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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS is study was performed under the overall guidance of the NCHRP Project Committee SP 20-06. e Committee is chaired by MICHAEL E. TARDIF, Friemund, Jackson and Tardif, LLC. Members are JAMES R. âJIMâ BAILEY, Texas DOT; CARMEN D. TUCKER BAKARICH, Kansas DOT; RICHARD A. CHRISTOPHER, HDR Engineering; JOANN GEORGALLIS, California Department of Transportation; MARCELLE SATTIEWHITE JONES, Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.; RODNEY M. LOVE, Mississippi DOT; SID SCOTT, III, HKA-Global; FRANCINE T. STEELMAN, Florida Department of Transportation. MICHELLE S. ANDOTRA provided liaison with the Federal Highway Administration, ROBERT J. SHEA provided liaison with TRBâs Technical Activities Division, and GWEN CHISHOLM SMITH represents the NCHRP sta. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most eective way to solve many problems facing state depart- ments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Oen, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. ese prob- lems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ocials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientic techniquesâthe National Coopera- tive Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003.