMATION AND FARE PAYMENT INTEGRATION .......29 Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration Section Overview ....................................................... 29 What Is Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration? ...................................................................... 29 Concerns with Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration ............................................................. 29 How Can Digital Information and Fare Payment Be Integrated? ............................................................... 30 Transportation Data .................................................................................................................................... 30 Strategies for Digital Information Integration ............................................................................................ 32 Strategies for Fare Payment Integration ...................................................................................................... 33 FTA Programs ............................................................................................................................................. 34 FTAâs Integrated Mobility Innovation Program ......................................................................................... 34 FTAâs Accelerating Innovative Mobility Program ..................................................................................... 36 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 36 SECTION 5: ELECTRIFICATION ..........................................................................................37 Electrification Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 37 What Is Electrification? .............................................................................................................................. 37 How Are Shared Vehicle Fleets Electrifying? ............................................................................................ 37 Carsharing Fleet Electrification .................................................................................................................. 38 TNC Fleet Electrification ............................................................................................................................ 38 Equity and Charging Infrastructure for Shared Fleets ................................................................................ 40
v REPORT How Are Shared Micromobility Fleets Electrifying? ................................................................................. 41 How Can Shared Mobility Hubs Support Electrification? .......................................................................... 42 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 6: CONNECTED AND AUTOMATED VEHICLES ..... .....................................45 Connected and Automated Vehicles Section Overview ............................................................................. 45 What are Connected and Automated Vehicles? .......................................................................................... 45 What Factors Safely Enable AVs? .............................................................................................................. 46 AV Features and Vehicle Design ................................................................................................................ 48 L4 Low-Speed Shuttles ............................................................................................................................... 50 L4 Robo Taxis............................................................................................................................................. 51 What Factors Will Influence AV Deployment? .......................................................................................... 52 Business Models, Use Cases, and Partnerships .......................................................................................... 52 Built Environment ....................................................................................................................................... 60 Policies and Regulations ............................................................................................................................. 64 Potential Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Travel Behavior .......................................................................................................................................... 75 Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 76 User Demographics ..................................................................................................................................... 77 Economy and Labor .................................................................................................................................... 78 Social Equity ............................................................................................................................................... 79 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 7: IMPACT ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK .......................................................82 Impact Assessment Framework Section Overview..................................................................................... 82 What Is an Impact Assessment Framework? .............................................................................................. 82 Impact Categories ....................................................................................................................................... 82 What Steps Make Up the Framework? ....................................................................................................... 83 Map Based on Implementation Scale .......................................................................................................... 83 Define Project Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 84 Define Project Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................... 84 Define Project Metrics ................................................................................................................................ 84 Define Project Data Types and Sources ...................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 8: SAV PILOTS........................................................................................................86 Pilots ........................................................................................................................................................... 86 Potential Developments .............................................................................................................................. 90 Define Analysis Methods ............................................................................................................................ 90 Implementation Framework ........................................................................................................................ 91 What Are the Next Steps After Implementation of the Framework? .......................................................... 93 Key Takeaways ........................................................................................................................................... 94 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................95 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................98 APPENDIX A: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT .............................................................107 Presentation Responses and Discussion .................................................................................................... 107 Use Case and Roundtable Feedback ......................................................................................................... 109 Stakeholder Notes on MOD-ADS Use Cases ........................................................................................... 110 Stakeholder Attendance ............................................................................................................................ 113
vi REPORT APPENDIX B: ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES ....................................................................115 Systems Engineering ................................................................................................................................. 115 Sensors and Perception Algorithms .......................................................................................................... 115 High-Definition Mapping ......................................................................................................................... 116 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping .................................................................................................. 118 Operational Design Domain (ODD) ......................................................................................................... 118 Physical Infrastructure .............................................................................................................................. 118 Communications and Security .................................................................................................................. 119 Human Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX C: SAV PILOTS ...................................................................................................122 Pilots ......................................................................................................................................................... 122 Potential Developments ............................................................................................................................ 126 APPENDIX D: DATA TYPES .................................................................................................127 NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment is associated with NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1009 on the National Academies Press website (www.nap.edu). LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Evolution of Mobility Innovations .................................................................................. 1 Figure 2. Public Sector Stakeholders Opportunities and Challenges ........................................... 13 Figure 3. Other Stakeholder Opportunities and Challenges ......................................................... 14 Figure 4. Five Common Built Environment Types ...................................................................... 16 Figure 5. The MOD Ecosystem .................................................................................................... 20 Figure 6. Policy Regulatory Areas that Impact MOD .................................................................. 22 Figure 7. Emerging Technologies that Enable MOD ................................................................... 24 Figure 8. Data Types ..................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 9. Integrated Fare Payment Types ..................................................................................... 34 Figure 10. Mobility Areas ............................................................................................................. 43 Figure 11. SAE International Automation Levels ........................................................................ 46 Figure 12. AV Enabling Technologies ......................................................................................... 47 Figure 13. Forecasted Timelines for AV Feature Deployment ..................................................... 49 Figure 14. Example AV Concept Vehicle .................................................................................... 52 Figure 15. Nuro Delivery Vehicle ................................................................................................ 57 Figure 16. Five Common Built Environments .............................................................................. 61 Figure 17. Map of State-Level AV Legislation and Executive Orders as of December 2019 ..... 68 Figure 18. Implementation Process Framework ........................................................................... 83 Figure 19. Applying Framework to Individual Program Goals .................................................... 94 Figure 20. HD Map Assisting and HAV to Gain Contextual Awareness Beyond the Sensors Range .................................................................................................................................... 116 Figure 21. Typical HD Map Layers for AVs .............................................................................. 117
vii REPORT LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Shared Mobility Modes .................................................................................................... 7 Table 2. Use Cases and Built Environment Types ....................................................................... 18 Table 3. MOD versus MaaS.......................................................................................................... 21 Table 4. MOD Policy Areas and Examples .................................................................................. 23 Table 5. Potential Data Sharing Concerns and Strategies............................................................. 32 Table 6. IMI Projects on Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration ............................... 35 Table 7. Utility Strategies to Support Electrifying TNCs ............................................................. 39 Table 8. Local Strategies to Support Electrifying TNCs .............................................................. 40 Table 9. State-Level Policies to Support Electrifying TNCs ........................................................ 40 Table 10. AV Feature by Category ............................................................................................... 50 Table 11. SAV Business Model Examples ................................................................................... 54 Table 12. MOD and SAV Partnerships ......................................................................................... 58 Table 13. Common Built Environment Types and Challenges .................................................... 61 Table 14. Federal AV Regulation, Guidance, and Policy ............................................................. 65 Table 15. Considerations in Rights-of-Way Allocation ............................................................... 70 Table 16. SAVs and the STEPS Framework ................................................................................ 80 Table 17. Example Framework Application ................................................................................. 91 Table 18. MOD and AV Use Cases: Various from Stakeholders ............................................... 111 Table 19. MOD and AV Use Cases: On-Demand Automated Shared Rides ............................. 112 Table 20. MOD and AV Use Cases: Automated First- and Last-Mile Service .......................... 112 Table 21. Select SAV Conventional Pilots in the US ................................................................. 122 Table 22. Select SAV Low-Speed Shuttle Pilots in the US ........................................................ 124 Table 23. Behavioral Shift Data Types ....................................................................................... 127 Table 24. Economics and Labor Data Types .............................................................................. 128 Table 25. Environment and Energy Data .................................................................................... 129 Table 26. Equity and Inclusion ................................................................................................... 130 Table 27. Goods Movement ........................................................................................................ 130 Table 28. Infrastructure and Land Use ....................................................................................... 131 Table 29. Operational Efficiency ................................................................................................ 131 Table 30. Public Perception ........................................................................................................ 132 Table 31. Public Transit Ridership ............................................................................................. 132 Table 32. Technical Accomplishments ....................................................................................... 133 Table 33. Traffic Congestion ...................................................................................................... 133 Table 34. Traveler Safety ............................................................................................................ 134
viii S U M M A R Y Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation Technology is changing the way people move and is reshaping mobility and society. The integration of transportation modes, real-time information, and instant communication and dispatchâpossible with the click of a mouse or the touch of a smartphone appâis redefining mobility. The convergence of on-demand shared travel, vehicle automation, and electric-drive technology, coupled with the commodification of transportation and multimodal integration (digital information and fare-payment integration), could make travel on a variety of modes, more cost-effective, efficient, and convenient. Figure 1 summarizes these converging trends. The goal of NCHRP Project 20-102(11), âMobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessmentâ is to provide public agencies and other transportation stakeholders with tools and potential strategies that can be used to assess programs, plan infrastructure and services, and implement supportive policy levers to address these converging trends and emerging modes. Figure 1. Converging transportation trends. ⢠Shared Mobility, Shared Micromobility, and Last-Mile Delivery: Shared mobility is an innovative transportation strategy enabling users to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an as-needed basis. The ecosystem of shared services continues to grow and includes an array of services such as carsharing, microtransit, app-based for- Shared Mobility, Shared Micromobility, and Last-Mile Delivery Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration The Commodification of TransportationConnected and Automated Vehicles Electrification
ix hire ride services [e.g., sometimes referred to as transportation network companies (TNCs), ridesourcing, or ridehailing], moped-style scooter sharing, shuttles, taxis, urban air mobility, and public transportation. Shared mobility also encompasses shared micromobility, the shared use of a bicycle, scooter, or other low-speed modes (e.g., bikesharing and scooter sharing). Shared mobility is also inclusive of last-mile delivery services including app-based deliveries (commonly referred to as courier network services), robotic delivery, unmanned aerial systems (i.e., drones), and other last-mile delivery innovations. ⢠Commodification of Transportation: Increasingly, consumers are assigning economic values to modes and engaging in multimodal decision-making processes based on a variety of factors including cost, travel time, wait time, number of connections, convenience, and other attributes. Rather than making decisions between modes, mobility consumers can make decisions among modes, in essence, âmodal chainingâ to optimize route, travel time, and cost. Additionally, digital information and fare integration coupled with the commodification of transportation services are contributing to new on-demand access models such as mobility on demand (MOD) and mobility as a service (MaaS). MOD focuses on the commodification of passenger mobility, goods delivery, and transportation systems management, whereas MaaS primarily focuses on passenger mobility aggregation and bundling services. Specifically, MaaS is about integrating existing and innovative mobility services into one single digital platform where customers purchase mobility service packages tailored to their individual needs (ranging from per-trip fares to bundled subscription mobility services). Brokering travel with suppliers, repackaging, and reselling it as a bundled package is a distinguishing characteristic of MaaS. In contrast, MOD leverages passenger mobility and goods delivery services to enhance access while simultaneously leveraging MOD to achieve transportation system operational improvements through transportation network managers balancing supply and demand to match changing conditions across the transportation system. ⢠Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration: With a growing number of mobility innovations, there is demand for data-enabled technologies that aggregate modes, facilitate multimodal trip planning, and integrate payment. A growing number of digital information and fare payment services are increasingly offering seamless information and payment connectivity among different transportation modes. These services can help bridge information gaps, make multimodal travel and public transit more convenient, and enhance decision-making with dynamic and real-time information throughout an entire journey. ⢠Electrification: Electric-drive vehicles and electric devices (e.g., scooters, e-bikes, etc.) that use one or more electric or traction motors for propulsion can reduce greenhouse gases and other emissions, mitigating many of the transportation-related impacts associated with increased urbanization in cities. Lower pollution and maintenance requirements are contributing to increased investment, improved performance (increased range and reduced charge times), and the growing popularity of electric vehicle (EV) technology. ⢠Connected and Automated Vehicles: Connected and automated vehicles (AVs) that are capable of sensing the environment and moving with little or no input have the potential to improve safety and increase vehicle occupancy (with policy levers). Vehicle
x automation also has the potential to create new and exciting opportunities for public transportation such as cost savings, automated pickup/drop-off and charging, and more economical and convenient demand-responsive services. In the coming decades, MOD and vehicle automation will likely result in fundamental changes to cities by altering the built environment, costs, commute patterns, and modal choice. Vehicle automation will likely change the nature of long-standing modal relationships that have existed in transportation for years. A few key considerations and indicators to watch include the following. ⢠The Role of the Built Environment: Communities vary by urban density, transit accessibility, walkability, bikeability, land use, and other local characteristics. AVs must be tailored to the local context where they are deployed. ⢠Use Cases and Business Models: Similarly, there are a variety of business models and use cases for AVs that can include a spectrum of privately owned, shared, and mixed (both privately owned and shared) fleets. Each of these business models could serve a variety of use cases, such as taxi services, first- and last-mile connections, off-peak/late- night, low-density, peak shedding, paratransit, closed campus, and last-mile delivery services. ⢠Possible Impacts and Potential Challenges: Vehicle automation could result in a variety of impacts on the environment, land use, labor, economy, travel behavior, and social equity. A few potential impacts could include increased congestion, decreased vehicle ownership, reduced public transit ridership, job losses, and inequities associated with service for people with disabilities, digitally impoverished households, unbanked travelers, disadvantaged communities, and other vulnerable populations. ⢠Public Policy to Guide the Transition to Automation: Public agencies should consider policies to guide sustainable and equitable AV adoption. Common potential policy focus areas include pricing (to mitigate congestion and environmental impacts), workforce development (to mitigate job losses), and equity policies (to enhance access and reverse historic inequities in transportation). While the impacts of MOD and vehicle automation are far from certain, these trends have the potential to be a transportation âmultimodal multiplierâ and create a network effect for other shared services. The convergence of sharing, vehicle automation, and electrification is poised to cause fundamental changes and disruptions in how people live, work, access goods, and travel every day. Methodology NCHRP 20-102(11) employs a multimethod approach to synthesizing the state of the practice and inventory tools for the public sector. This approach employed five key methods: 1. Literature Review: A literature review was conducted to document existing definitions of MOD, AVs, and related services and technologies; describe key elements of these services including business models, AV infrastructure, policies, and enabling
xi technologies; assess AV technologies and current pilot programs; and summarize the potential impacts of AV services. 2. Expert Interviews: Interviews were conducted with a variety of transportation specialists from organizations in the public, private, academic, and non-profit sectors. 3. Pilot and Use Case Tracking: New pilots and use cases for MOD and AVs were tracked to gain a better understanding of developments and predicted, or actual, impacts. However, since MOD and AVs are quickly evolving concepts, it is possible that some recent literature and case studies were inadvertently omitted. 4. Use Case Development and Review: Several MOD and AV use cases were developed, and they were reviewed in April 2019 by a stakeholder engagement session hosted by the NCHRP. This review was used to inform the sections of the NCHRP 20-102(11) documents. 5. Transportation Research Board Automated Vehicle and Shared Mobility Forum: The authors attended forum webinars and meetings between summer 2018 and winter 2020 and incorporated presentations and expert opinions as part of this project. This project presents the current understanding at the time of this writing (up to March 2020). How to Use These Documents: This research consists of two complementary documents: 1) NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment and 2) NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation. NCHRP Web-Only Document 331 is meant to serve as background information for the tools, strategies, and examples discussed in the toolkit. Table 1 summarizes the contents of each document. Table 1. Report and toolkit contents. NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation ⢠Methodology: Summarizes the research methods used for this project. ⢠Shared Mobility: Discusses the emergence of shared mobility and the included modes. ⢠The Commodification of Transportation: Describes the increasing commodification of transportation that is leading to the emergence of MOD. ⢠Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration: Discusses the integration of digital information and fare payment and how they are supported by developments, such as MaaS. ⢠Electrification: Provides an overview of vehicle electrification and its impact on the development of electric-powered vehicles and devices. ⢠Introduction: Provides an overview of and how to use the toolkit. ⢠Background: Provides information on MOD, MaaS, and vehicle automation. ⢠Stakeholders and Organizational Readiness: Summarizes current and potential roles and responsibilities of public agencies. ⢠Partnerships: Offers resources stakeholders can potentially contribute to partnerships. ⢠The Built Environment: Summarizes the different built environment types in the United States and how MOD and AVs may impact them. ⢠Land Use: Describes various land uses and how MOD and AVs may impact them.
xii ⢠Connected and Automated Vehicles: Offers insight on increasing vehicle automation and connectivity leading to considerations for deployment of, policies for, and potential impacts from AVs. ⢠Impact Assessment Framework: Includes a six-step framework to implement and access MOD and AV pilot programs. ⢠Rights-of-Way and Curbspace Management: Describes potential rights-of-way challenges and strategies for AV deployment. ⢠Multimodal Integration: Provides strategies for physical, information, and fare payment integration. ⢠Electrification: Provides an overview of changes to vehicle designs leading to the development of electric vehicles (including AVs) and the associated challenges. ⢠Labor Impacts: Describes potential labor impacts and possible policy responses due to vehicle automation. ⢠Social Equity: Offers possible impacts of MOD and AVs on social equity and potential strategies to expand access and upward mobility. ⢠Pooling: Summarizes how ridesharing strategies can encourage the use of shared MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. ⢠Pricing: Details potential strategies for pricing road use for MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. ⢠Pilot and Implementation Framework: Provides a framework that stakeholders and researchers can use to implement and evaluate MOD and AV pilots. The purpose of these documents is to provide a variety of stakeholders (both public and private) with the background, resources, information, and tools for the public sector seeking to plan for and implement MOD and SAVs. The following are some suggested uses for these resources. ⢠Access Resources: Review findings from numerous sources highlighting challenges, opportunities, lessons learned, and best practices for MOD and AVs. ⢠Develop Management Strategies: Apply current, or develop new management strategies for MOD and AVs. ⢠Evaluate Services and Understand Impacts: Gain a better understanding of how MOD and AVs may impact labor, disadvantaged communities, people with disabilities, and other vulnerable populations. ⢠Inform Planning Decisions: Review the needs and potential impacts of MOD and AVs to understand how they can be integrated into existing built environments. ⢠Inform Policy Development: Use this primer as a reference to assist with public policy development. ⢠Leverage Innovations: Address social equity challenges through transportation innovations that can expand access to opportunities, such as affordable housing, workforce development, apprenticeships, and skilled jobs. ⢠Prepare Existing Systems: Learn how current systems (e.g., fare payment) may be adapted to include MOD and AVs.
xiii These documents were developed amid the COVID-19 pandemic; as a result, they may not reflect future service changes or other impacts caused by COVID-19. Due to the lessons learned and impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, future MOD and AV deployments may need to be adapted to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, such as social distancing and enhanced cleaning procedures. MOD and AVs may adapt to these needs through efforts, such as implementing germ-decreasing barriers in vehicle designs, increasing goods delivery capabilities, and equipping vehicles and services with greater cleaning and sanitation capabilities (e.g., having sanitizing wipes on board). Many of the MOD and AV strategies discussed in the documents can still be used to inform the transportation industry as it recovers from the pandemic. Common Terms The documents developed from NCHRP 20-102(11) include several technical and industry terms related to shared mobility, MOD, and AVs. To assist readers, this section defines commonly used terms in this document. However, it is important to remember that terminology may change over time. For example, transportation network companies (TNCs) were previously referred to as âridesharing,â but âTNCâ is now the more commonly used and widely accepted definition of the services offered. Similarly, AVs are currently used to describe vehicles operating without a human driver, but there is a growing shift toward referring to these systems as automated driving systems (ADS) and/or cooperative transportation systems. This document uses the most current terminology, but nomenclature may evolve over time. These terms are organized by concept and are defined as follows, as well as summarized in Table 2: Automated Vehicles ⢠Automated Driving Systems (ADS): Combination of internal and external systems that allows vehicles, rather than human operators, to perform some driving functions. ⢠Automated Vehicles: Vehicles that can operate without a human driver and be summoned on-demand. These vehicles may be automated from Level 0 to Level 5. o Level 0 Automation: Vehicles are not automated, and drivers perform all of the tasks. o Level 1 Automation: Vehicles that automate only one primary control function (e.g., self-parking or adaptive cruise control). o Level 2 Automation: Vehicles with automated systems that have full control of specific vehicle functions such as accelerating, braking, and steering, but drivers must still monitor driving and be prepared to immediately resume control at any time. o Level 3 Automation: Vehicles that allow drivers to engage in non-driving tasks for a limited time. Vehicles will handle situations requiring an immediate response; however, drivers must still be prepared to intervene within a limited amount of time when prompted to do so. o Level 4 Automation: A human operator does not need to control vehicles as long as the vehicles are operating in the specific conditions for which they were intended to function. o Level 5 Automation: Vehicles are capable of driving in all environments without human control.
xiv ⢠Automated Delivery Vehicles (ADVs): Medium-range, automated (at least Level 4 automation) vehicles that deliver food or packages to businesses and consumers and can operate on roadways and/or sidewalks. ⢠Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs): Automated vehicles that are shared among multiple users and can be summoned on-demand or can operate a fixed-route service like public transportation. Integrated Mobility Concepts ⢠Mobility as a Service (MaaS): A mobility marketplace in which a traveler can access their transportation services over a single digital interface. MaaS primarily focuses on passenger mobility (and in some cases goods delivery), allowing travelers to seamlessly plan, book, and pay for travel on a pay-as-you-go and/or subscription basis. ⢠Mobility on Demand (MOD): A concept based on the principle that transportation is a commodity where modes have distinguishable economic values. MOD enables customers to access mobility, goods, and services on demand. Last-Mile Delivery ⢠Courier Network Services (CNS, also known as app-based delivery services and/or on-demand delivery): These services offer for-hire delivery of food, packages, and other items. Deliveries are facilitated through internet-based applications or platforms (e.g., website, smartphone app) to connect delivery drivers using a personal transportation mode. These services can be used to pair package delivery with existing passenger trips, be exclusively for for-hire delivery services, or be mixed (for-hire drivers deliver both passengers and packages). ⢠Delivery Robots: Short-range, unmanned, ground-based devices that deliver food or packages. These are typically smaller than ADVs and operate on areas, such as sidewalks. Shared Micromobility ⢠Shared Micromobility: The shared use of a bicycle, scooter, or other low-speed modes that enable users to have short-term access on an as-needed basis. Shared micromobility includes various service models and transportation modes, such as bikesharing and scooter sharing. These service models can include: o Station-Based: A fleet of vehicles or devices that can only be picked up and dropped off at designated physical or digital stations within the operatorâs service area. o Dockless: A fleet of vehicles or devices that can be picked up and dropped off anywhere in the operator's approved service area. Dockless models can include business-to-consumer or peer-to-peer systems enabled through third-party hardware and applications. o Hybrid: An operational model that blends characteristics of station-based and free-floating that allows a fleet of devices to be picked up and dropped off at either designated stations or anywhere in approved service areas.
xv ⢠Bikesharing: A service that provides travelers on-demand, short-term access to a fleet of shared bicycles, typically for a fee. Bikesharing service providers typically own, maintain, and provide charging (if applicable) for the bicycle fleet. ⢠Scooter Sharing: A service that provides travelers on-demand, short-term access to a fleet of shared scooters for a fee. Providers typically provide fuel/charging (if applicable) and maintenance. Service providers may also provide insurance. Scooter service providers typically own, maintain, and provide charging (if applicable) for the scooter fleet. Generally, participants pay a fee each time they use a scooter, and trips can be roundtrip or one-way. Scooter sharing includes two types of services: o Standing Electric Scooter Sharing: Uses shared scooters with a standing design with a handlebar, deck, and wheels that are propelled by an electric motor o Moped-style Scooter Sharing: Uses shared scooters with a seated-design, electric or gas-powered, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than motorcycles designed to travel on public roads. Shared Mobility ⢠Shared Mobility: The shared use of a travel mode that provides travelers with access to a transportation mode on an as-needed basis. Shared mobility encompasses carsharing, microtransit, TNCs, shared micromobility (bikesharing and scooter sharing), shared automated vehicles (SAVs), shuttles, taxis, urban air mobility, and public transportation. Shared mobility also includes last-mile delivery services, such as app-based deliveries (CNS), robotic delivery, drones, and other last-mile delivery innovations. Shared mobility encompasses a variety of modes including: o Carsharing: A service that provides travelers on-demand, short-term access to a fleet of shared motor vehicles typically through membership, and travelers pay a fee for use. Carsharing service providers typically own and maintain the fleet and provide insurance, gasoline/charging, and parking. Generally, participants pay a fee each time they use a vehicle. o Microtransit: A privately or publicly operated transit service that typically uses multipassenger/pooled shuttles or vans to provide on-demand or fixed-schedule services with either dynamic or fixed routing. o Personal Vehicle Sharing: A service that provides travelers with on-demand, short-term access to a fleet of privately owned motor vehicles, and the traveler pays a fee for use. Vehicle hosts and drivers broker transactions using an online- enabled application or platform (e.g., smartphone apps) provided by a personal vehicle sharing company. The personal vehicle sharing company may provide resources and services to make the exchange possible (e.g., an online platform to facilitate the transaction, customer support, etc.). Personal vehicle sharing companies do not own or maintain a fleet of vehicles. o Ridesharing (also known as carpooling and vanpooling): The formal or informal sharing of rides between drivers and passengers with similar origin- destination pairings using vehicles of two to six passengers. Vanpooling, specifically, consists of seven to 15 passengers who share the cost of a van and operating expenses and may share driving responsibility.
xvi o Shuttles: A service that uses vans or buses that connect travelers from a common origin or destination to public transit, retail, hospitality, or employment centers. Human-driven shuttles are typically operated by professional drivers and many provide complimentary services to travelers. o Taxi Services: Taxis provide travelers with prearranged and on-demand access to transportation services for compensation; travelers pay a fee each time for usage. Travelers can typically access these rides by scheduling trips in advance (through a phone dispatch, website, etc.), by street hail (i.e., by raising a hand on the street, at a taxi stand, or at a specified loading zone), or by e-hail (e.g., smartphone app). o Transportation Network Companies (also referred to as TNCs, ridesourcing, and ridehailing): A service that provides prearranged and on-demand rides for compensation using an online-enabled application or platform (such as smartphone apps) to connect travelers with drivers using their personal, rented, or leased vehicles. Digital applications are typically used for booking, electronic payment, and ratings. Table 2. Common acronyms. Acronym Term ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ADS Automated driving system ADV Automated delivery vehicle AV Automated vehicle CFR Code of Federal Regulations CNS Courier network services CoP Communities of practice DMV Department of Motor Vehicles DOT Department of Transportation EV Electric vehicle HAV Highly automated vehicle HOV High-occupancy vehicle MaaS Mobility as a service MPO Metropolitan planning organization MOD Mobility on demand MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways ODD Operational design domain PMT Passenger miles traveled SAV Shared automated vehicle SECA Shared, electric, connected, automated SOV Single occupancy vehicle STEPS Spatial, temporal, economic, physiological, social TDM Transportation demand management TNC Transportation network company U.S. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation VMT Vehicle miles traveled ZOV Zero-occupancy vehicle
