Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation (2022)

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2022 N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1009 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit POLICIES AND PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION Susan Shaheen Adam Cohen Jacquelyn Broader University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Sarah Hoban Ashley Auer Gustave Cordahi Shawn Kimmel Booz Allen Hamilton Washington, DC Subscriber Categories Pedestrians and Bicyclists • Planning and Forecasting • Vehicles and Equipment Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

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e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP RESEARCH REPORT 1009 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Sid Mohan, Associate Program Manager, Implementation and Technology Transfer, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Leslie C. Harwood, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(11) PANEL Field of Special Projects Carrie O. Butler, Transit Authority of River City (TARC), Lexington, KY (Cochair) Stephanie P. Dock, District Department of Transportation, Washington, DC (Cochair) Majed N. Al-Ghandour, North Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh, NC Marlene Connor, Marlene Connor Associates, Holyoke, MA John Easterling, Florida Department of Transportation, Fort Lauderdale, FL Barry Einsig, CAVita LLC, Elizabethtown, PA Daniel J. Fagnant, General Motors Company, Austin, TX Ranjit Godavarthy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND Abul Hassan, Keolis Transit America, Reno, NV Koorosh Olyai, Dallas, TX Jean M. Ruestman, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI Alana M. Spendlove, Utah Department of Transportation, Salt Lake City, UT Allen Greenberg, FHWA Liaison Steven Mortensen, FTA Liaison Patricia S. Hu, OST-R/Bureau of Transportation Statistics Liaison Annie Chang, Lime Liaison Richard A. Cunard, TRB Liaison

NCHRP Research Report 1009: Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation establishes a framework that provides public agencies and other transportation stakeholders with tools and potential strategies that can be used to assess programs; plan infrastructure and services; and implement policies to address con- verging trends in mobility on demand (MOD), automated vehicles (AVs), and emerging modes of transportation. This report should be of immediate use to a variety of public and private stakeholders who are seeking to plan for and implement MOD services and shared automated vehicles (SAVs). Various MOD services, including microtransit and ride-sharing, that provide consum- ers with greater access to goods and mobility have been developed and usage has spread in recent years. Trends in MOD, shared mobility, integration, and electrification are also increasing the use of AVs and pilot deployments of SAVs, which can be summoned on- demand or can operate as a fixed-route service like public transportation. MOD services as well as AVs and SAVs are continually evolving and market penetration rates are inconsistent among regions of the United States. Many state agencies lack the expertise, resources, and tools to evaluate the impacts of MOD services and SAVs and to compare various approaches to implementation. Under NCHRP Project 20-102(11), “Mobility-on-Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment,” the Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) at the University of California, Berkeley, was asked to establish a framework to assess the effects of MOD services and AVs on transportation supply and demand and the broader economic and societal ecosystem. The research team conducted interviews with experts and developed use cases. These use cases were reviewed during a stakeholder engagement session, and the results were used to develop an impact assess- ment framework and toolkit to assess, plan, and implement MOD services and SAVs. In addition to NCHRP Research Report 1009, several deliverables are available on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) and can be found by searching for NCHRP Research Report 1009. These are as follows: • NCHRP Web-Only Document 331: Mobility on Demand and Automated Driving Systems: A Framework for Public-Sector Assessment presents background information for the tools, strategies, and examples discussed in the toolkit; • Appendix A provides sample policy agreements; and • A PowerPoint presentation highlights key takeaways from the research. F O R E W O R D By Leslie C. Harwood Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

C O N T E N T S 1 Introduction 2 How to Use This Document 4 Toolkit Overview 6 Background 6 Mobility on Demand 6 Mobility as a Service 7 Vehicle Automation 17 Chapter 1 Stakeholders and Organizational Readiness 17 Tools for Stakeholders and Organizational Readiness 19 Changing Roles of Stakeholders 22 Organizational Readiness 23 Key Takeaways 24 Chapter 2 Partnerships 24 Tools for Partnerships 25 Key Takeaways 26 Chapter 3 The Built Environment 26 Tools for the Built Environment 26 The Role of the Built Environment 29 Key Takeaways 30 Chapter 4 Land Use 30 Tools for Land Use 34 Key Takeaways 35 Chapter 5 Rights-of-Way and Curbspace Management 35 Tools for Rights-of-Way and Curbspace Management 36 Rights-of-Way Management 42 Key Takeaways 43 Chapter 6 Multimodal Integration 43 Tools for Multimodal Integration 43 Physical Integration 47 Information Integration 49 Fare Payment Integration 51 Key Takeaways 52 Chapter 7 Electrification 52 Tools for Electrification 53 Electrification Challenges

53 Electrification Stakeholders 55 Key Takeaways 56 Chapter 8 Labor Impacts 56 Tools to Address Labor Impacts 56 Labor Stakeholders 58 Potential Labor Challenges and Strategies 59 Key Takeaways 60 Chapter 9 Social Equity 60 Tools to Support MOD and AV Equity 60 Opportunities and Challenges 60 The STEPS Framework 64 Regulation Supporting Social Equity 65 Key Takeaways 66 Chapter 10 Pooling 66 Tools to Support Pooling 66 Potential Benefits of Pooling 68 Potential Barriers to Pooling 68 Strategies to Support Pooling 71 Key Takeaways 72 Chapter 11 Pricing 72 Tools for Pricing 72 Pricing Strategies 76 MOD and AV Pricing Strategies 76 Key Takeaways 77 Chapter 12 Pilot and Implementation Framework 77 Tools for the Pilot and Implementation Framework 77 MOD and AV Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation Framework 87 Key Takeaways 88 Chapter 13 Conclusion 88 The Built Environment and Public Rights-of-Way 89 Multimodal Integration 89 Labor and Social Equity Impacts 89 Strategies for Advancing the Public Good 90 Pilot Projects and Evaluations 91 Appendix A Sample Policy Agreements 92 Appendix B Sample Policies 95 References Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at nap.nationalacademies.org) retains the color versions.