Endnotes

1. Hughes-Cromwick, M., and M. Dickens. 2020. 2020 Public Transportation Fact Book. APTA, Washington, DC.

2. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Table 1.2: Employment by Detailed Occupation, 2021 and Projected 2031, September 8, 2022.

3. Herzog, C., J. Cleary, and Q. Shen. 2012. Public Transportation Occupational Guidebook. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.

4. See Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

5. See, for example, Gillespie, R. M., X. Wang, and T. Brown. 2014. TCRP Report 169: Developing Best-Practice Guidelines for Improving Bus Operator Health and Retention. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC; Anderson, L., C. B. Cronin, D. Fine-Helfman, M. Pohl, B. Cronin, R. Lazaro, V. Lazaro, and A. Singleton. 2010. TCRP Report 139: Guidebook for Recruiting, Developing, and Retaining Transit Managers for Fixed-Route Bus and Paratransit Systems. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC; Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

6. Herzog, C., J. Cleary, and Q. Shen. 2012. Public Transportation Occupational Guidebook. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.

7. FTA. “Transit Formula Grants: FTA FY 2019 Budget Estimates.” p. 8.

8. National Transit Database. 2019 Service. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/ntd-data

9. Herzog, C., J. Cleary, and Q. Shen. 2012. Public Transportation Occupational Guidebook. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ.

10. National Transit Database. 2020 Service. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/ntd-data

11. DeAnnuntis, C. P., and W. Morris. 2008. “Transit Extraboard Management: Optimum Sizing and Strategies.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2072, pp. 110–124.

12. Hirsch, L., P. Hoberman, and R. Kauder. 2017. Major Workforce Challenges Confronting New York City Transit. City University of New York.

13. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

14. Figueroa, V. “New Technologies and Their Impact on the Transport Workforce.” Intelligent Transport, 15 October 2020.

15. FTA. “Transit Bus Automation Quarterly Update” (Q2 2022 Update). 4 August 2022. https://www.transit.dot.gov/research-innovation/transit-automation-research-resources

16. APTA. “Public Transit Increases Exposure to Automated Vehicle Technology.” February 2019. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Policy-Brief_AVFinal.pdf; Coyner, K., S. Blackmer, J. Good, p. Lewis, and A. Grossman. 2021. TCRP Research Report 220: Low-Speed Automated Vehicles (LSAVs) in Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

17. Coyner, K., S. Blackmer, J. Good, P. Lewis, and A. Grossman. TCRP Research Report 220: Low-Speed Automated Vehicles (LSAVs) in Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

18. Brakewood, C., A. Ziedan, S. J. Hendricks, S. J. Barbeau, and A. Joslin. 2020. “An Evaluation of the Benefits of Mobile Fare Payment Technology from the User and Operator Perspectives.” Transport Policy, 93, pp. 54–66.

19. Harlow, T. “Complaints Rise About Metro Transit Bus Drivers.” StarTribune, December 2, 2013.

20. Hedgpeth, D. “Metrobus Drivers Get Customer Service Training.” The Washington Post, February 18, 2013.

21. Graehler, M. Jr., R. A. Mucci, and G. D. Erhardt. 2019. “Understanding the Recent Transit Ridership Decline in Major U.S. Cities: Service Cuts or Emerging Modes?” Presented at the 98th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

22. Campbell, K., and C. Brakewood. 2017. “Sharing Riders: How Bikesharing Impacts Bus Ridership in New York City,” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 100, pp. 264–282.

23. APTA. “Operating a Bus Rapid Transit System.” October 2010.

24. APTA. “Operating a Bus Rapid Transit System.” October 2010.

25. APTA. “Operating a Bus Rapid Transit System.” October 2010.

26. Koffman, D. 2004. TCRP Synthesis 53: Operational Experiences with Flexible Transit Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

27. Koffman, D. 2004. TCRP Synthesis 53: Operational Experiences with Flexible Transit Services. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

28. Bellon, T. “Some U.S. City Transit Agencies Turn to Uber as Ridership Drops During Coronavirus Crisis.” Reuters, May 06, 2020.

29. Bellon, T. “Uber Bus Just Around the Corner on Post-Pandemic Public Transit Map.” Reuters, June 30, 2020.

30. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Table 1.2: Employment by Detailed Occupation, 2019 and Projected 2029, September 1, 2020.

31. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

32. Goldbaum, C., and W. Wright. “‘Existential Peril’: Mass Transit Faces Huge Service Cuts Across U.S.” New York Times, December 06, 2020.

33. APTA. “Public Transportation Ridership Report: Second Quarter 2021,” September 20, 2021.

34. Minor, N. “More Passengers Are Riding Buses and Trains, but RTD Doesn’t Have the Drivers to Restore Service to Pre-COVID Levels.” CPR News, September 15, 2021.

35. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, Passenger Vehicle Drivers, at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/passenger-vehicle-drivers.htm#tab-5. Note: there can be wide discrepancies in salaries between regions as well as in benefits, which can be a substantial portion of overall compensation.

36. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. May 2021 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm

37. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Table 11: Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm

38. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm

39. Hirsch, L., P. Hoberman, and R. Kauder. 2017. Major Workforce Challenges Confronting New York City Transit. City University of New York.

40. Hirsch, L., P. Hoberman, and R. Kauder. 2017. Major Workforce Challenges Confronting New York City Transit. City University of New York.

41. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

42. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC; Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

43. Davis, M. J. 2004. TCRP Synthesis 52: Transit Operator Health and Wellness Programs. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

44. Gertler, J., S. Popkin, D. Nelson, and K. O’Neil. 2002. TCRP Report 81: Toolbox for Transit Operator Fatigue. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

45. Lazo, L., and J. George. “Public Transit Is a Lifeline for Low-Income Residents. They Will Bear the Brunt of Service Cuts.” Washington Post, December 16, 2020.

46. George, J., and G. Jaffe. “Transit Workers Are Paying a Heavy Price During the Pandemic.” The Washington Post, May 17, 2020.

47. “Preventing and Mitigating Transit Worker Assaults in the Bus and Rail Transit Industry.” Transit Advisory Committee for Safety (TRACS) 14-01 Report, July 06, 2015.

48. Nakanishi, Y. J., and W. C. Fleming. 2011. TCRP Synthesis 93: Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

49. Koutsopoulos, H. N. 1990. Scheduling of Extraboard Operators in Transit Systems. Transportation Science, 24(2): 87–104.

50. DeAnnuntis, C. P., and W. Morris. 2008. “Transit Extraboard Management: Optimum Sizing and Strategies.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2072, pp. 110–124.

51. Puentes, R., A. Grossman, B. Eby, and A. Bond. 2019. NCHRP Synthesis 543: Transportation Workforce Planning and Development Strategies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 7.

52. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 65.

53. Puentes, R., A. Grossman, B. Eby, and A. Bond. 2019. NCHRP Synthesis 543: Transportation Workforce Planning and Development Strategies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC., p. 7; U.S. DOT. 2008. “Human Capital Management: Guide to Workforce Planning,” Washington, DC; Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 1–38.

54. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 1–38.

55. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 42.

56. DeAnnuntis, C. P., and W. Morris. 2008. “Transit Extraboard Management: Optimum Sizing and Strategies.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2072, pp. 110–124.

57. Human Capital Management: Guide to Workforce Planning. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2008, p. 8.

58. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, p. 9.

59. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 69.

60. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 103.

61. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 103.

62. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 5.

63. See, e.g., Budget and Legislative Analyst’s Office, “Transit Operator Staffing Shortages at the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and the Twin Peaks Tunnel Closure,” City and County of San Francisco Board of Supervisors, December 5, 2018.

64. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC., pp. 1–38.

65. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 5.

66. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 66.

67. DeAnnuntis, C. P., and W. Morris. 2008. “Transit Extraboard Management: Optimum Sizing and Strategies.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2072, pp. 110–124.

68. TransitCenter, “Bus Operators in Crisis,” 2022.

69. National Council on Disability, “The Current State of Transportation for People with Disabilities in the United States,” 2005.

70. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 5.

71. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 127: Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 67.

72. National Association for Pupil Transportation, National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services, and National School Transportation Association, “NAPT, NASDPTS and NSTA Release Findings of School Bus Driver Shortage Survey,” August 31, 2021.

73. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 23.

74. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 23.

75. APTA, “Transit Workforce Readiness Guide,” March 8, 2021.

76. Ubaldo, J. “Metro and L.A. County Partner on Transportation School to Create the Next Generation of Workers,” The Source, June 18, 2018; Dallas Area Rapid Transit, “Inmotion: Interns Explore Transit Careers,” Fall 2017; iyai+, “Dr. Juanita Jones-Abernathy ‘Community Builder’ 2022 Internship Announcement Guidelines.”

77. The Pew Charitable Trusts, “Retirement Plan Access and Participation Across Generations,” February 15, 2017.

78. Government Accountability Office, “Transit Workforce Development: Improved Strategic Planning Practices Could Enhance FTA Efforts,” March 2019.

79. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 1–12.

80. Committee on the Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 42.

81. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 3–5.

82. Minor, N. “More Passengers Are Riding Buses and Trains, but RTD Doesn’t Have the Drivers to Restore Service to Pre-COVID Levels,” CPR News, September 15, 2021; Ken Kalthoff, “DART Riders Left Without a Ride,” NBCDFW, February 26, 2021.

83. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. A-10.

84. Lave, R., and R. Mathias. 2000. “State of the Art Paratransit.” In Transportation in the New Millennium: State of the Art and Future Directions, Perspectives from the Transportation Research Board Standing Committees, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 3.

85. Swiftly. “Adapting to Operator Shortages and Unexpected Changes to Service.” Live webinar event, November 2, 2021.

86. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 105.

87. National Council on Disability, “The Current State of Transportation for People with Disabilities in the United States,” 2005.

88. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. B-18.

89. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. B-25–B-26.

90. Faughnan, S. “Why NJ Transit is Better than Before.” Tap Into Paramus, September 28, 2021.

91. Swiftly. “Adapting to Operator Shortages and Unexpected Changes to Service.” Live webinar event, November 2, 2021.

92. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 11.

93. Metro Transit, “Bus Driver Hiring,” Accessed from https://www.metrotransit.org/drive?utm_source=metrotransit&utm_medium=popupbanner&utm_term=recruitmrec&utm_content=awareness&utm_campaign=2021driverhiring on September 28, 2021.

94. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 105.

95. Axiom Corporation, “Innovative Transit Workforce Development Program: Key Lessons Learned,” Federal Transit Administration Report No. 0139M, 2019, pp. 13–14.

96. Swiftly. “Adapting to Operator Shortages and Unexpected Changes to Service.” Live webinar event, November 2, 2021.

97. American Public Transportation Association, “APTA National Public Transportation Career Day,” n.d. Accessed on February 21, 2021.

98. See, e.g., TransitCenter, “Bus Operators and Transit,” August 2019.

99. See, e.g., City and County of San Francisco Board of Supervisors Budget and Legislative Analyst, “Policy Analysis Report: Transit Operator Staffing Shortages at the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and the Twin Peaks Tunnel Closure,” December 5, 2018.

100. See, e.g., Aaron Short, “Driver Shortages Causing Transit Delays Nationwide,” Streetsblog, August 27, 2019; Colorado Office of the State Auditor, “Regional Transportation District Performance Audit,” December 2020; Joe Fitzgerald Rodriguez, “SF Muni Operators Overwhelmingly Approve Their Contract,” San Francisco Examiner, May 2019.

101. American Public Transportation Association, “Public Transportation Wage Rate Database,” August 2019, pp. 13–14.

102. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 127: Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 30.

103. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 127: Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 30.

104. The respondent that offered this strategy indicated that this bonus is incremental based on training hours.

105. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 127: Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 74.

106. American Public Transportation Association, “Public Transportation Wage Rate Database,” August 2019, p. 26.

107. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 12.

108. KFH Group, Inc. 2008. TCRP Report 127: Employee Compensation Guidelines for Transit Providers in Rural and Small Urban Areas. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 32.

109. American Public Transportation Association, “Public Transportation Wage Rate Database,” August 2019, p. 20.

110. Van Dam, A., and H. Long. “For First Time, Average Pay for Supermarket and Restaurant Workers Tops $15 an Hour.” The Washington Post, August 8, 2021.

111. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. “Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2019. 53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers,” May, 2019.

112. American Public Transportation Association, “Public Transportation Wage Rate Database,” August 2019, p. 20.

113. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 116.

114. American Public Transportation Association, “Public Transportation Wage Rate Database,” August 2019, p. 40.

115. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 118.

116. National Transit Institute, “Advancing Frontline Workforce Development Meeting: Synthesis,” Federal Transit Administration, February 2020, p. 16.

117. “Agreement Between Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and Amalgamated Transit Union Division 265, September 9, 2019 through September 8, 2022.”

118. Rodriguez, J. F. “SF Muni Operators Overwhelmingly Approve Their Contract,” San Francisco Examiner, May 2019.

119. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 9.

120. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 40; McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 22.

121. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 1–9.

122. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 1–10.

123. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 15. APTA. 2009. Recruiting and Retaining Bus Operations Employees. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/Standards_Documents/APTA-BTS-BO-RP-003-009.pdf

124. Anderson, L., C. B. Cronin, D. Fine-Helfman, M. Pohl, B. Cronin, R. Lazaro, V. Lazaro, and A. Singleton. 2010. TCRP Report 139: Guidebook for Recruiting, Developing, and Retaining Transit Managers for Fixed-Route Bus and Paratransit Systems. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 28–30.

125. Anderson, L., C. B. Cronin, D. Fine-Helfman, M. Pohl, B. Cronin, R. Lazaro, V. Lazaro, and A. Singleton. 2010. TCRP Report 139: Guidebook for Recruiting, Developing, and Retaining Transit Managers for Fixed-Route Bus and Paratransit Systems. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 28–30.

126. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 1–9.

127. McGlothin Davis, Inc. and Corporate Strategies, Inc. 2002. TCRP Report 77: Managing Transit’s Workforce in the New Millennium. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, p. 23.

128. Anderson, L., C. B. Cronin, D. Fine-Helfman, M. Pohl, B. Cronin, R. Lazaro, V. Lazaro, and A. Singleton. 2010. TCRP Report 139: Guidebook for Recruiting, Developing, and Retaining Transit Managers for Fixed-Route Bus and Paratransit Systems. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 28.

129. Hirsi, I. “How Metro Transit Is Trying to Recruit More Diverse Bus Operators – And Help Struggling Drivers Pass Its Pre-Employment Test,” MinnPost, January 13, 2017.

130. American Public Transportation Association, “Transit Workforce Readiness Guide,” March 8, 2021.

131. Hassan, W., A. Razi, R. Qamar, R. Jaffir, and S. Suhail. 2013. “The Effect of Training on Employee Retention.” Global Journal of Management and Business Research. 13(6), pp. 17–20.

132. Hassan, W., A. Razi, R. Qamar, R. Jaffir, and S. Suhail. 2013. “The Effect of Training on Employee Retention.” Global Journal of Management And Business Research. 13(6), pp. 17–20.

133. Committee on Future Surface Transportation Agency Human Resource Needs: Strategies for Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Personnel. 2003. Special Report 275: The Workforce Challenge: Recruiting, Training, and Retaining Qualified Workers for Transportation and Transit Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

134. National Transit Institute, “Advancing Frontline Workforce Development Meeting: Synthesis,” Federal Transit Administration, February 2020, p. 11.

135. Center for Transportation and the Environment, “Transit Vehicle Innovation Deployment Centers (TVIDC) Advisory Panel Overview and Conclusions,” Federal Transit Administration, January 2021, p. 20.

136. Wang, X. “Preparing the Public Transportation Workforce for the New Mobility World,” in Empowering the New Mobility Workforce, T. Reeb, ed. Elsevier, 2019, p. 241.

137. Weisenford, J., B. Cronin, S. Ortiz, E. Majumdar, C. Thompson, J. Jenkins, C. Riches, C. Heasley, B. Wolf, D. Long, A. Bond, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2018. TCRP Research Report 199: Transit Technical Training, Volume 1: Guide to Applying Best Practices and Sharing Resources. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 3–4.

138. Weisenford, J., B. Cronin, S. Ortiz, E. Majumdar, C. Thompson, J. Jenkins, C. Riches, C. Heasley, B. Wolf, D. Long, A. Bond, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2018. TCRP Research Report 199: Transit Technical Training, Volume 1: Guide to Applying Best Practices and Sharing Resources. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 3.

139. Weisenford, J., B. Cronin, S. Ortiz, E. Majumdar, C. Thompson, J. Jenkins, C. Riches, C. Heasley, B. Wolf, D. Long, A. Bond, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2018. TCRP Research Report 199: Transit Technical Training, Volume 1: Guide to Applying Best Practices and Sharing Resources. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, p. 3.

140. Wang, X. “Preparing the Public Transportation Workforce for the New Mobility World,” in Empowering the New Mobility Workforce, T. Reeb, ed. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 240–241.

141. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 26.

142. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 27.

143. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 53.

144. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 53.

145. Weisenford, J., B. Cronin, S. Ortiz, E. Majumdar, C. Thompson, J. Jenkins, C. Riches, C. Heasley, B. Wolf, D. Long, A. Bond, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2018. TCRP Research Report 199: Transit Technical Training, Volume 1: Guide to Applying Best Practices and Sharing Resources. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 7–28.

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155. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 53.

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165. Jovel, S., and Hale, W. 2021, February 17. Best Practices: Labor-Management Partnership, Peer Mentoring Drive Santa Clara VTA Apprenticeship Success. Mass Transit Magazine. https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/training-testing-services/article/21206847/labormanagement-partnership-peer-mentoring-drive-santa-clara-vta-apprenticeship-success

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173. Gillespie, R. M., X. Wang, and T. Brown. 2014. TCRP Report 169: Developing Best-Practice Guidelines for Improving Bus Operator Health and Retention. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 195.

174. Gillespie, R. M., X. Wang, and T. Brown. 2014. TCRP Report 169: Developing Best-Practice Guidelines for Improving Bus Operator Health and Retention. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 195.

175. Gillespie, R. M., X. Wang, and T. Brown. 2014. TCRP Report 169: Developing Best-Practice Guidelines for Improving Bus Operator Health and Retention. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 199.

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177. Davis, M. J. 2004. TCRP Synthesis 52: Transit Operator Health and Wellness Programs. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 22.

178. Gillespie, R. M., X. Wang, and T. Brown. 2014. TCRP Report 169: Developing Best-Practice Guidelines for Improving Bus Operator Health and Retention. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 173.

179. APTA. “Public Transportation Ridership Report: Third Quarter 2020,” November 19, 2020; APTA. “Public Transportation Ridership Report: Second Quarter 2020,” September 16, 2020.

180. Brown, M. “Six Months into the Pandemic, Transit Workers are Still Dying—With No End in Sight.” The American Prospect, September 9, 2020.

181. https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/panel-to-congress-transportation-workers-at-higher-risk-of-coronavirus/; https://www.fhi.no/en/news/2020/more-covid-19-in-some-occupational-groups/

182. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. October 27, 2006. “Survey of Workplace Violence Prevention, 2005” (News Release); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. n.d. “Current Intelligence Bulletin 57: Violence in the Workplace, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies.”

183. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. “When the Wheels on the Bus Stop Going Round and Round: Occupational Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities in Public Transportation,” February 2015.

184. Amalgamated Transit Union, “Assault Survey,” 2016.

185. Tse, J. L. M., R. Flin, and K. Mearns, “Bus Driver Well-Being Review: 50 Years of Research,” Transportation Research Part F, 2006, p. 96.

186. Bushnell, P. T., J. Li, and D. Landen “Group Medical Claims as a Source of Information on Worker Health and Potentially Work-Related Diseases,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2011.

187. Countermeasures Assessment and Security Experts, LLC, and Transportation Resource Associates, Inc. 2018. TCRP Research Report 193: Tools and Strategies for Eliminating Assaults Against Transit Operators, Volume 2: User Guide. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

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189. FTA. “Bus Safety Data Report: Bus Transit Safety Data 2008–2016.” 2016, p. vi.

190. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/motorvehicle/resources/crashdata/facts.html

191. Karimi, M., D. N. Eder, D. Eskandari, D. Zou, J. A. Hender, and L. Grote. 2013. “Impaired Vigilance and Increased Accident Rate in Public Transport Operators is Associated with Sleep Disorders,” Accident Analysis and Prevention, 51, pp. 208–214.

192. Useche, S., B. Cendales, F. Alonso, and A. Serges. 2017. “Comparing Job Stress, Burnout, Health and Traffic Crashes of Urban Bus and BRT Drivers,” American Journal of Applied Psychology, 5(1), pp. 25–32.

193. Hoang, H. 2016. “Safety Implications of Transit Operator Schedule Policies.” UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 628. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/628

194. Hoang, H. 2016. “Safety Implications of Transit Operator Schedule Policies.” UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 628. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/628

195. FMCSA. Hours of Service for Motor Carriers of Passengers. https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety/carrier-safety/hours-service-motor-carriers-passengers.

196. Goodwill, J., A. Deep, and R. Pine. 2012. TCRP Synthesis 97: Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and Discipline. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

197. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

198. Grosswald, B. 2002. “‘I Raised My Kids on the Bus:’ Transit Shift Workers’ Coping Strategies for Parenting.” The Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 29(3), pp. 29–50.

199. Brown, T. “Bus Operator Restroom Use: Case Study and Practitioner Resources from Minneapolis,” Transportation Learning Center, January 2012.

200. https://transitcenter.org/the-right-to-pee/

201. http://atucomm.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ATU_RestroomAccess_v2.pdf

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204. http://atucomm.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/ATU_RestroomAccess_v2.pdf

205. Amalgamated Transit Union, “Restroom Access: A Guide for Local Unions,” n.d.

206. Lazo, L. “Plastic Barriers Protected Bus Drivers from Assaults. Now They Shield Them from the Coronavirus” The Washington Post, December 30, 2020.

207. “Metro Transit to Introduce Temporary Shields on Buses to Help Protect Operators, Riders” CBSN Minnesota, July 15, 2021.

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209. Stoloff, J., F. Clogston, F. Bellemore. C. Khan, J. Pongsiri, T. Beggs, X. Wang, and K. Holdzkom. 2020. TCRP Research Report 217: Improving the Health and Safety of Transit Workers with Corresponding Impacts on the Bottom Line. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

210. FTA. “Transit Operations Decision Support System (TODSS) Core Requirements Evaluation and Update Recommendations.” October 2009.

211. Nakanishi, Y. J., and W. C. Fleming. 2011. TCRP Synthesis 93: Practices to Protect Bus Operators from Passenger Assault. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, p. 46.

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213. Brown, T. January 2012. “Bus Operator Restroom Use: Case Study and Practitioner Resources from Minneapolis,” Transportation Learning Center.

214. Hom, P., L. Roberson, and A. Ellis. 2008. “Challenging Conventional Wisdom About Who Quits: Revelations from Corporate America.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), pp. 1–34.

215. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

216. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm

217. Cronin, B., L. Anderson, B. Heinen, C. B. Cronin, D. Flen-Helfman, and M. Venner. 2011. NCHRP Report 685: Strategies to Attract and Retain a Capable Transportation Workforce. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

218. Thatcher, R., T. Procopio, C. Ferris, M. Davis, C. Morris, W. Rodman, D. Koffman, R. Weiner, L. Jacobson, and M. Golden. 2010. TCRP Report 142: Vehicle Operator Recruitment, Retention, and Performance in ADA Complementary Paratransit Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

219. Northon, L. “2016 Human Capital Benchmarking Report,” Society for Human Resource Management.

220. Moffat, G. K., A. H. Ashton, and D. R. Blackburn. 2001. TCRP Synthesis 40: A Challenged Employment System: Hiring, Training, Performance Evaluation, and Retention of Bus Operators, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

221. Useche, S. A., V. Gomez, B. Cendales, and F. Alonso. 2018. “Working Conditions, Job Strain, and Traffic Safety among Three Groups of Public Transport Drivers.” Safety and Health at Work, 9(4), pp. 454–461.

222. Ching-Fu, C., and Y.-C. Hsu. 2020. “Taking a Closer Look at Bus Driver Emotional Exhaustion and Well-Being: Evidence from Taiwanese Urban Bus Drivers.” Safety and Health at Work, 11(3), pp. 353–360.

223. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

224. Ching-Fu, C., and Y.-C. Hsu. 2020. “Taking a Closer Look at Bus Driver Emotional Exhaustion and Well-Being: Evidence from Taiwanese Urban Bus Drivers.” Safety and Health at Work, 11(3), pp. 353–360.

225. Cronin, C. B., A. Alexander, B. Cronin, C. Riches, J. Stern, R. Lazaro, and V. Lazaro. 2013. TCRP Report 162: Building a Sustainable Workforce in the Public Transportation Industry—A Systems Approach. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

226. See, for example, King County Metro. “National Honor: Metro Bus Driver Recognized for 51 Years of Safe Driving.” Metro Matters, May 7, 2014; Amanda Bretz. “Pierce Transit Bus Operators Recognized for Driving One Million Miles Accident Free.” SouthSound Talk.

227. National Rural Transit Assistance Program. Safety Best Practices. December 2014. http://nationalrtap.org/News/Best-Practices-Spotlight/Archive-Safety

228. Goodwill, J., A. Deep, and R. Pine. 2012. TCRP Synthesis 97: Improving Bus Transit Safety Through Rewards and Discipline. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

229. See, for example, Hendler Ross, S. “VTA Helps Spread Transit Mentoring Program for Career Success.” Valley Transportation Authority. November 12, 2020; Souza, C. “Developing and Retaining a Sustainable Driver Workforce,” Community Transportation Association of America. October 2019.

230. APTA. “About the International Bus Roadeo.” https://www.apta.com/conferences-events/international-bus-roadeo/

231. Eno Center for Transportation. “Eno/MAX Program.” https://www.enotrans.org/professional-development/enomax/

232. King County Metro. “Transit Driver Appreciation Day.” March 14, 2020. https://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/transit-driver-day.aspx

233. Golden Gate Transit. “Transit Driver Appreciation Day is Monday, March 18.” https://www.goldengate.org/district/news-media/news-archives/transit-driver-appreciation-day-is-march-18-dont-forget-to-thank-your-bus-driver-today-everyday/; Anna Chen. March 11, 2019. “Celebrate Transit Driver Appreciation Day on March 18.” https://thesource.metro.net/2019/03/11/celebrate-transit-driver-appreciation-day-on-march-18/

234. TWU Local 100 - NYCTA Training & Upgrading Fund. (n.d.). TWU Local 100 - NYCTA Training & Upgrading Fund. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from http://twulocal100tuf.org/index.php.

235. Los Angeles Metro. (n.d.). Metro Launches New Workforce Development Program – WIN-LA. LA Metro. https://www.metro.net/news/media-kits/metro-launches-winla/

236. TransitCenter. “Bus Operators in Crisis.” 2022.

237. Government Accountability Office. March 2019. “Transit Workforce Development: Improved Strategic Planning Practices Could Enhance FTA Efforts.” https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/697562.pdf

238. George, J. December 23, 2021. “Bus Operator Shortage Due to Covid Prompts Metro to Reduce Bus Service.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/transportation/2021/12/23/dc-metro-bus-shortage-covid/

239. Dickens, M. March 2022. “Workforce Shortages Impacting Public Transportation Recovery.” https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SURVEY-BRIEF-Workforce-Shortages-March-2022.pdf;APTA. October 2022. “Transit Workforce Shortage: Root Causes, Potential Solutions, and the Road Ahead.” https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-Transit-Workforce-Shortage-Report.pdf

240. “MARTA Making Temporary Service Modifications to Address Bus Operator Shortage.” Metro Magazine. November 12, 2021.

241. FY21BusinessPlan.pdf (dart.org). Accessed June 3, 2022

242. FY 2021 Operating Budget Review (dart.org). Accessed June 3, 2022.

243. FY21BusinessPlan.pdf (dart.org). Accessed June 3, 2022.

244. FY21BusinessPlan.pdf (dart.org). Accessed June 3, 2022.

245. Division of Public Transit. https://transportation.wv.gov/publictransit/Pages/default.aspx

246. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “2021 Budget Book: Department Budgets.”

247. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “2021 Budget Book: Human Resources Division.”

248. Cuyahoga Community College. “Access Centers.” https://www.tri-c.edu/community/access-centers/index.html.

249. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “Performance Management.” n.d.

250. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “India Birdsong, ‘Share My Story,’ CSU Women’s Leadership Series.” October 8, 2020.

251. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “India Birdsong, ‘Share My Story,’ CSU Women’s Leadership Series.” October 8, 2020.

252. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. “India Birdsong, ‘Share My Story,’ CSU Women’s Leadership Series.” October 8, 2020.

253. https://www.njtransit.com/about/about-us

254. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Department of Labor. “May 2021 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: New Jersey.” https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm#00-0000

255. Transportation Learning Center. Transit Green Jobs Training Partnership. https://www.transitworkforce.org/resource_library/transit-green-jobs-training-partnership/

256. https://www.tbnweekly.com/pinellas_county/article_2badb5da-b82c-11ec-a223-2b89d6a679e2.html

257. River Cities Public Transit. “Job Openings.” https://www.rcptransit.com/jobs/

258. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. “May 2021 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: South Dakota.” https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm

259. Hendler Ross, S. “SCVTA’s JWI Apprenticeship Graduates Receive First-Time College Certificate of Achievement.” Mass Transit. December 27, 2019.

260. While over two-thirds of the survey respondents received the survey link from ATU, some of those respondents indicated that they represented a public transit agency and that their position within their organization was “labor union representative” while others indicated that they represented a labor union and either indicated that their position within their organization was “labor union representative,” “board member,” or “other,” with common open-ended answers for the latter being “bus driver.”

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