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30 C H A P T E R 8 This research validated the need for the development of a framework and tools to help trans- portation agencies conduct quantitative risk and resilience assessments for their transportation infrastructure and meet the requirements of multiple federal regulations. In addition, it identi- fied the gaps and successes in the state of practice to help with the development of products that will be easily incorporated into current practices. While this research roadmap addresses highway assets explicitly, the research team recognizes that the risk and resilience framework described in the roadmap can be expanded to address a multimodal system. Such a framework would have to take on a system-of-systems approach, addressing the complexity of many interdependent systems as well as the impact of interactive and multiplicate threats, both natural and anthropogenic. Graph theory, topological measures, and travel demand modeling, as described by DâAyala et al. (2021) and Markolfâs âPathways of Disruptionâ (Markolf et al. n.d.) offer some strategies toward a more system-wide approach for risk and resilience assessment. The work completed under NCHRP Project 23-09 provides the necessary steps (framework, roadmap, and RPSs) to guide the research community to develop a Highway Risk and Resilience (R&R) Manual and tools to conduct quantitative risk and resilience assessments. Conclusion