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Suggested Citation:"INTRODUCTION." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26820.
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Page 1
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Suggested Citation:"INTRODUCTION." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26820.
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Page 2
Page 3
Suggested Citation:"INTRODUCTION." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26820.
×
Page 3
Page 4
Suggested Citation:"INTRODUCTION." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26820.
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1 INTRODUCTION Innovative and emerging mobility services offer travelers more options to increase mobility and access goods and services. In addition, various technological developments have the potential to alter the automotive industry and traveler experience, as well as mobility and goods access. The confluence of these trends is contributing to changes in how consumers access mobility and goods. Moreover, as these trends converge, they will influence one another and have inter- dependencies. For example, integrating digital information and fare payment is dependent upon the commodification of transportation, which supports the variety of options of shared mobility modes. Figure 1 summarizes the evolution of these trends. Figure 1. Evolution of Mobility Innovations One result of these converging trends is the growth of mobility on demand (MOD). MOD encompasses a variety of on-demand transportation modes (e.g., microtransit, ridesharing) that can provide consumers with greater access to goods and mobility. MOD is enabled by the increasing commodification of transportation in addition to economic, environmental, and social •Shared Mobility, Shared Micromobility, and Last-Mile Delivery •Shared mobility is an innovative transportation strategy enabling users to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an "as-needed" basis. •Commodification of Transportation •Increasingly, consumers are assigning economic values to modes and engaging in multimodal decision-making processes based on a variety of factors. •Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration •With a growing number of mobility innovations, there is demand for data-enabled technologies that aggregate modes, facilitate multimodal trip planning, and integrate payment. •Electrification • Innovations in design and manufacturing allow for the electrification of vehicles and devices (e.g., electric scooters, e- bikes). Automated Vehicles (AVs) AVs that are capable of sensing the environment and moving with little or no input have the potential to improve safety and increase vehicle occupancy (with supportive policy levers).

2 REPORT drivers. Increasing vehicle automation is leading to the development of additional MOD modes, such as automated vehicles (AVs) and automated goods delivery. AVs are vehicles with some level of automation in their sensory, processing, navigation, and/or communication systems. The level of automation may vary from a single automated function to a vehicle that can operate without a human driver in any environment. AVs that are shared among owners or passengers are referred to as shared automated vehicles (SAVs). Presently, AV development is targeting Level 4 automation, where vehicles do not require a human operator to control the vehicle in the specific conditions the vehicle is intended to function in. SAE International, a global standards organization, defined these levels of automation and further information on these levels can be found in Section 6. In addition to automation levels, AVs may be designed and developed to serve certain uses, such as goods delivery. AVs that are designed for the main purpose of goods delivery are referred to as automated delivery vehicles (ADVs). MOD AND AVS When well-integrated into existing transportation networks, innovations including MOD, AVs, and ADVs can potentially offer benefits including: • Decreased congestion and commute times, • Fewer environmental impacts than traditional transportation modes, • Greater variety of transportation options, • Improved transportation services for vulnerable populations (e.g., older adults, low- income households), • Increased individual mobility, • Lower vehicle ownership costs, and • More access to resources (e.g., medical care, employment opportunities). However, if not properly planned for and integrated, MOD, AVs, and ADVs could result in challenges, such as: • Data sharing and privacy concerns, • Exclusion of select demographics (e.g., rural communities, low-income households), • Greater greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, • Increased vehicle miles traveled (VMT), • Increased use of the energy grid for electric AV charging, • Less efficient infrastructure use, • Loss of jobs and reduction of employment opportunities, • Rider safety concerns, and • Worsened congestion. As trends converge and increasingly support MOD and AVs, these modes may require considerations in different impact areas including: • Built Environment: MOD and AVs may alter the built environment by supporting increased density in city centers. Alternatively, MOD and AVs may encourage people to move to suburban environments.

3 REPORT • Increased Mobility: Both MOD and AVs may provide travelers with more transportation options, allowing them to increase their individual mobility. However, MOD and AVs may contribute to congestion and only serve select demographic groups, resulting in decreased mobility. • Infrastructure: MOD and AVs may impact infrastructure in a variety of ways. ­ Infrastructure Changes: These transportation modes may require changes to existing infrastructure, such as increasing loading zone sizes for MOD and/or AVs. ­ Infrastructure Impacts: MOD and AVs may impact existing infrastructure. Potential impacts include increased congestion and curbspace competition. ­ Infrastructure Needs: The widespread deployment of MOD and AVs may necessitate the development of supportive infrastructure elements, such as charging stations for electric modes. • On-Demand Rides: MOD and AVs could offer users a greater variety of on-demand transportation options. • Public Transit Impacts: MOD and AVs may impact public transit ridership by supplementing existing services. Alternatively, MOD and AVs may compete with public transit ridership. • Shared Rides: MOD modes and AVs may be shared concurrently,1 sequentially,2 or used for single- or low-occupancy trips. The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the developments, technologies, and policies that enable MOD and AV operations. In addition, the research seeks to gain an understanding of the support systems that can help with the deployment and integration of these innovations into the transportation network. These support systems include business models, use cases, partnerships, the built environment, and policies and regulations. This research also includes information on the areas MOD and AVs may impact, such travel behavior, the environment, user demographics, economy and labor, and social equity. This report explores the development and deployment of these innovations and is organized into six major sections that follow emerging trends in the transportation industry: • Section 1: Methodology: Research methods used for this paper; • Section 2: Shared Mobility: Emergence of shared mobility and included modes; • Section 3: The Commodification of Transportation: Increasing commodification of transportation leading to the emergence of MOD; • Section 4: Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration: Integration of digital information and fare payment, supported by developments such as Mobility as a Service; • Section 5: Electrification: Vehicle electrification leading to the development of electric- powered vehicles and devices; • Section 6: Connected and Automated Vehicles: Increasing vehicle automation and connectivity leading to considerations for deployment of, policies for, and potential impacts from AVs; and 1 Concurrent vehicle sharing refers to sharing of the same transportation vehicle or equipment by multiple non- household users for the same trip. 2 Sequential vehicle sharing refers to different users sharing the same transportation vehicle or equipment, one after the other.

4 REPORT • Section 7: Impact Assessment Framework: Six-step framework to implement and assess MOD and AV pilot programs. This report was developed before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. As a result, some of the material may not reflect programmatic changes (e.g., shifts in use cases, pilot delays) or service alterations that may have been caused by COVID-19.

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Innovative and emerging mobility services offer travelers more options to increase mobility and access goods and services. In addition, various technological developments have the potential to alter the automotive industry and traveler experience, as well as mobility and goods access.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment provides resources that identify key stakeholders and partnerships, offers emerging lessons learned, and provides sample regulations that can be used to help plan for and integrate emerging modes.

The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation.

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