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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Wind Drag Coefficients for Highway Signs and Support Structures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26914.
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Page 106

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106 AASHTO. 2015. LRFD specifications for structural supports for highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals. First Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. Achenbach, E. 1968. “Distribution of local pressure and skin friction around a circular cylinder in crossflow up to Re = 5 × 106.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 34 (4): 625–639. ASCE 7-95. 1995. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-0092-0. ASCE/SEI 7-16. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-1424-8. Chowdhury, A. G., A. Mirmiran, H. F. Fouad, and I. Hosch. 2015. Full-scale wall of wind testing of variable message signs (VMS) to develop drag coefficients for AASHTO supports specifications: Final Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Transportation Systems Productivity and Management. Constantinescu, G., A. Bhatti, and B. Phares. 2018. Effect of Wind Induced Unsteady Vortex Shedding, Diurnal Temperature Changes, and Transit Conditions on Truss Structures Supporting Large Highway Signs: Final Report, TR-687. Ames, IA: Iowa Highway Research Board, Iowa Department of Transportation. Dexter, R. J., and M. J. Ricker. 2002. NCHRP Report 469: Fatigue-resistant design of cantilever signal, sign, and light supports. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. Fage, A., and J. H. Warsap. 1929. “The effects of turbulence and surface roughness on the drag of a circular cylinder.” Aeronautical Research Council, Reports and Memoranda 1283. London, UK: HMSO. Farivar, D. J. 1981. “Turbulent uniform flow around cylinders of finite length.” AIAA Journal 19 (3): 275–281. Fouad, F. H., J. S. Davidson, N. Delatte, E. A. Calvert, S.-E. Chen, E. Nunez, and R. Abdalla. 2003. NCHRP Report 494: Structural supports for highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals, NCHRP Project 17-10(2). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. Goldstein, S. 1965. Modern Development in Fluid Dynamics. Volume II: 550. Kaczinski, M. R., R. J. Dexter, and J. P. Van Dien. 1998. NCHRP Report 412: Fatigue-resistant design of cantilevered signal, sign and light supports. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. Letchford, C. W. 2001. “Wind loads on rectangular signboards and hoardings.” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 89 (2): 135–151. Mahbub Alam, M., M. Moriya, and H. Sakamoto. 2003. “Aerodynamics characteristics of two side-by-side circular cylinders and application of wavelet analysis on the switching phenomenon.” Journal of Fluids and Structures 18: 325–356. Mahbub Alam, M., Y. Zhou, and X. Wang. 2011. “The wake of two side-by-side square cylinders.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 669: 432–461. Newberry, C., and K. Eaton. 1974. Wind Loading Handbook. Building Research Establishment Report. London, UK: HMSO. Quinn, A. D., C. J. Baker, and N. G. Wright. 2001. “Wind and vehicle induced forces on flat plates – Part 1: wind induced force.” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 120: 817–829. Sakamoto, H., and S. Oiwake. 1984. “Fluctuating forces on a rectangular prism and a circular cylinder placed vertically in a turbulent boundary layer.” Journal of Fluids Engineering 106: 160–166. Smith, D. A., D. Zuo, and K. C. Mehta. 2014. “Characteristics of net force and torques on a rectangular sign measured in the field.” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 133: 80–91. Wieselsberger, C. 1921. “Neuere Feststellungen über die Gesetze des Flüssigkeits und Luftwiderstandes.” Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal for Physics) 114: 321–328. References

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With increased traffic, multilane highways, and complex highway interchanges, highway signs play an ever more important role in the safe operation of the nation’s transportation network. A detailed understanding of stresses during the service life of sign support structures is crucial for their safe and economic design.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 1012: Wind Drag Coefficients for Highway Signs and Support Structures develops comprehensive methods for estimating wind loads and the associated drag coefficients for highway signs and overhead support structures for inclusion in the AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals.

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