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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Consensus Study Report

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman primate models in biomedical research: State of the science and future needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26857.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
×

Consensus Study Reports published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine document the evidence-based consensus on the study’s statement of task by an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and the committee’s deliberations. Each report has been subjected to a rigorous and independent peer-review process and it represents the position of the National Academies on the statement of task.

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Rapid Expert Consultations published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are authored by subject-matter experts on narrowly focused topics that can be supported by a body of evidence. The discussions contained in rapid expert consultations are considered those of the authors and do not contain policy recommendations. Rapid expert consultations are reviewed by the institution before release.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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COMMITTEE ON THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND FUTURE NEEDS FOR NONHUMAN PRIMATE MODEL SYSTEMS1

KENNETH S. RAMOS (Chair), Alkek Chair of Medical Genetics, The Texas A&M University System, Executive Director, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Associate Vice President for Research, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Health Services

CHRISTIAN ABEE, Professor Emeritus, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

ASHUTOSH AGARWAL, Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Director of Engineering and Applied Physics, Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami, Florida

SZCZEPAN BARAN, Chief Scientific Officer, VeriSIM Life

ELIZA BLISS-MOREAU, Professor, Department of Psychology, Core Scientist, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis

RICARDO CARRION JR., Professor and Program Co-Lead, Disease Intervention & Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute

J. MARK CLINE, Professor of Pathology/Comparative Medicine and Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine

MYRTLE DAVIS, Scientific Vice President, Discovery Toxicology, Bristol Meyers Squibb

ASGERALLY FAZLEABAS, University Distinguished Professor and Associate Chair of Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Director of the Center for Women’s Health Research, Michigan State University

MELANIE GRAHAM, Robert and Katherine Goodale Chair in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical School and Professor of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota

KELLY A. METCALF PATE, Dorothy W. Poitras Associate Professor of Biological Engineering, Director, Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

GUO-LI MING, Perelman Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

STEVEN PIANTADOSI, Professor in Residence, Harvard Medical School

JOHN QUACKENBUSH, Professor of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics and Chair, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Professor, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

PETER L. STRICK, Thomas Detre Professor & Chair of Neurobiology, and Scientific Director, Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh

JERROLD TANNENBAUM, Professor Emeritus, Veterinary and Animal Ethics and Law, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis

Study Staff

AUTUMN DOWNEY, Study Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy

OLIVIA C. YOST, Program Officer, Board on Health Sciences Policy

CORRINE LUTZ, Senior Program Officer, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (until July 2022)

___________________

1 NOTE: See Appendix D, Disclosure of Unavoidable Conflicts of Interest.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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SUSANA RODRIGUEZ, Program Officer, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (from January 2023)

KYLE CAVAGNINI, Associate Program Officer, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (from July 2022)

KELSEY BABIK, Associate Program Officer, Board on Health Sciences Policy

LYDIA TEFERRA, Research Associate, Board on Health Sciences Policy

APARNA CHERAN, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Health Sciences Policy (from June 2022)

BRADFORD CHANEY, Senior Program Officer, Committee on National Statistics

TERESA SYLVINA, Director, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (until March 2023)

ANDREW M. POPE, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy (until July 2022)

CLARE STROUD, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy (from July 2022)

Consultants

RONA BRIERE, Briere Associates, Inc.

LAUREN TOBIAS, Maven Messaging

EMILY YAHN, Tangible Designs

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Reviewers

This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions of this report nor did they see

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by ELI Y. ADASHI, Brown University and BARBARA A. SCHAAL, Washington University in St. Louis. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Preface

Biomedical research provides insights into the underlying biologic processes that define health and disease. The information generated by these scientific investigations is in turn used to develop interventions designed to prevent, diagnose, and treat human disease and to promote the well-being of humans and other living creatures. Undeniably, the advances made possible by biomedical research have saved countless human lives.

In a perfect world, biomedical research questions across varied research domains would be tested in humans; however, a number of ethical, logistical, and ancillary challenges often call for the use of alternative model systems that can best reproduce the human condition. A primary challenge, then, is to identify the model(s) or model system(s) best suited to answering the scientific question(s) at hand. In several areas of biomedical research, nonhuman primates (NHPs) are regarded as the best available model to reproduce the human condition.

For the past year, at the request of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and in response to a congressional mandate, our committee explored the current landscape of biomedical research using NHP models and their future roles in NIH-supported research, while also considering the research and development status of new approach methodologies, such as in vitro and in silico models, that may complement and/or reduce reliance on NHP models. Although at the outset the task appeared straightforward, the committee quickly learned that the landscape of NHP research is exceedingly complex, and that evaluation of the current and future status of this research can be challenging given the current limitations of the available data on NHP use in NIH-funded research. While the committee was not asked to make recommendations or to prioritize research domains that currently benefit from the use of NHP models and are likely to do so in the future, our hope is that the landscape analysis and conclusions presented in this report will inform decision makers as they consider strategies for supporting the mission of NIH going forward. To this end, the committee emphasizes the critical importance of investments in domestic NHP resources and tools and strategies that can enhance research using NHP models, as well as qualification and/or validation efforts needed to realize the future potential of new approach methodologies. Finally, we hope that this report will stimulate efforts to create more opportunities for researchers working with

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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NHPs and those developing and using non-NHP models to collaborate around the common goals of advancing human health and reducing human suffering. The national dialogue on NHPs and alternative methodologies is far too often framed using an opportunity cost model that advances a false dichotomy and that may lose sight of the critical scientific and societal issues that drive decision making. In reality, future advances in human health will require approaches that leverage the complementarity of in vitro and in silico methodologies and NHPs and other animal models for the foreseeable future. Overcoming the silos created and reinforced by current funding mechanisms will be vital to advancing the nation’s biomedical research agenda.

The committee would like to thank NIH for sponsoring and supporting this important study, particularly Lyric Jorgenson and Jessica Creery, who served as our points of contact. We are deeply appreciative of their efforts to coordinate and gather responses to the committee’s requests for information on NIH programs and priorities. We are also grateful to the many experts who gave presentations and participated in discussions with the committee during its public meetings. The information they shared was invaluable as we undertook our landscape analysis. We also wish to acknowledge the thousands of members of the public who informed our efforts by taking the time to share their perspectives on NHP research with us. Those too informed the committee’s efforts and provided essential perspectives to the committee.

The committee’s work over the last year was supported by the dedicated project staff at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine—Autumn Downey, Olivia Yost, Kyle Cavagnini, Kelsey Babik, Lydia Teferra, Aparna Cheran, Bradford Chaney, Susana Rodriguez, and Corrine Lutz. We are deeply appreciative of their tireless and outstanding efforts to keep us on track and facilitate the study’s completion. The committee is also grateful for the science writing contributions of Lauren Tobias and for the editing of this report performed by Rona Briere and her talented team, particularly Allie Boman.

Finally, as committee chair, I would like to thank and acknowledge my fellow committee members who generously gave their time and shared their expertise and perspectives, all of which were essential to addressing our task. I have appreciated your passion and engagement and the opportunity to learn from you as we navigated the process of deliberating on the challenging issues inherent in this topic. I am confident that this report and its conclusions will guide strategic decision making for years to come, and I thank you for your outstanding contributions.

It is now time for the nation’s leaders to take the action necessary to ensure that the United States maintains its scientific leadership and that biomedical investigators nationwide have the tools necessary to advance vital NIH-supported biomedical research. Indeed, patients are waiting.

Kenneth S. Ramos, Chair
Committee on the State of the Science and Future
Needs for Nonhuman Primate Model Systems

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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3-3 Potential impact of Changes in Wild Macaque Populations on Biomedical Research

4-1 Biomedical Applications of Tissue-Specific Organoids and MPS

4-2 Potential of Human Cellular Models to Yield Insights into the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

5-1 Examples of NIH Support for Collaborative NHP Research

B-1 Tissue Archiving and Sharing Practice at NPRCs

B-2 Tissue Archiving and Sharing Practice at National Resources

FIGURES

1-1 Leading causes of death in the United States, 2017–2021

1-2 Elements of oversight of animal research in the United States

3-1 National Primate Research Centers and other nonhuman primate research resources supported by the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (ORIP) at the National Institutes of Health

3-2 Nonhuman primates (NHPs) held or used for research purposes annually in the United States for fiscal years 2008–2021, based on data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture

3-3 Performance of leading science nations on the nature index

3-4 P51 National Primate Research Center awards, fiscal years 2012–2022, adjusted for inflation

3-5 P40 research center awards for National Resources, fiscal years 2012–2022, adjusted for inflation

4-1 Pathway for qualification of the performance of a new approach methodology for a specific context of use

4-2 Generation and differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells

5-1 Projected number of people aged 65 and older in the U.S. population with Alzheimer’s dementia, 2020–2060

B-1 Research domains for responding nonhuman primate researchers across all reported National Institutes of Health awards

B-2 Priority research domains for nonhuman primate research reported by investigators supported by the National Institutes of Health

TABLES

1-1 Nonhuman Primate Species Used in Biomedical Studies

3-1 Overview of Common National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding Mechanisms

3-2 Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported to the United States, by Species and Fiscal Year (FY)

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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3-3 Species of Nonhuman Primates Bred by Domestic National Institutes of Health (NIH)–Supported National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) and National Resources, Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 versus FY2021

3-4 Proportion of National Institutes of Health–Supported Investigator Requests Not Met by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs), Fiscal Years 2018–2021

3-5 Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) Planned versus Used, by Source

3-6 Factors Contributing to Decreased Enrollment of Nonhuman Primates (NHPs), by Source

3-7 Wait Times for Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) Reported by National Institutes of Health–Supported Survey Respondents

3-8 Average Wait Times for Nonhuman Primates (NHPs), Fiscal Years 2018–2021

5-1 Research Domains in Which the Need for Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) Is Likely to Grow

A-1 Overview of Committee Information Requests to Federal Agencies and Other Stakeholder Organizations

B-1 Research Facilities with 400 or More Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) On-Site in Fiscal Year 2021, by Stakeholder Type

B-2 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Annual Report Holding and Use Data from All Facilities with 400 or More Nonhuman Primates (NHPs)

B-3 U.S. Department of Agriculture Annual Report Holding and Use Data from Facilities with Fewer than 400 Nonhuman Primates (NHPs)

B-4 Total Nonhuman Primates Imported into the United States, by Fiscal Year (FY)

B-5 Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported, by Species and Fiscal Year (FY)

B-6 Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported, by Country and Fiscal Year (FY)

B-7 Number of Nonhuman Primates Imported by Species, Country, and Fiscal Year (FY)

B-8 Comparison of Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 and FY2021 Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Holdings and Usage Data Reported by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

B-9 Nonhuman Primate Species Held or Used at National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs), Fiscal Year 2021

B-10 Nonhuman Primate Species Held or Used at National Resources Supported by the National Institutes of Health Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, Fiscal Year 2021

B-11 Reported Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at National Primate Research Centers, by Species, Fiscal Year 2021

B-12 Reported Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at the National Resources, by Species, Fiscal Year 2021

B-13 Total Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs), Fiscal Year 2021

B-14 Total Number of Nonhuman Primates Produced Annually at National Resources, Fiscal Year 2021

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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B-15 Responding Investigators by the Primary Institution in Which They Carry Out Their Research

B-16 Active National Institutes of Health Awards Using Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) as Reported by NHP Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey, by Species and Source

B-17 Enrollment Status by Award as Reported by Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey

B-18 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) to National Institutes of Health–Funded Researchers for Research Conducted at an External Facility, Fiscal Years (FY) 2018–2021

B-19 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) to External National Institutes of Health–Funded Researchers for Research Conducted at the NPRC, Fiscal Years (FY) 2018–2021

B-20 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Resources to National Institutes of Health–Funded Researchers for Research Conducted at an External Facility, Fiscal Years (FY) 2018–2021

B-21 Numbers of Nonhuman Primates Provided by National Resources to External National Institutes of Health–Funded Researchers for Use in Research Conducted at the National Resource Facility, Fiscal Years (FY) 2018–2021

B-22 Nonhuman Primate Demographics and Characteristics Associated with Increased Wait Times for Investigators as Reported by National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) and National Resources

B-23 National Primate Research Center (NPRC) and National Resources Perspectives on Challenges to Meeting Researcher Demand for Nonhuman Primates

B-24 Challenges Associated with the Timely Enrollment of Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) as Reported by NHP Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey

B-25 National Primate Research Center Predicted Future Demand for Nonhuman Primates by Research Domain

B-26 National Resources Predicted Future Demand for Nonhuman Primates by Research Domain

B-27 Current Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Use by Research Domain among NHP Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey

B-28 Projected Future Needs for Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Species among Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey Who Anticipate Using NHPs in the Next 5 Years

B-29 National Primate Research Center (NPRC) Projections for Change in Researcher Demand, by Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Species

B-30 Openness Practices for Scientific Rigor among Nonhuman Primate Researchers Responding to the Committee’s Survey

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

2D two dimensional
3D three dimensional
AAV adeno-associated virus
ACP Animal Care Policy
ACD Advisory Committee to the Director
AD Alzheimer’s disease
AI artificial intelligence
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
ARRIVE Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments
ART antiretroviral therapy
ATSC adult human tissue stem cell
AWA Animal Welfare Act
AWAR Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations
BRAIN Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies
CARES Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (Act)
CAR-T chimeric antigen receptor T cell
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CiPA Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
COU context of use
CoVTEN Coronavirus Vaccine and Therapeutic Evaluation Network
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
CRO contract research organization
CT computed tomography
DART developmental and reproductive toxicity
DBS deep brain stimulation
EU European Union
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FY fiscal year
HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn
hiPSC-CM human iPSC–derived cardiomyocytes
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
HREA Health Research Extension Act
HSC hematopoietic stem cell
IACUC institutional animal care and use committee
ICOs institutes, centers, and offices
ILAR Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
IMPC International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium
iPSC human induced pluripotent stem cell
ISTAND Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
mAbs monoclonal antibodies
MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome
mCODE minimal common oncology data elements
mGAP macaque Genotype and Phenotype
MHC major histocompatibility complex
ML machine learning
MPS microphysiological systems
MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
NCATS National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
NCCIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
NCI National Cancer Institute
NEI National Eye Institute
NHGRI National Human Genome Research Institute
NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
NHP nonhuman primate
NIA National Institute on Aging
NIAAA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
NIBIB National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
NICHD National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIDCD National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
NIDCR National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NIH National Institutes of Health
NINDS National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
NIMH National Institute of Mental Health
NPRC National Primate Research Center
OAR Office of AIDS Research
OLAW Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
ORIP Office of Research Infrastructure Programs
PAR protease-activated receptor
PCTS precision-cut tissue slices
PD pharmacodynamic
PERV porcine endogenous retrovirus
PET positron emission tomography
PHS Public Health Service
PI principal investigator
PK pharmacokinetic
RFA request for applications
RhoGAM anti-Rh immunoglobulin
SCD sickle cell disease
SIV simian immunodeficiency virus
SPECT single photon emission computed tomography
SPF specific pathogen free
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
VA U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
XR extended reality
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26857.
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Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs Get This Book
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Nonhuman primates represent a small fraction of animals used in biomedical research, but they remain important research models due to their similarities to humans with respect to genetic makeup, anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Limitations in the availability of nonhuman primates have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and recent restrictions on their exportation and transportation, impacting National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research necessary for both public health and national security. Additionally, there is continued interest in understanding whether and how nonanimal models can be used to answer scientific questions for which nonhuman primates are currently used.

At the direction of the U.S. Congress, NIH asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee to conduct a landscape analysis of current and future use of nonhuman primates in NIH-supported biomedical research, as well as opportunities for new approach methodologies to complement or reduce reliance on nonhuman primate models. This report provides the committee findings and conclusions.

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