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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
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2

Histories of Displacement and Dispossession

The workshop opened with three keynote presentations that discussed aspects of the history and present of Japanese American, Native American and Native Hawaiian, and African American communities, delving into the legacies of injustice these groups have experienced, including violent displacement, repeated cycles of displacement and dispossession, and geographic segregation. The presenters discussed the need to understand serial displacement and theft as a structural issue—sustained by ongoing policies and systematic approaches—as opposed to merely discrete events or moments in time. They also underscored the importance of considering how to dismantle the structures that enable these kinds of harm—including via different epistemological1 views (i.e., different ways of knowing or formulating knowledge) that shift paradigms and systems to be more rooted in community, culture, and land.

Session moderator Robert Sember, assistant professor of interdisciplinary arts at The New School’s Eugene Lang College, first shared he was joining from Harlem in New York City, on the unceded lands of the Munsee Lenape and Wappinger peoples. He paid his respects to the members of these nations and their elders, both past and living. Sember then noted that the keynote speakers will present various histories and themes “as legacies of silence and invisibility are once again resisted and refused.” He added that the “complexities of places” revealed in

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1 Epistemology is “the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity” (Merriam-Webster, 2022).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
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these level-setting presentations would inform later discussion of justice and health and will both echo across and be amplified by the remaining conversations during this workshop. Highlights from the panel are provided in Box 2-1.

JAPANESE INCARCERATION THROUGH THE LENS OF SETTLER COLONIALISM

The first keynote speaker, Myla Vicenti Carpio, director of graduate studies and associate professor at Arizona State University, opened with an acknowledgment of where she was presenting, as a visitor on the lands of the Akimel Au-Authm and Piipaash peoples, and she also acknowledged

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

the sovereignty of the 22 tribal nations in Arizona and the continuing relationship they maintain to their ancestral territories. She noted she would talk about her work with colleague Karen Leong, associate professor of women and gender studies and Asian Pacific American studies at Arizona State University, on the incarceration of Japanese Americans on Indigenous lands and specifically in Arizona and expressed a desire to “shift the gaze from incarceration to the lands” through the lens of settler colonialism.

Vicenti Carpio described the origins of the incarceration of Japanese Americans, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) beginning to detain individuals—mostly community leaders—of German, Italian, and Japanese ancestry the day following Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Although the FBI asserted that the most potentially dangerous individuals had been detained and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover saw no reason to detain additional persons of Japanese descent for national security reasons,2 by early 1942, individuals of Japanese descent represented greater than 50 percent of the persons arrested. Anti-Japanese groups from the West Coast asked Franklin Delano Roosevelt to remove all people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast and into land concentration camps, regardless of citizenship (Ogawa, 2004; Robinson, 2003). President Roosevelt signed an executive order in February 1942 that authorized the Secretary of War to remove all persons from designated military areas. Attorney General Francis Biddle later noted that this order was only meant to apply to Japanese Americans.

Sharing a map showing relocation and assembly centers across the western United States (Spicer, 1946), Vicenti Carpio then described how in Arizona, the line dividing who was to be relocated and who was not went down one street, with those on one side deemed enemy aliens while those on the other were not. When faced with deciding where to place 120,000 “enemies,” politicians throughout the western United States—including Arizona’s Governor Sidney Osborn—did not want to host Japanese Americans (Arizona Republic, 1942). In Arizona, greater than 25 percent of the Japanese Americans incarcerated were held on two American Indian reservations at Gila River and Colorado River. Although the tribal councils protested, they were forced to house Japanese Americans on their land. On a third reservation belonging to the Navajo in Leupp, Arizona, the Department of Justice ran a high-security camp for 50 draft resisters on the lands of a former Indian Boarding School3 (Bailey, 1971).

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2 See https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/cti.001internment.pdf/ff7d0d4f-a9f3-499c-b2b7-95cf6bea345b (accessed December 21, 2022).

3 The boarding school had closed in 1942. See https://www.sfu.ca/ipinch/sites/default/files/resources/presentations/twobears_fallgathering_poster.pdf (accessed December 21, 2022).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

Vicenti Carpio suggested examining this historical occurrence through the lens of settler colonialism as “a structure that seeks to erase to replace,” as opposed to being merely an event. She noted she and her colleagues were able to get funding for their research because Japanese American incarceration was an event—and one that was recognized as a wrong inflicted on that population. However, examining this incarceration as an event with a beginning and end, timestamped to World War II, ignores the larger structure and the erasure of “Native people, their history, [and] connections to [these] lands.” Vicenti Carpio suggested that while “Japanese American incarceration in and of itself inspires teaching about civil rights, human rights, American democracy, and the carceral state,” examining it within the context of Native American lands where camps were located provides a broader or more layered understanding of additional entanglements, in this case pertaining to colonization and settler colonialism.4

She then played a video illustrating the invasion of America by mapping every treaty and executive order from 1776 to 1887,5 during which the United States seized more than 1.5 billion acres from America’s Indigenous people. She emphasized that “we must recognize and examine the lands on which this event takes place as Indigenous space … invaded by settlers” with Indigenous people removed by force or genocide, contained on reservations, and forced to assimilate. Vicenti Carpio noted, “our cultures, language, and epistemologies derive from our origins to the respective lands” and “our health, our food systems, our spirituality, and our sacred sites are connected to these lands and access to these spaces.” With recognition of this relationship, she said it becomes clear that all Japanese American concentration camps are on Indigenous lands and that “Native claims and relationship to that space are erased” with histories prior to the event “destroyed and replaced with settlers’ history.” Indigenous sovereignty and recognition of American Indians as a political entity are “also made invisible” given the Gila and Colorado River camps were on sovereign lands.

Posing the question, “what happens when the claim is no longer recognized and we become ‘something else,’” Vicenti Carpio showed an image of a CNN exit poll during the 2020 election in which “Native American” is not listed as a category under “Race” (specifically white, Latino, Black, and Asian), leaving only the option written as “something else.”

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4 See https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism (accessed August 9, 2022) for a discussion of the difference between colonization/colonialism, referring to domination, and settler colonialism, referring to replacing the Indigenous inhabitants of a place.

5 More information on the invasion of America can be found at eHistory.org (2014).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

She noted that Native cartoonists and Native people on social media created drawings and memes about “something else” but that “underlying the joking was an understanding that this was a part of our invisibility and erasure,” which “has had an impact on the way Native peoples are seen and treated, on our physical and mental health, and [on] our access to medicines, foods, and sacred sites.”

Vicenti Carpio underscored the importance of land to Native peoples, “not as property, but as cultural spaces,” with their relationship to the land embodying “a theology of place,” capturing not only the land itself but also “the way in which Indigenous people have perceived themselves and all else.” She noted these “intrinsic connections” continue to exist and have impact on people’s lives. She also described how Native peoples are “reclaiming and reconnecting with their history, the language, and lands” through traditional food systems (e.g., gardening, seed saving, seed sovereignty), language programs, and health programs that include cultural components and epistemologies. Vicenti Carpio concluded with a quote from Native American activist, economist, and author Winona LaDuke: “If we build a society based on honoring the earth, we build a society which is sustainable, and has the capacity to support all life forms.”

THE ROLE OF EPISTEMOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF HO’OPONO MAMO, A JUVENILE JUSTICE REFORM AND TRANSFORMATION EFFORT IN HAWAII

The second keynote speaker, Karen Umemoto, chair of the Asian American Studies Center and professor of urban planning and Asian American studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, began by acknowledging the Tongva peoples from whose land she calls in from, an area called Tovaangar, encompassing Los Angeles and the Channel Islands.

Umemoto shared that her parents were incarcerated during World War II and recalled her father, who was incarcerated in Manzanar, talking about how he was on the land of the Paiute people. She noted “this idea of marginalization, erasure, and dispossession is something that has revisited” Japanese Americans and is not a one-time incident. She described how many Japanese Americans went to Los Angeles like her parents and settled in little Tokyo, “only to have elders removed from the community with the federal bulldozers and redevelopment during the 1960s and ‘70s.” Umemoto also noted “there are many patterns, both rural and urban, across time where things like this happened.”

She shared an illustration (see Figure 2-1) and said that there are three different ways planners generally talk about spatial justice: (1) accessibility (e.g., to healthy food, health care, and other services), (2) mobility (e.g., public transportation including access to low-income communities and

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Image
FIGURE 2-1 Key spatial justice topics in urban planning.
SOURCE: Presented by Karen Umemoto on September 20, 2021, at the workshop on Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies.

accommodations for those with disability; “freedom to drive while Black” particularly in wealthier white neighborhoods), and (3) habitability (e.g., environmental justice, including where refineries, dump sites, and incinerators are located and whose community that impacts; quality of housing and infrastructure). However, Umemoto said, a fourth topic that has not been discussed much is epistemology, which she proceeded to highlight as equally important.

Umemoto described epistemology as being about culture—that is, knowledge systems, or ways of viewing, understanding, and relating to the world. To illustrate the importance of epistemology and the way health problems are addressed, Umemoto introduced her work in Hawaii on juvenile justice reform and transformation, describing an effort to create alternatives to incarceration. She noted that Hawaiian, Micronesian, and other Pacific Islander youth are overrepresented in the juvenile justice system and explained that the program aimed to shift “to a more community-based, culture-based, land-based system.”

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

After showing a video clip from the Star-Advertiser to provide a sense of the tone of the work that is going on around culture (Star-Advertiser, 2016), Umemoto honed in on the four areas described in the video: (1) culture (referring to whole knowledge systems), (2) Aina (about the land and how the health of the land is interconnected with the health of the people, and how healing the land is part of healing ourselves), (3) Ohana (meaning family, but with a deeper meaning that captures “the broader family of people beyond the immediate nuclear family and really blends into the idea of community”), and (4) spiritual (“not religion, but spirituality and one’s connection to the earth, to all beings in the world, and also to higher callings that help guide the youth”).

Umemoto noted that “part of this effort to transform the juvenile justice system has involved really trying to figure out how we could switch our Western ways of thinking and really foreground Hawaiian knowledge systems.” She then shared the flowcharts in Figure 2-2, which illustrate one component of the systems change on which her colleagues in Hawaii have been working. That is Ho‘opono Mamo, a diversion program through which youth arrested for first-time misdemeanors and offenses are taken to an assessment center based in a community and then referred to various programs.

Umemoto explained that “the ways in which people understand these knowledge systems are quite different.” As illustrated in Figure 2-2, she

Image
FIGURE 2-2 Comparing and contrasting Western and Hawaiian conceptualizations of a juvenile justice reform and transformation effort.
SOURCE: Presented by Karen Umemoto on September 20, 2021, at the workshop on Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies.
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

contrasted the typical Western way of writing a flowchart (the image on the left) with what the flowchart looks like from the lens of a Hawaiian knowledge system (the image on the right).

Umemoto described the significance of the name of the program, chosen by a Hawaiian elder: Ho‘opono (in Ho‘opono Mamo, as noted at the top of the flowchart) means to make right within oneself, a process in which people understand themselves within the larger ecosystem, and Mamo is the extinct bird represented in the flowchart. She also described the broader metaphor illustrated in this image, representing a village/watershed and surrounding ocean and mountain, and the belief system that “the higher you get to the summit, the clearer you could see from the broader horizons.” Umemoto went on to note that “the metaphor nods to Hawaiian history and puts into perspective the precious life of Hawaiian youths today and the precarity that they face and that we treat each other as precious as the Mamo bird signifies the aspirational essence that many hope would imbue this transformation as an Indigenous space of healing, reconnection, and growth.”

She then underscored that a key part of what this metaphor signifies is that the health of an individual is connected both to the land and to the communities in which they live. A place-based, ‘aina-based (in this context the living land that sustains life) approach can thus bring together different disciplines, fields of knowledge, resources, and agencies to bear upon a problem, taking a holistic approach instead of being siloed within administrative, departmental, and bureaucratic barriers, among others. Umemoto then reflected on something one of the Ho‘opono Mamo leaders, Uncle Wayde Hoapili Lee, has often said: that all people are Indigenous from somewhere. She suggested that part of recognizing that is tracing one’s community’s knowledge and history to find what wisdom resides in one’s origins to help provide guidance in navigating contemporary problems, climate change, and otherwise. “Because if we had listened to the old adage of planning for the seventh generation, I think we would not be in this situation to begin with,” Umemoto concluded.

400 YEARS OF INEQUALITY: INTERTWINED STORIES OF RUPTURE AND ATTACHMENT

The third keynote speaker, Mindy Fullilove, a social psychiatrist and professor of urban policy and health at The New School in New York City, acknowledged she is coming from the land of the Lenape people in New Jersey. She said that one of the foundational classics in her discipline of social psychiatry is The Governing of Men (Leighton, 1945), a book about the incarceration of the Japanese Americans at Poston concentration camp, which Vicenti Carpio discussed in the first keynote. The study covered in

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

the book, led by Alexander Leighton, “is really looking at tearing people from their homes, strip[ping] them of everything they possess, put[ting] them in the desert, and what do they make of it and how,” Fullilove said. This then leads to Leighton’s theories “about upheaval and breaking of social bonds as the fundamental crisis that undermines health of populations.” She noted that the incarceration of Japanese Americans at Poston can be considered a single event during the World War II era or can be examined within the larger frame of settler colonialism given they were on Native lands, and that as generations carry this story forward, even those who are not directly connected to the land or history of incarceration are affected by it and can learn from it.

Fullilove then introduced a project she and Sember have been working on together called 400 Years of Inequality. She said that as an African American herself, it was important to “lift up” 1619, when Africans landed at Jamestown, and to mark that anniversary in 2019. The project was intended to ask people, “how is this story in your story, in your place?” In order to break down the silos Umemoto mentioned in the conclusion of her keynote, Fullilove said one of the first things they did was make a timeline with two classes of students at The New School by following four stories: the 400 years of Native Americans, of women, of working people, and of African Americans. She described the intertwining of these stories and how “it becomes a way of thinking, not in our silos, but in our complexity” and the way these stories of rupture and attachment—what Fullilove calls serial forced displacement—“become a highlight of the American experience, rippling from land that they love.”

Fullilove described how she came to the term serial forced displacement through reading Native history and documentation of how Native people were repeatedly pushed off the land, ripped away from their homes, and placed somewhere worse, and what that does to people, which “is echoed in the experience of African Americans” as well. Fullilove noted the parallel to how industrial workers were pushed out by deindustrialization in the 1970s from what later became the Rust Belt to the Southwest (Alder et al., 2014), and again posed the question, “What does this do?”

She described her experience working with a “free people’s university” called the University of Orange6 to propose a project in her hometown of Orange, New Jersey, building on the work of her father, an organizer there in the 1950s and 1960s. Fullilove and her team wanted to explore the stories of the various different people who arrived in Orange—why they arrived and what the history of rupture and attachment in the city

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6 More information on the University of Orange can be found at https://universityoforange.org/ (accessed January 14, 2022).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

was—which “we need to know so that we can have a holistic view of how do we heal ourselves, how do we heal the land, and how do we stop the sixth extinction, seventh extinction. How do we create a livable future?”

Fullilove noted the stories and connections are many and that when “we search in our places, we find that we are indeed connected to the whole world.” She described how watching the 400 Years of Inequality project unfold in the 150 places that participated “affirmed for us the beauty of this possibility for healing people’s souls, lifting up a vision of the future that was livable and fun.” She concluded by sharing the title of her latest paper with Sember, “What We ‘Cannot Not Know in America’: 400 Years of Inequality and Seven Sins,” on the importance of knowing this history (Sember et al., 2021).

DISCUSSION

Following Fullilove’s remarks, Sember turned to questions from the public audience. The first question was directed to Umemoto, asking whether the incarceration alternative mentioned in the Hawaiian program was only for young men. Umemoto explained that the current effort, a public–private partnership with the State of Hawaii Department of Human Services, includes both men and women, boys and girls. She said a consortium of community-based organizations are surrounding the youth incarceration facility in Hawaii with cultural-based programs focused on a range of challenges the youth face, including sexual trafficking, homelessness, and vocational challenges. Umemoto noted they are close to closing the women’s and girls’ prison but that doing so requires bringing together and creating these robust alternatives that are “not a bridge to nowhere.”

The second question was directed at Vicenti Carpio, asking whether the dividing lines mentioned in her remarks, marking who was interned during World War II and who was not, had an economic basis. Vicenti Carpio responded that yes, the economic basis is clear, especially with respect to the line in Arizona that divided one side of Grant Avenue from the other. She described how one side was Japanese American flower farms on open land, and removing people from there would open up those valuable lands. Vicenti Carpio also underscored the timeline of this removal, with implementation happening within a month of decisions being made, suggesting “there was already planning going on,” with officials looking at the Census and determining where there were a lot of Japanese Americans living, and thus where they wanted to draw those lines.

Sember then shared the next question, asking each keynote speaker to “identify two or three actions that could be taken to help remedy the harms, heal the wounds of these histories that you have laid out

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

for us.” He connected this question to the distinction Vicenti Carpio made between event and structure, and the notion of the longue durée approach to history, looking at long histories in a way that begins to shed light on the structures that define those histories. Sember remarked that “the shifts that have been occurring recently towards apology, towards reparation, towards structural transformation” are often conceptualized as individual events or moments instead of structures onto themselves. These shifts signal “profound transformations,” not merely instances or points in time, and thus warrant deeper engagement. He noted this connects to Umemoto’s remarks about the formation of new epistemologies. Sember added he and Fullilove have been in conversation with others about the notion of collective recovery and the idea of a recovery century, “a deep commitment, a seven-generational arc of healing as opposed to simply managing these problems,” and then asked the keynote speakers to address the processes of shift and transformation needed to begin this healing.

Fullilove described that a team effort while creating the 400 Years of Inequality is the People’s Pathway to Equity,7 which addresses how one begins to know the history, to think about it in one’s place, and then understand how everyone moves forward together. She noted that “if you have broken social bonds and created a structure, that does not erase once, but erases many times”—so a single round of reparations would be followed by more theft, and stopping these processes of serial forced displacement and theft “becomes a very deep question” that requires a meaningful analysis of the underlying structures.

Umemoto added that serial forced displacement is imminent today given the pandemic and those who will be evicted after the moratorium ends, in addition to those who have fallen into arrears on their mortgages due to pandemic-related financial struggles. She noted that, “this always hits people of color, low income people a lot harder than the rest of the population” and that there is a balance between doing healing work and engaging in political mobilization to deal with the policies and structures that enable these issues to continue happening. Umemoto also said that one key aspect of addressing structural racism8 is the policy paradigm of how issues are viewed—for instance, seeing people falling into arrears during a pandemic as a pandemic problem and not an individual respon-

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7 More information on the People’s Pathway to Equity can be found here: www.pp2e.org (accessed January 20, 2022).

8 Structural racism refers to “processes of racism that are embedded in laws (local, state, and federal), policies, and practices of society and its institutions that provide advantages to racial groups deemed as superior, while differentially oppressing, disadvantaging, or otherwise neglecting racial groups viewed as inferior” (Williams, 2019).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×

sibility problem. She underscored that the paradigms through which problems are viewed in turn affect laws, policies, rules, procedures, and the professional roles and behaviors of those embedded within both public and private systems.

Vicenti Carpio said she agreed with Fullilove and Umemoto and remarked on the underlying systemic issue of capitalism. “What capitalism knows how to do is steal,” she said, but at the same time, “addressing something like that is very difficult.… Where are the steps that we need to take?” Vicenti Carpio said acknowledgment—such as land acknowledgments to work toward making what has been invisible visible—is part of those steps, as is humanity, “acknowledging each other as human and starting those relationships with each other in ways that have been severed.” She also quoted song lyrics—“from [little] things, big things grow”9—and suggested that some of those initial seeds that can be planted now have to do with bringing in “different epistemological views in order to shift the paradigms that create these structures.”

Sember then asked the speakers a final question about how younger generations are taking on challenges, mentioning uprisings following the murder of George Floyd, as well as the pandemic and the “materialization of this idea that somehow, we are all interconnected” as two examples. Umemoto responded that while she is not “in the trenches,” based on her contact with students over Zoom, her sense is there is anger and frustration—about climate, police brutality and abuse of power, about control of the Internet and failure to address hatred and misinformation online, growing inequalities and impact on their ability to get an education or a decently paying job—as well as inspiration, including a rise in activism. Umemoto commented on the generations of activists seen today and the lessons that are lost in history, describing her commitment to make ethnic studies more available through an open textbook project and other avenues and cautioning that “if we do not have that kind of intergenerational dialogue and passing on and exchange of understanding, then I think we are going to continue to make the same mistakes.” Vicenti Carpio added that activism is also about support, and understanding how some of these actions and efforts to change and shift paradigms can be supported, expanded, and extended. In concluding the discussion, Sember remarked that one theme he heard through the keynote presentations related to a slogan he recently came across: “we want structural change, not climate change.”

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9 Lyrics of Australian protest song; see https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/from-little-things-25-years (accessed August 9, 2022).

Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Page 11
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Page 13
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Page 14
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Page 15
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
Page 16
Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Suggested Citation:"2 Histories of Displacement and Dispossession." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26858.
×
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Spatial justice is about equitable access to parks, housing, and more. During societal emergencies, including pandemics and climate change, the relationship between people and places requires greater attention and action to integrate the knowledge of people with lived experience, especially historically marginalized communities. On September 20 and 21, 2021, the National Academies Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted a virtual workshop to explore the nature, use, design of, threats, and changes to places as a resource for health and public spaces as a shared resource. This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions.

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