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Airport Insurance Requirements (2023)

Chapter: Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Airport Insurance Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26908.
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64 Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk A P P E N D I X A

No.a Author Year Title Source Keywords Topic Area Page (s) 1 ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Subcommittee 2006 2005 –2006 Insurance Coverage Benchmarking Survey Summary October 2006 ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Subcommittee of the ACI-NA Economic Affairs Department Airport, risk management, insurance requirements Insurance coverage and limits for airports 18 2 ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Committee 2007 – 2008 Airport Operating /Use Agreements Insurance Requirements Survey (Phase 1) and Airport Concessionaires Insurance Requirements Study (Phase 2) ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Committee of the ACI- NA Economic Affairs Department Airport, risk management insurance requirements Insurance coverage; requirements and limits for airports 21, 36 3 AGCS 2019 Aviation Risk 2020: Safety and the State of the Nation Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty SE Aviation insurance, safety, trends, claims development Aviation insurance 4 4 Allison et al. 2016 “Drones and Insurance—Many Moving Parts in the U.S.” Gen Re, Casualty Matters Drones, aviation insurance, commercial risks Aviation insurance 3 5 Bradhold, J., Hollingsworth, J., and Meyer, T., speakers 2020 Challenges in Risk in Managing Contracts ACI 2020 Risk Management Conference Airport, risk management, contractual risk transfer Aviation insurance; contractual risk transfer na 6 Brown 2017 Airport Managers’ Perspectives on Security and Safety Management Systems in Aviation Operations: A Multiple Case Study PhD thesis, Northcentral University Airport security, airport managers, terrorism, societal security Security and SMSs, National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) na 7 Chesler and Insua 2020 Insurance Coverage for PFAS, the ‘Forever Chemical’ Anderson Kill, New Jersey Alert Pollution liability, PFAS, airport risk management, insurance Pollution insurance, PFAS 1 8 City of Fullerton 2019 Minimum Insurance Requirements — City of Fullerton, Fullerton Municipal Airport (FUL) Fullerton Municipal Airport Municipal airport liability Airport liability na 9 County of Santa Clara, CA 2016 Insurance Requirements for Aircraft/ Airport Operation Contracts Santa Clara County Procurement Department Airport, aircraft insurance requirements Airport insurance requirements na 10 DeFlorio 2019 “Reaping the Benefits of Resilient Design to Reduce Property Insurance Premiums” Transportation Research Circular E- C265: Transportation Resilience 2019: 2nd International Conference on Resilience to Natural Hazards and Extreme Weather Events Property, insurance Property insurance, aviation insurance 72 Table A-1. Literature review results: Journal articles, books, presentations, and other reports. (continued on next page)

Author Year Title Source Keywords Topic Area Page(s) 11 De Juniac 2020 “Safe Travels. How We Plan to Look After Your Bio-safety” Plane Talking: A Specialist Risk Publication for the Aviation Sector, Q2 edition Aviation insurance, claims, insurance carriers, consequential damages, International Air Transport Association (IATA) Aviation insurance 6 12 Dolbeer 2006 “Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards at Airports: Liability Issues for Airport Managers” USDA National Wildlife Research Center—Staff Publications Addressing airport liability Airport liability na 13 Eagle County, CO 2015 Eagle County Regional Airport Minimum Standards and Leasing Policies Eagle County Regional Airport Municipal airport liability Airport liability 14 14 Flouris et al. 2009 “Recent Developments in the Aviation Industry” Risk Management and Insurance Review, 12(2):227–249 Volatile insurance premiums, lower accident rates, post 9/11 Aviation insurance industry, price risk na 15 Fortuna 2020 “Flight Risk: Infrastructure, Cyberattacks, and More” Centerlines, Spring/Summer 2020 Insurance, risk management Enterprise risk management; managing airport risks 22–25 16 Gibbons, S., Rivera, F., McDonald, E. III, and Raese, O., speakers 2019 Certificate of Insurance Management ACI 2019 Risk Management Conference Airport, risk management, contractual risk transfer, insurance requirements Aviation insurance; contractual risk transfer na 17 Gibbons, S., and Wells, C., speakers 2020 Contractual Risk Transfer—Updating Your Insurance Requirements for Maximum Protection ACI 2020 Risk Management Conference Airport, risk management, contractual risk transfer, insurance requirements Aviation insurance; contractual risk transfer na 18 Hicks 2016 “Aviation Insurance: Coverage, Claims, and Controversies” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 81, Iss. 4 Aviation insurance, claims Aviation risks, types of policies and coverage 611–629 19 Hughes 2019 Lead Lines—An Insurance Perspective of Article 8 of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) SGHA Plane Talking: A Specialist Risk Publication for the Aviation Sector, Q3 edition Aviation insurance, claims, insurance carriers, consequential damages Aviation insurance 6 20 Lafayette Regional Airport 2016 Insurance Requirements at Lafayette Regional Airport; Lafayette, Louisiana Lafayette Regional Airport Airport liability requirements; municipal airport liability Airport liability na 21 Matthews et al. 2017 Opportunities and Challenges for Use of UAS at Airports Washington Progress Group, LLC Addressing airport liability Contractual risk transfer na No.a Table A-1. (Continued).

Author Year Title Source Keywords Topic Area Page(s) 22 McDonald, E. K., III, Holden, R., Jenkins, M., and Troy, J., speakers 2020 Cyber Risk Management and Liability at Airports ACI 2020 Risk Management Conference Airport, risk management, cyberattacks, cyber risks, cyber insurance claims Aviation insurance; cyber insurance na 23 Neubauer et al. 2020 ACRP Web-Only Document 50: Research Roadmap on Safety Issues ACRP Safety, claims, small hub airports Insurance claims, aviation insurance 12 24 Raese and Holmgren 2019 Cyber Risk Management: A Strategic Approach RIMS 2019 National Conference (Boston) Cyber insurance, risk management Cyber insurance na 25 Rakich et al. 2011 ACRP Synthesis 30: Airport Insurance Coverage and Risk Management Practices ACRP Insurance, risk management Insurance coverage and risk management practices na 26 Rakich et al. 2015 Contractual Risk Transfer for California Public Agencies Bickmore—Contractual Risk Transfer for California Public Agencies (now Albert Risk Management Consultants) Insurance requirements, contractual risk transfer, public entity Insurance requirements; contractual risk transfer na 27 Sevilla 2018 Germs on a Plane: The Transmission and Risks of Airplane-Borne Diseases Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2672, No. 29, pp. 93–102 Airline, airport, pandemic Insurance claims; pandemic at airports 97 28 Stanovich 2002 Contractual Risk Transfer International Risk Management Institute, Inc. Insurance requirements, contractual risk transfer Insurance requirements; contractual risk transfer na 29 Town of Addison, TX 2004 Minimum Standards and Requirements for Commercial Aeronautical Service Providers Addison Airport Airport liability requirements; municipal airport liability Airport liability 12 30 U.S. Court of Appeals, 2nd Circuit 2006 United Air Lines vs. Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania Case law Airport insurance requirements Airport insurance claims na Note: na = not applicable. aThe number of each item corresponds to its discussion in the following commentary. No.a Table A-1. (Continued).

68 Airport Insurance Requirements Commentary on Documents Listed in Table A-1 1. This report was produced by the ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Subcommittee of the Economic Affairs Committee. The purpose of the survey was to assist ACI-NA members in assessing the adequacy of insurance coverage for their airports. The survey included questions about airport liability, property, automobile, environmental and workers’ compensation coverage. The report provides insurance benchmarking information for airports to assist them in their own risk financing structure as compared with similar-sized airports. 2. These reports were produced by the ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Group to assist airports in assessing the adequacy of insurance coverage requirements. In 2006, the ACI-NA Insurance and Risk Management Committee began researching a pilot project to provide benchmarking information to its airport risk management professionals. Phase I of the project analyzed the insurance and indemnification section of airport and airline use/lease agreements. Building on the success of that study, the committee developed Phase II of the project, which covers airport food and beverage and retail concessionaires and other space agreements for use of airport property. The information provided through these surveys helps airports compare insurance language requirements within their various agreements throughout the airport. 3. This report focuses on safety developments in commercial aviation around the world. It identifies several insurance claims trends that are affecting the industry—including the top causes of financial losses—and highlights a number of risk trends and challenges that will have an impact on the aviation sector and insurance landscape in future. The findings were produced with the assistance of Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, the world’s largest fully accredited university specializing in aviation and aerospace. 4. In this publication, drones and insurance are examined from several standpoints including (1) new federal rules for commercial and recreational use; (2) drone underwriting and product questions and answers with Andrew Spiegel of the United States Aircraft Insurance Group (USAIG); (3) insurance coverage options from the Verisk Insurance Services Office, including new homeowners filing; and (4) insurance carriers’ insights on drone risks and solutions. 5. This presentation at an ACI risk management conference discusses the challenges and risks of managing the various types of contracts within an airport organization. Contract management and the risks associated with it involve several departments and individuals throughout the organization, including legal, procurement, risk management, project managers, and business development. Template insurance requirements are helpful but need to be revisited regularly to ensure the organization is protected. Compliance with contrac- tually set insurance requirements is equally important as setting the requirements and needs to be monitored. Examples of best practices were offered during the presentation. 6. The risk of global terrorism continues, despite the ongoing efforts of various countries to protect and provide security for their citizens. Airports are key entry and exit ports for a country and therefore are some of the locations most vulnerable to terror attacks. Managers of international airports face constant challenges in developing and implementing airport security protocols. Technological advances have brought both positive and negative impacts on security and terrorism at airports, which are mostly managed by airport managers. The roles of the managers have greatly increased over the years due to technological advances. Technology affects security in two opposing ways: improved methods with which airports can counter terrorism, but also improved communication methods that terrorists can use. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to investigate the perspectives of airport managers with regard to societal security and social interactions in the sociotechnical systems of the National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS). Through the data gained

Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk 69 regarding managers’ perception and experiences, the researcher hoped to enable the devel- opment of security measures and policies appropriate for airports as sociotechnical systems. The researcher conducted interviews with airport managers to gather relevant data to fulfill the rationale of the study. Ten to twelve airport managers based in three commercial aviation airports in Maryland participated in the study. The researcher used a qualitative thematic analysis procedure to analyze the responses of participants in the interview sessions. 7. This report discusses the continued research into per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the so-called “forever chemicals,” and the liability organizations face with regard to these chemicals. PFAS are man-made chemicals manufactured since 1930s that persist in the environment (i.e., they do not readily degrade) and are mobile (i.e., they can readily spread) in groundwater. PFAS are found in a variety of products, including firefighting foams, textiles, and paint. There is special concern about PFAS at airports because the chemical is common in the aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) that have long been used in fire- suppression systems built into onsite hangars and other structures throughout the airport. AFFF is particularly effective in suppressing high-temperature hydrocarbon fires (including jet fuel fires) and has been added as an absolute pollution exclusion to all general liability policies since 1986. Airports have seen an increase in claims related to PFAS in recent years and continue to struggle with financial resolution. The article discusses recent court deter- minations involving PFAS throughout the United States. 8. An example of the insurance requirements for operators at the Fullerton Municipal Airport in Fullerton, CA. There are specific provisions outlined for commercial aeronautical operators, contractors, noncommercial self-fueling permittees, noncommercial flying clubs, and noncommercial-based aircraft. 9. This sample copy of the insurance requirements for aircraft/airport operations for the County of Santa Clara, CA, outlines necessary insurance coverages as well as other contrac- tual insurance obligations for contractors/third parties. 10. This report describes the efforts of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) in maintaining a range of infrastructure, including aviation, bridges, bus terminals, ports, tunnels, rail, and the World Trade Center and its management of the associated risks. PANYNJ recognized the need to develop strategies to reduce risk posed by climate change. To address this, the agency amended its 2008 environmental sustainability policy statement. The risks threatening the functionality of PANYNJ include sea-level rise, increased storm surge, extreme heat, and extreme precipitation. While some engineering solutions may be able to reduce risk from climate change and extreme weather, there remains residual risk that may be reduced through partnerships, such as those with insurance companies. 11. This report describes ICAO’s “Take-Off ” blueprint to restart the travel industry, which aligns with IATA’s roadmap to resume airport and airline commercial activity following restrictions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Survey information shows that people are eager to get back to exploring the world, reconnecting with friends and family, and visiting business partners to seal the next big deal. However, passengers will not travel unless they feel safe while doing so. Stakeholders in the aviation industry—the UN’s ICAO, airlines, airports, manufacturers, governments, and medical experts—have been working together to develop a plan for safe travel while the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic remain. 12. This staff publication from the USDA Wildlife Services National Coordinator for the Airport Safety and Assistance Program provides case examples highlighting potential liability issues faced by airport managers regarding wildlife hazards. The interpretation of the case examples is limited, but the document makes the recommendation that airport managers hire professional biologists trained in wildlife damage control to assist in the development of FAA-compliant wildlife hazard management plans.

70 Airport Insurance Requirements 13. This is an example of the standards and leasing policies at the Eagle County Regional Airport in Eagle County, CO. The document covers all standards for operators, contractors, and other entities that use the airport, including insurance and liability coverage. 14. The aviation industry has been hard hit in recent years. While there are numerous factors that have contributed to the industry’s condition, rising and volatile insurance premiums— particularly after the events of September 11, 2001—have posed a particular problem for many airline managers. Despite a general trend of accident rates involving commercial passenger airplanes decreasing as aviation technology has advanced over the years and airplanes have become safer, the aviation insurance market has been far from stable. This article provides an overview of how the aviation insurance industry works and how it has changed in recent years. The authors look at how the risk is spread among insurers, how insurers treat deliberate acts of violence, and, lastly, how insurers price the risk. The aviation insurance market has undergone considerable changes in recent years and has adjusted to post-9/11 aviation insurance realities. (Note: This is a pre-COVID publication.) 15. This article describes the types of non–flight risks facing airports. Examples include trip and fall, cyberattacks, construction projects, and more. The author interviewed several airport risk managers about how they are approaching risks within their facilities. Most are taking an enterprise-wide approach to risk that requires all employees to manage risks within their control. Airports today need a comprehensive risk mitigation plan to manage their risks in a hard insurance market. With premiums increasing and coverage declining, risk managers need to manage risk more closely and rely on others in the organization to adopt the enterprise-wide approach. 16. This presentation on certificate of insurance management at the 2019 ACI risk management conference presents a basic overview of information covered on a certificate of insurance and the protection offered to an organization. The presentation provides several examples of how certificates of insurance can be tracked and managed for a best-practices approach to insurance compliance with contractual obligations. Examples of incorrect procedures in tracking contractual insurance compliance are given as well as the legal and financial consequences. 17. This presentation at the 2020 ACI risk management conference provides an overview of contractual risk transfer, outlines typical contracts that airports use in their everyday operations, and discusses the insurance compliance process. Best practices in setting insurance requirements and ensuring compliance with set contractual obligations are dis- cussed. In addition, common pitfalls are offered as examples for airports who may not have a protocol in place for setting insurance requirements or ensuring compliance with set contractual insurance obligations for third-party contracts. 18. There are excellent in-depth treatises on aviation insurance, as well as articles about discrete policy provisions, but no general summary of what insurance issues the aviation practitioner might encounter. This article is intended to fill that gap and provide a general overview of some common aviation coverage issues. 19. This article discusses findings in the 2017 white paper published by Twiga Aero that esti- mated the cost of damage caused from ground handling incidents to be in the vicinity of USD 4 billion annually (applying to damage to the aircraft itself). The piece goes on to explain the consequential financial losses and detrimental impact such damage has on an airline with regard to service disruption following the event. The time the aircraft is out of service has an adverse effect on flight schedules, crewing and rosters, and reaccommodating affected passengers. All of these adverse effects are in addition to the harm to workers and the physical damage to aircraft. All of these costs give rise to increased claim expenses. 20. This piece is an example of the insurance requirements for lessees at the Lafayette Regional Airport in Lafayette, LA. It outlines specific coverage requirements, including physical

Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk 71 infrastructure coverage and workers’ compensation, as well as indemnification clauses for the airport operators (City of Lafayette, Parish of Lafayette, Louisiana Airports Commission). 21. This technical paper developed for the 2017 Air Traffic Control Association (ATCA) sympo- sium outlines implications of the use of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) at airports. Although focused more broadly on UAS use and implications for airport operations, the paper outlines risks associated with UAS operation, including how risk could be transferred from airport to operator. 22. This presentation at the 2020 ACI risk management conference focused on the management of cyber risk and airport liability and discussed various cybersecurity issues at major airports around the United States. Airports and airlines are turning to a wide range of technology to better manage their operations, and securing those systems requires an effective cyber- security solution. An organization needs to develop an effective strategy for securing its data at an enterprise level and involve all departments in the solution, including risk management. There are many proactive approaches an organization can take to ensure that cybersecurity is part of its security plan. Understanding insurance and the resources avail- able with an organization’s cyber insurance carrier was one avenue presented. 23. This report identifies gaps in research that address airport safety issues. Information on insurance claims and aviation insurance are identified among the various issues for general aviation and small hub airports. For example, general aviation airports noted a lack of guidance on the appropriate/sufficient levels of insurance the airport should carry to protect itself in case of damages. Determining the type and level of insurance that airport manage- ment should require airport businesses, leaseholders (e.g., land leases), and tenants (e.g., hangar tenants) on the airfield to hold was also of concern. Top categories noted by small hub airports were issues relating to airport losses, terminal incidents, and safety management. Like the general aviation airports, the small hubs also expressed concerns and the desire for more guidance on insurance coverage for both the airport operator and its tenants, contractors, and vendors. 24. This RIMS conference presentation on cyber risk management explores how to strategically communicate with an organization’s cyber risk team and embed cyber risk management throughout an organization. It goes into detail about cyberattacks that have occurred and the financial consequences suffered as a result of such attacks. 25. This ACRP Synthesis of Airport Practice examines U.S. airport insurance coverage and risk management practices. A comprehensive survey was followed by interviews with small, medium, and large hub airports. The report is designed to help airport officials confronted with decisions on risk financing and insurance purchasing. It identifies both the variables that affect insurance purchasing for airport operators and the range of risk management practices that exist among U.S. airports. The report also exposes airport risk managers to other insurance and risk management practices to help them improve their contractual risk transfer practices and financing of various airport risks. 26. This guide provides a practical overview of contractual risk transfer and a basic under- standing of the terminology of contractual risk transfer to be used with California public entities. It provides an online glossary of terms, downloads, and a suggested protocol for handling contractual insurance requirements within an organization. The guide describes the contractual risk transfer process step by step, the development of a contractual risk transfer toolkit, and how to handle special cases that may be outside the box. This guide is used widely throughout public entity risk management departments in the state of California. 27. This research explored the role of air travel in the spread of infectious diseases, specifically, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1, Ebola, and pneumonic plague. Air travel provides the means for such diseases to spread internationally at extraordinary rates because infected passengers jump from coast to coast and continent to continent within hours.

72 Airport Insurance Requirements Outbreaks that spread from person to person test the effectiveness of current public health responses. This research analyzed the effectiveness of different public health strategies and travel policies. Modeling showed that the spread of Ebola and pneumonic plague is minimal and should not be a major air travel concern if an individual becomes infected. H1N1 and SARS have higher infection rates, and air travel will facilitate the spread of disease nationally and internationally. To contain the spread of infectious diseases, aviation and public health authorities should establish tailored preventive measures at airports, capture contact information for ticketed passengers, expand the definition of “close contact,’’ and conduct widespread educational programs. The measures will contain the spread of infec- tious diseases via air travel and minimize economic consequences that may occur during an outbreak. 28. This manual, published by one of the well-known, reliable sources in insurance education, the International Risk Management Institute, Inc. (IRMI), provides an overview of contractual risk transfer. Risk management theory suggests there are four major tools in controlling risks: (1) avoidance, (2) modification, (3) retention, and (4) transfer (sharing). The transfer options include both the purchase of insurance and the contractual transfer of risk to another party. Companies seeking to minimize potential liability should consider risk transfer as a useful risk management tool. 29. Addison Airport in Addison, TX, offers an example of the requirements and standards for commercial aeronautical service providers at a municipal airport. The airport is owned by the town and has private management. Standards apply to all commercial aeronautical services, with specific provisions outlined for fixed-base operators and specialized aero- nautical service providers. Specific insurance requirements are given. 30. United Air Lines brought a claim against its insurer seeking indemnity for losses related to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The airline claimed that it should be covered for lost earnings due to the temporary shutdown of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport following the attack on the Pentagon. The court determined that the language in the insurance policy was “unambiguous” that lost earnings are only covered if damage occurs to covered physical property or to an adjacent property, and not in the event of a large-scale disruption to service. Title Source Topic Year Type URL “5 Specialty Insurance Municipal Airports” Insurance Journal Airport 2016 Article https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/na “8 Frequently Asked Insurance” Global Aerospace Aviation 2020 Article https://www.global-aero.com/8-frequently- “Advisen Webinar: Clients Questions” Advisenltd.com Cyber 2014 Article https://www.advisenltd.com/2014/11/23/ad “Aerospace Insurance Players & Forecast” Digital Journal Aviation 2019 Article https://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/4502178 “Air Passenger More Than 300%” Gallagher Aviation 2019 Article https://www.ajg.com/uk/news-and- compensation-claims/ Coverages Reserved for insurance (blog post) tional/2016/06/29/418653.htm Questions About Light Aircraft Aviation insurance (blog post) asked-questions-about-light-aircraft- aviation-insurance/ Face More Cyber- insurance Underwriting insurance (blog post) visen-webinar-clients-face-cyber- insurance-underwriting-questions/ Market Report 2019–2024 Industry Trends, Growth Analysis Report, Top Key insurance (blog post) Compensation Claims Rise Aerospace insurance (blog post) insights/2019/october/air-passenger- Table A-2. Literature review results: Online news articles and blog posts.

Annotated List of Literature on Airport Insurance and Risk 73 “Aircraft Insurance Trends Upward” bizavadvisor.com Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.bizavadvisor.com/aircraft- insurance-trends-upward/ “An Emerging Risk of Flying Errors” Insurance Journal Aviation 2020 Article https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/ “An Introduction to Airport Insurance” GlobalAir.com Airport insurance 2016 Article (blog post) https://www.globalair.com/articles/an- introduction-to-airport-insurance?id=3782 “Aviation Advances: Technology Advances” Global Aerospace Aviation 2020 Article https://www.global-aero.com/aviation- “Aviation Data Sharing: Insights to Minimize Risk” Global Aerospace Aviation 2019 Article https://www.global-aero.com/aviation- to-minimize-risk/ “Aviation Insurance Here’s Why” Global Aerospace Claims 2019 Article https://www.global-aero.com/aviation- why/ “Aviation Insurance Owners and Pilots” Global Aerospace Aviation 2019 Article https://www.global-aero.com/aviation- and-pilots/ “Aviation Insurance Is Changing” Flying Magazine Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.flyingmag.com/aviation- insurance-is-changing/ “Aviation Insurance: Technology” Global Aerospace Aviation 2020 Article https://www.global-aero.com/aviation- “Aviation Insurance https://www.ainonline.com/aviation- 13/aviation-insurance-market-set-tighten Title Source Topic Year Type URL “Aviation Insurance Program” FAA Federal insurance programs 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/head quarters_offices/ash/ash_programs/aviation _insurance/ “Broad View of Project Insurance in Wake of COVID-19” ACI-NA Risk Management Committee Insurance and risk management at airports in the wake of COVID-19 2020 Online webinar https://airportscouncil.org/webinar/a-broad- view-of-project-insurance-in-the-wake-of- covid-19/ “Claim Update: So, Your Company Has Been Sued” Global Aerospace Claims 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/claims- update-so-your-company-has-been-sued/ “Claims in Aviation Are Skyrocketing, in Spite of Better Safety Records” Insurance Business America Air travel safety 2020 News article https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/us /news/breaking-news/claims-in-aviation- are-skyrocketing-in-spite-of-better-safety- records-195856.aspx “Cyber Terrorism Reaches for the Skies” Advisenltd.com Cyber insurance 2014 News article https://www.advisenltd.com/2014/03/19/cy ber-terrorism-reaches-for-the-skies/ “The Drone Market Today and Its Influence on NextGen Advanced Air Mobility” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/the-drone- market-today-and-its-influence-on- nextgen-advanced-air-mobility/ “Expert Perspectives: Automation and Aviation Insurance” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/expert- perspectives-automation-and-aviation- insurance/ “Experts Agree, Municipalities Remain a ‘Pot of Gold’ for Hackers” Advisenltd.com Public entity insurance 2018 News article https://www.advisenltd.com/experts-agree- municipalities-remain-a-pot-of-gold-for- hackers/ COVID-19 Pandemic: Rusty Pilots Making insurance, COVID-19 (blog post) international/2020/12/01/592219.htm Addressing Rising AOG Levels Related to Aircraft insurance (blog post) advances-addressing-rising-aog-levels- related-to-aircraft-technology-advances/ Leveraging Collective insurance (blog post) data-sharing-leveraging-collective-insights- Claims Costs are Rising. (blog post) insurance-claims-costs-are-rising-heres- Guide: A Resource for insurance (blog post) insurance-guide-a-resource-for-owners- Keeping Pace with insurance (blog post) insurance-keeping-pace-with-technology/ Market Set to Tighten” AINonline Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) news/business-aviation/2019-05- Table A-2. (Continued). (continued on next page)

74 Airport Insurance Requirements Title Source Topic Year Type URL “Pros and Cons of Hangar Foam Fire Suppression Systems” Global Aerospace Safety 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/pros-and- cons-of-hangar-foam-fire-suppression- systems/ “Repair Cost Inflation: What Is Going On?” Global Aerospace Claims 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/repair-cost- inflation-what-is-going-on/ “Safety Management Systems (SMS) for Airports” FAA SMS for airports 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety /safety_management_systems/ “Tornado Season and Aviation Insurance: What You Need to Know” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/tornado- season-and-aviation-insurance-what-you- need-to-know/ “Traditional Insurance Policies May Not Cover Rising Aviation Cyberattacks” Advisenltd.com Aviation insurance, cyber insurance 2015 News article https://www.advisenltd.com/2015/10/14/tra ditional-insurance-policies-may-not-cover- rising-aviation-cyberattacks/ “U.S. Airlines’ 2020 Losses Expected to Top $35 Billion as Pandemic Threatens Another Difficult Year” CNBC Airlines’ losses due to COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Article https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/01/us- airline-2-losses-expected-to-top-35-billion- in-dismal-2020-from-pandemic.html “Why Have Airport Premises Liability Coverage?” AviationPros.com Airport liability coverage 2017 Article (blog post) https://www.aviationpros.com/tools- equipment/insurance- finance/article/12188099/airport-premises- liability “Why Light Aircraft Insurance Premiums Are Rising” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/why-light- aircraft-insurance-premiums-are-rising/ “Insuretech: Is Fundamental Change in the Insurance Industry on the Horizon?” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/insuretech-is- fundamental-change-in-the-insurance- industry-on-the-horizon/ “Insuring a New Aircraft? Keep These Important Tips in Mind” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/insuring-a- new-aircraft-keep-these-important-tips-in- mind/ “Internal SMS Efforts— FAA SMS and Safety Risk Management in Airport Projects” FAA Safety risk management in airports 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety /safety_management_systems/internal/ “Is the Aviation Insurance Market Ready for a COVID-19 Vaccine?” Insurance Journal Aviation insurance, COVID-19 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/na tional/2020/11/17/590967.htm “Managing Risk Through Reopening and Recession” Advisenltd.com General risk management 2020 Online whitepaper https://www.advisenltd.com/managing- risk-through-reopening-and-recession “Ownership: All Lose When Beech Meets Bird” AOPA Pilot Claims 2020 Article (blog post) https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all- news/2020/october/pilot/ownership-beech- meets-bird “Important Considerations About Aircraft Hangars” Global Aerospace Aviation insurance 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/important- considerations-about-aircraft-hangars/ “Improving Drone Security Around Airports and Other High-Risk Environments: Where to Start?” Global Aerospace Safety 2019 Article (blog post) https://www.global-aero.com/improving- drone-security-around-airports-and-other- high-risk-environments-where-to-start/ Table A-2. (Continued).

Next: Appendix B - Minimum Airport Insurance Requirements and Standards »
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An airport’s insurance program is just one component of its overall risk management program. An insurance program can be quite complex, addressing types of coverage, limits, retention amounts, and legal and contractual issues, among other factors.

The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 248: Airport Insurance Requirements provides best practices for airports developing an insurance program, including requirements for contracts with third parties doing business at the airport.

Supplemental to the report are a Brochure and Insurance Coverage Templates.

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