Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation (2022)

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1   Technology is changing the way people move and reshaping mobility and society. Economic, environmental, and social forces are also having a discernible impact. The rising costs of vehicle ownership and roadway expansion, increasing congestion and commute/trip times, and the crit­ ical need to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are creating pressures to transform the status quo into more cost­effective and environmentally sustainable mobility alternatives. Continuous innovative mobility trends—including the emergence of shared mobility, the commodification of transportation, digital information and fare payment integration, electrification, and vehicle automation and connectivity—are also reshaping mobility. Figure 1 illustrates these trends. While the future impacts of these trends are unknown, strategies are needed to understand the potential impacts of mobility on demand (MOD) and vehicle automation in order to plan for mobility innovation, prepare communities and public agencies, and understand and mitigate potential adverse impacts. • Shared Mobility, Shared Micromobility, and Last-Mile Delivery: Shared mobility is an inno­ vative transportation strategy enabling users to gain short­term access to transportation modes on an as­needed basis. The ecosystem of shared services continues to grow and includes an array of services (e.g., microtransit, shuttles). Shared mobility is also inclusive of last­mile delivery services, such as app­based deliveries [commonly referred to as courier network services (CNSs)], robotic delivery, and automated delivery vehicles (ADVs). • Commodification of Transportation: Consumers are increasingly assigning economic values to modes and engaging in multimodal decision­making processes based on a variety of factors including cost, travel time, wait time, number of connections, convenience, and other attri­ butes. MOD focuses on the commodification of passenger mobility, goods delivery, and trans­ portation systems management. • Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration: A growing number of digital information and fare payment services are increasingly offering seamless information and payment con­ nectivity among different transportation modes (e.g., public transit and ridesharing ser­ vices). These services can help bridge information gaps, make multimodal travel and public transportation more convenient, and enhance decision­making with dynamic and real­time information throughout an entire journey. • Electrification: Electric vehicles (EVs) and electric devices (e.g., scooters, e­bikes, etc.) that use one or more electric or traction motors for propulsion can reduce GHGs and other emissions, mitigating many of the transportation­related impacts associated with increased urbanization in cities. Lower pollution and maintenance requirements are contributing to increased investment, improved performance (increased range and reduced charge times), and the growing popularity of EV technology. • Connected and Automated Vehicles: Connected and automated vehicles (AVs) are capable of sensing their surrounding environment and moving with little or no human input. Vehicle Introduction

2 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation automation has the potential to create new and exciting opportunities for public transporta- tion, such as cost savings; automated pickup, drop-o, and charging; and more economical and convenient demand-responsive services. ese trends are contributing to the development of new transportation services and delivery models, such as MOD, AVs, shared automated vehicles (SAVs), and ADVs. is toolkit pro- vides resources for planning for and integrating emerging technologies and supporting equi- table access to and use of transportation systems and modes while considering impacts from transportation innovations and other related topics. How to Use This Document e goal of this toolkit is to provide resources that identify key stakeholders and partner- ships, oer emerging lessons learned, and provide sample regulations that can be used to help plan for and integrate emerging modes. Due to the variety of stakeholders that inuence and are impacted by MOD and AVs, this toolkit provides information and potential strategies and tools for the public sector, private sector, community organizations, and other stakeholders. e following are some suggestions for how dierent readers can use this toolkit: • Federal Agencies: Use the toolkit as a resource to guide the planning and implementation of MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. • State Agencies: Use the practices and strategies presented in this document to inform state- wide transportation plans and future planning processes. • Regional Agencies: Understand the potential benets and ways MOD and AVs can be included in regional planning, development, and capital projects. • Local Agencies: Learn about current MOD and AV practices for community implementation, strategies to address potential concerns, and opportunities for public-private partnerships. • Elected Ocials and Policymakers: Reference this document to aid public policy development. • Private-Sector Organizations: Use this document to aid demonstration and deployment strategies. • Non-Governmental Organizations: Access information about current practices and emerging lessons learned for the planning and implementation of MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. • Academia and Researchers: Use this document to gain an understanding of the current state of MOD and AV deployments and identify potential areas of research. is document is a compilation of strategies organized by categories. Each category can act as a stand-alone section. e strategies included in this toolkit are listed at the beginning of every Shared Mobility, Shared Micromobility, and Last-Mile Delivery Digital Information and Fare Payment Integration The Commodification of TransportationConnected and Automated Vehicles Electrification Figure 1. Trends that are reshaping mobility.

Introduction 3   chapter to allow readers to easily navigate to the tools and sections they are interested in. e strategies stakeholders choose to implement will depend on their respective goals. Stakeholders will likely need to select the strategies that are most suited for goals that are within their capacity to enact. Policy agreements may help support these strategies. Appendix A provides samples of various pertinent policy agreements. Additionally, icons have been placed throughout the toolkit to help users easily and quickly determine each section’s utility. Table 1 describes these icons and their meanings. Due to the recent developments in vehicle automation, this toolkit is oriented more toward AVs. For addi- tional information on MOD, please see the U.S. DOT’s Mobility on Demand Planning and Imple- mentation: Current Practices, Innovations, and Emerging Mobility Futures (Shaheen et al. 2020). is document was created before the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the United States in early 2020. COVID-19 and its subsequent protocols, including shelter-in-place orders and social distancing guidelines, resulted in a variety of impacts on the transportation network. ese impacts include • Overall decrease in vehicle miles traveled; • Reduced demand for public transit—specically for more expensive commute modes such as heavy rail; • Increased demand for personally owned vehicles (e.g., used cars); • Increased demand for e-commerce; • Increased use of active transportation modes such as micromobility; • Repurposing curbspace for new uses, such as pickup, delivery zones, and outdoor dining and retail; • Changes to public transit service hours, routes, and coverage in response to reductions in demand; • Enhanced health and screening measures, such as requiring all sta and riders to wear per- sonal protective equipment and conducting temperature checks; • Implementing new cleaning protocols; • Limiting vehicle capacity to encourage social distancing; • Removing shared rides options from transportation network companies (TNCs) and other mobility operators; • Adding physical barriers to separate drivers and passengers; • Changing vehicle access/egress procedures to reduce exposure; Title Icon Description Accessibility and Social Equity Potential considerations and strategies to assist with social equity and accessibility. Planning and Built Environment Information that can be used to inform planning decisions, such as incorporating AVs into planning processes and how vehicle automation could impact land use and the built environment. Policy Example policies and potential regulation, legislation, and/or other guidelines. Service and Technology Descriptions of emerging services and technology changes. Table 1. Icons for users.

4 Shared Automated Vehicle Toolkit: Policies and Planning Considerations for Implementation • Temporary free or reduced public transit fares; • Reductions in farebox revenue; and • Economic recession that can impact affordability and frequency of use of a variety of mobility services. Health considerations and lessons learned from COVID­19 will likely continue to impact the transportation industry. As the industry continues to develop and evolve, the impacts of COVID­19 may need to be considered. While this toolkit does not specifically focus on COVID­19 impacts, the strategies and examples provided can be adapted during and post­pandemic. In addition to health considerations from COVID­19, increasing awareness of social justice issues highlights the need to address a variety of equity issues. As the transportation sector continues to evolve, it is important to consider how existing and innovative services impact social equity and inclusion. These considerations are particularly important as the transporta­ tion industry continues to develop services that employ artificial intelligence and algorithm­ based decision­making. Seeking Additional Information on Policy Responses to COVID-19 COVID Mobility Works is an independent platform dedicated to collecting, synthesizing, and sharing mobility initiatives introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID Mobility Works platform provides a database of international initiatives and examples as well as more detailed case studies on transportation responses to COVID-19. COVID Mobility Works partners include New Urban Mobility (NUMO) Alliance; Polis; TNO; the University of California Berkeley’s Transportation Sustainability Research Center; Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative; the Urbanism Next Center at the University of Oregon; and the World Economic Forum’s Global New Mobility Coalition. For more information visit: https://www.covidmobilityworks.org/. Toolkit Overview This toolkit provides an overview of current practices and potential considerations to plan and implement MOD, privately owned AVs, SAVs, and ADVs. The toolkit is organized based on the development, deployment, and potential impacts of MOD and AVs. The toolkit’s chapters are organized to act as stand­alone documents. The chapters collectively address four topic areas: Implementation Stakeholders, Organizational Readiness, Partnerships, and Use Cases • Chapter 1: Stakeholders and Organizational Readiness: This chapter summarizes the current roles and responsibilities of public agencies and potential responsibilities that could evolve with vehicle automation. In addition, it describes partnerships and use cases for AVs. • Chapter 2: Partnerships: This chapter describes the resources different stakeholders can potentially offer in partnerships. Integration • Chapter 3: The Built Environment: This chapter summarizes the commonly built environ­ ment types in the United States and how MOD and AVs may impact them.

Introduction 5   • Chapter 4: Land Use: This chapter provides an overview of current land­use practices and how they may be adapted to or be impacted by MOD and AVs. • Chapter 5: Rights-of-Way and Curbspace Management: This chapter discusses potential rights­of­way challenges that could result from AV deployment and possible strategies to mitigate or overcome these challenges. • Chapter 6: Multimodal Integration: This chapter discusses practices for physical, infor­ mation, and fare payment integration with MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. Policy Oversight • Chapter 7: Electrification: This chapter provides an overview of changes to vehicle designs leading to the development of EVs and AVs that are increasingly designed to be electric. However, electric AVs may require stakeholders to engage in a variety of strategies for their widespread deployment. • Chapter 8: Labor Impacts: This chapter describes potential labor impacts and possible policy responses to the potential labor disruptions that could result from vehicle automation. • Chapter 9: Social Equity: This chapter offers the potential impacts of MOD and AVs on transportation equity, social justice, and potential strategies to increase it. • Chapter 10: Pooling: This chapter summarizes how ridesharing strategies may be used to encourage the use of shared MOD and SAVs. • Chapter 11: Pricing: This chapter details potential strategies for pricing road use, curbspace, and parking for MOD, privately owned AVs, and SAVs. Pilot Implementation and Evaluation • Chapter 12: Pilot and Implementation Framework: This chapter provides a framework that can be used to implement and evaluate MOD and AV pilots, including the role of data sharing, privacy, and management.