Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 345: State Transportation Agency Decision-Making for System Performance CONDUCT OF RESEARCH REPORT Tony Furst Matt Miller David Proffitt Metro Analytics, LLC Huntersville, NC William Robert Perry Lubin Spy Pond Partners, LLC Arlington, MA Chris Francis Robert McQueen Marlin Engineering Tallahassee, FL Gadi Sneh Mobility Insight Kfar Saba, Israel Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 20-126(02) Submitted August 2022 © 2023 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniquesâthe National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or specifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. The Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 345 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Deborah Irvin, Program Coordinator Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer J. Weeks, Publishing Projects Manager NCHRP PROJECT 20-126(02) PANEL Field of Special Projects Robert L. Sack, Burnt Hills, NY (Chair) James Darryll Dockstader, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL Timothy McDowell, Cheyenne, WY John C. Milton, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, WA Cameron T. Kergaye, Utah Department of Transportation, Holladay, UT Dale Peabody, Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, ME Jean M. Wallace, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN Kimberly L. Webb, Michigan Department of Transportation (retired), Southfield, MI Stephen Woelfel, Massachusetts Department of Transportation, Boston, MA Richard Y. Woo, Maryland Department of Transportation, Baltimore, MD Ben Hawkinson, FHWA Liaison King W. Gee, AASHTO Liaison
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH APPROACH ..................................................................................6 AN ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 6 ESTABLISHING THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK RELATIONSHIPS ......................................... 12 THE VISUALIZATION TOOL ............................................................................................................... 15 EMERGING DATA AND ANALYTIC CAPACITY ............................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3. FINDINGS - SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES, TRENDS, ISSUES, AND MEASURES ..................................................................................................26 SAFETY ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 27 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 27 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 29 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 32 STATE OF GOOD REPAIR .................................................................................................................... 35 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 35 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 35 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 37 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 42 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 45 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 45 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 47 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 49 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 57 MOBILITY ................................................................................................................................................ 59 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 59 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 59 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 61 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 63 ACCESSIBILITY ..................................................................................................................................... 67 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 67
v RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 67 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 69 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 71 EQUITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 74 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 74 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 74 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 76 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 81 RELIABILITY .......................................................................................................................................... 86 OBJECTIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 86 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 86 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 88 MEASURES ..................................................................................................................................... 92 RESILIENCY ............................................................................................................................................ 96 OBJECTIVE. ..................................................................................................................................... 96 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................... 96 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ....................................................................................... 98 MEASURES ................................................................................................................................... 100 SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................................................ 105 OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................................................... 105 RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 105 RELATIONSHIPS TO TRENDS AND ISSUES ..................................................................................... 107 MEASURES ................................................................................................................................... 118 EMERGING DATA AND ANALYTIC CAPACITY .......................................................................... 120 PILOT STUDY RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 122 LESSONS LEARNED ....................................................................................................................... 125 OBSERVATIONS ON EMERGING DATA SOURCES AND ANALYTIC TOOLS ...................................... 127 CHAPTER 4. APPLICATIONS ..............................................................................................129 APPLYING THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 129 CONCEPTUAL STAGE OF SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION. ....................................................................... 131 IDENTIFY KEY FOCAL AREAS ......................................................................................................... 132 MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................... 132 IN CONJUNCTION WITH MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS ..................................................................... 133 THE PLAYBOOK .................................................................................................................................. 137 THE APPENDICES...................................................................................................................138 APPENDIX A. TRENDS AND ISSUES ............................................................................................... 140 CIHS â RENEWING THE NATIONAL COMMITMENT TO THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM ....... 140 Rebuilding the Systemâs Foundations. .................................................................................... 140
vi Expanding and Managing Urban System Capacity. ................................................................ 140 Demand for Changing the Systemâs Length and Layout. ........................................................ 140 Changing Centers of Population and Economic Activity. ....................................................... 140 Future Travel Demand and the IHS. ....................................................................................... 141 Climate Change. ...................................................................................................................... 141 Adding Resilience. ................................................................................................................... 141 Ensuring Safety While Accommodating a Growing and Changing Vehicle Fleet. .................. 141 Future Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles on the IHS. ........................................ 141 CIT 2019 â CRITICAL ISSUES IN TRANSPORTATION 2019 .............................................................. 142 Serving a Growing and Shifting Population. ........................................................................... 142 Goods Movement. .................................................................................................................. 142 Safety and Public Health. ........................................................................................................ 148 Equity. ..................................................................................................................................... 149 Energy and Sustainability. ....................................................................................................... 149 Resilience and Security. .......................................................................................................... 149 System Performance and Asset Management. ...................................................................... 149 Transformational Technologies and Services. ........................................................................ 149 Research and Innovation. ....................................................................................................... 152 Funding and Finance. .............................................................................................................. 152 Governance. ............................................................................................................................ 153 Institutional and Workforce Capacity. .................................................................................... 153 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM GLOBAL RISK REPORT 2020 ............................................................ 154 The worldâs (in)ability to collectively address pressing issues. .............................................. 154 Trade Policy. ........................................................................................................................... 154 Climate Change. ...................................................................................................................... 155 EQUITY ......................................................................................................................................... 156 RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................................... 159 SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................................................... 164 TELEWORK ................................................................................................................................... 170 E-COMMERCE .............................................................................................................................. 178 VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED (VMT) FEE / MILEAGE-BASED USER FEE (MBUF) ................................ 185 CONNECTED AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (CAV) ..................................................................... 191 ELECTRIC VEHICLES ...................................................................................................................... 195 SKILLED LABOR ON CONSTRUCTION SITES ................................................................................... 204 APPENDIX B. CURRENT ANALYTIC TOOLS AND DATA SOURCES ...................................... 217 SAFETY .......................................................................................................................................... 217 PAVEMENT & BRIDGES ................................................................................................................. 218 TRAVEL TIME ................................................................................................................................ 219 CMAQ ........................................................................................................................................... 220 APPENDIX C. CURRENT PERFORMANCE MEASURES ............................................................. 221 SAFETY .......................................................................................................................................... 221 PAVEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 221 BRIDGES ....................................................................................................................................... 223 TRAVEL TIME ................................................................................................................................ 225 CONGESTION MITIGATION AND AIR QUALITY (CMAQ) ................................................................ 226 OTHER STATE DOT ........................................................................................................................ 229
vii OTHER INTERNATIONAL ............................................................................................................... 232 APPENDIX D. EMERGING ANALYTIC TOOLS AND DATA SOURCES ................................... 241 OBSERVATIONS ON EMERGING DATA SOURCES AND ANALYTIC TOOLS ...................................... 241 EMERGING DATA SOURCES .......................................................................................................... 248 APPENDIX E. EMERGING PERFORMANCE MEASURES .......................................................... 250 SAFETY .......................................................................................................................................... 250 NON-MOTORIZED MOBILITY AND SAFETY ................................................................................... 251 RELIABILITY ................................................................................................................................... 251 CORRIDORS .................................................................................................................................. 253 SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................................................... 254 EQUITY ......................................................................................................................................... 255 RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................................... 256 PERFORMANCE MEASURE FORECASTING .................................................................................... 259 FREIGHT MONITORING ................................................................................................................ 259 MULTIMODAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ....................................................................................... 260 APPENDIX F. THE PILOT STUDIES ................................................................................................ 262 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 262 PILOT STUDY UNDERPINNINGS .................................................................................................... 263 Approach & Methodology ...................................................................................................... 263 Unified Dataset ....................................................................................................................... 264 Data Preparation .................................................................................................................... 268 Analytic Tool ........................................................................................................................... 271 PILOT PROJECTS â EVALUATION, RESULTS & FINDINGS ....................................................................... 272 Pilot 1: High Demand Areas (Major Traffic Generators) ........................................................ 272 Pilot 2: Mobility-as-a-Service (MAAS) ..................................................................................... 279 Pilot 3: Optimizing Strategies for V2I Implementation ........................................................... 284 LESSONS LEARNED ....................................................................................................................... 288 ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... 292 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 294 NCHRP Web-Only Document 345 contains the conduct of research report for NCHRP Project 20-126(02) and accompanies NCHRP Research Report 1042: State Transportation Agency Decision-Making for System Performance: Practitionerâs Playbook. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1042 on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org).
viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: THE DELPHI METHOD ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 FIGURE 2 THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUMâS GLOBAL RISKS INTERCONNECTIONS MAP 2020 ------------------------------------------------ 15 FIGURE 3: GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM MAP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 FIGURE 4: THE INTERACTING ELEMENTS OF A FOOD SYSTEM. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 FIGURE 5: HOW THE PILOTS CONNECT TO THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 FIGURE 6: THE PILOTS (THOSE IN BOLD WERE SELECTED AND CONDUCTED). ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 FIGURE 7: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON SAFETY. ------------------------------------------------------ 28 FIGURE 8: THE INFLUENCE SAFETY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS, AND ISSUES. ----------------------------------------------------- 29 FIGURE 9: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON THE STATE OF GOOD REPAIR. ------------------------------- 36 FIGURE 10: THE INFLUENCE THE STATE OF GOOD REPAIR HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ----------------------------- 37 FIGURE 11: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. ------------------------------ 48 FIGURE 12: THE INFLUENCE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ------------------------------ 49 FIGURE 13: CURRENT DELIVERY OPTIONS OFFERED FOR ECOMMERCE. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 FIGURE 14: ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF TRANSPORTATION CHOICES (NCHRP 786). ----------------------------------------------------------- 57 FIGURE 15: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON MOBILITY. ------------------------------------------------- 60 FIGURE 16: THE INFLUENCE MOBILITY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ------------------------------------------------- 61 FIGURE 17: MULTIMODAL MOBILITY MEASURES FROM FDOTâS MOBILITY MEASURES PROGRAM. ------------------------------------------ 64 FIGURE 18: QUEENSLAND TMR PERFORMANCE MEASURES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 FIGURE 19: TRANSPORT FOR LONDONâS MOBILITY METRIC.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 FIGURE 20: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON ACCESSIBILITY. --------------------------------------------- 68 FIGURE 21: THE INFLUENCE ACCESSIBILITY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES.--------------------------------------------- 69 FIGURE 22: FOUR TYPES OF MEASURES FOR ASSESSING ACCESSIBILITY AND THEIR RESPECTIVE COMPONENTS. ------------------------------- 72 FIGURE 23: QUEENSLAND TMR PERFORMANCE MEASURES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73 FIGURE 24: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON EQUITY. ---------------------------------------------------- 75 FIGURE 25: THE INFLUENCE EQUITY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ---------------------------------------------------- 76 FIGURE 26: REASONS FOR WFH. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 79 FIGURE 27: FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED EQUITY COMPONENTS OF ESSENTIAL MPO PLANNING DOCUMENTS. ------------------------------ 83 FIGURE 28: TRANSPORT FOR LONDONâS EQUITY METRIC ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 FIGURE 29: QUEENSLAND TMR PERFORMANCE MEASURES. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 FIGURE 30: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON RELIABILITY. ----------------------------------------------- 87 FIGURE 31: THE INFLUENCE RELIABILITY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ----------------------------------------------- 88 FIGURE 32: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON RESILIENCY. ------------------------------------------------ 97 FIGURE 33: THE INFLUENCE RESILIENCY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ------------------------------------------------ 98 FIGURE 34: THE INFLUENCE THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS OR ISSUES HAVE ON SUSTAINABILITY. ---------------------------------------- 106 FIGURE 35: THE INFLUENCE SUSTAINABILITY HAS ON THE OTHER OBJECTIVES, TRENDS AND ISSUES. ---------------------------------------- 107 FIGURE 36: UNITED KINGDOM DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT ROAD INVESTMENT STRATEGY ENVIRONMENTAL METRICS. -------------- 120 FIGURE 37: THE PILOT STUDIESâ UNIFIED DATA SET SCHEMATIC. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 126 FIGURE 38: THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK IN CONTEXT. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 131 FIGURE A-1: MAP OF SEMI-CONDUCTOR INDUSTRY. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145 FIGURE A-2: STATES AND MPOS INCORPORATING RESILIENCE INTO THE PLANNING PROCESS. --------------------------------------------- 161 FIGURE A-3: 2019 MINNESOTA CLIMATE RESILIENCE MEASURES. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162 FIGURE A-4: OREGON DOT SUSTAINABILITY MEASURES. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166 FIGURE A-5: SUMMARY OF 2019 MINNESOTA SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE FOR THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR. ------------------- 167 FIGURE A-6: FRAMEWORK FOR APPLYING SUSTAINABILITY TO TRANSPORTATION. ----------------------------------------------------------- 168 FIGURE A-7: PERCENTAGE OF US WORKERS WORKING FROM HOME. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170 FIGURE A-8: JOBS THAT CAN BE DONE FROM HOME THAT ARE BEING DONE FROM HOME. -------------------------------------------------- 171 FIGURE A-9: PERCENTAGE OF FULL-TIME WORKERS WHO ARE WFH. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173 FIGURE A-10: PAID WFH DAYS AS A SHARE OF ALL WORKING DAYS. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174 FIGURE A-11: REASONS FOR WFH. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 176
ix FIGURE A-12: ONLINE SALES. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178 FIGURE A-13: CURRENT DELIVERY OPTIONS OFFERED FOR ECOMMERCE. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 182 FIGURE A-14. PUBLIC SPENDING FOR HIGHWAYS AS A PERCENTAGE OF GDP. -------------------------------------------------------------- 185 FIGURE A-15: PUBLIC SPENDING FOR HIGHWAYS IN 2017 BY LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT AND TYPE OF SPENDING. ------------------------ 186 FIGURE A-16: DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUES FOR HIGHWAYS FOR 2019. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 186 FIGURE A-17: SOURCES OF REVENUE CREDITED TO THE HIGHWAY TRUST FUND IN 2019. ------------------------------------------------- 187 FIGURE A-18: MBUF OBJECTIVES SUPPORTED BY DIFFERENT TECHNICAL OPTIONS.-------------------------------------------------------- 189 FIGURE A-19: IMPLEMENTATION OF MBUFS IN THE U.S. AS OF 2020. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 FIGURE A-20: SAE INTERNATIONAL DEFINITIONS FOR LEVELS OF AUTOMATION. ------------------------------------------------------------- 191 FIGURE A-21: GLOBAL ELECTRIC CAR STOCK 2010-19. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 195 FIGURE A-22: GLOBAL EV STOCK UNDER IEAâS STATED POLICIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS. ------------------------- 197 FIGURE A-23: TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY END-USE SECTOR. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198 FIGURE A-24: MANUFACTURING JOBS AS A SHARE OF US EMPLOYMENT. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 211 FIGURE A-25: U.S. DEPT. OF LABOR APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS.--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 215 FIGURE A-26: STATES WITH ACTIVE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS IN 2020. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 215 FIGURE C-1: STATE PERFORMANCE DASHBOARD â MONTANA. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 229 FIGURE C-2: TFL ANNUAL SCORECARD OBJECTIVES, OUTCOMES, AND MEASURES. --------------------------------------------------------- 235 FIGURE C-3: RIS2 OUTCOME AREAS, KPIS, AND PIS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 238 FIGURE C-4: QUEENSLAND TMR PERFORMANCE MEASURES. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240 FIGURE D-1: CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 242 FIGURE D-2: CLOUD COMPUTING. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 244 FIGURE D-3: A SEQUENCE OF ACTIVITIES, OR PROCESSES, THAT CONVERT DATA TO INFORMATION. ---------------------------------------- 248 FIGURE E-1: ANALYTIC TOOLS AND MEASURES THAT SUPPORT CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT. -------------------------------------------------- 254 FIGURE F-1: HOW THE PILOTS CONNECT TO THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 263 FIGURE F-2: THE PILOTS (THOSE IN BOLD WERE SELECTED AND CONDUCTED). --------------------------------------------------------------- 264 FIGURE F-3: UNIFIED DATASET ELEMENTS AND PROCESS FLOW. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 264 FIGURE F-4: DATASET PREPARATION (INGEST). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 269 FIGURE F-5: DATASET PREPARATION (FEEDBACK). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 270 FIGURE F-6: DATASET PREPARATION (FEEDFORWARD). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 271 FIGURE F-7: NETWORK FLOW OVER PATTERN. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 274 FIGURE F-8: EVENT-DEDICATED FLOW. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 275 FIGURE F-9: NETWORK SLOW-DOWN. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276 FIGURE F-10: DELAY INDEX. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 276 FIGURE F-11: NETWORK STATE INDEX.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 277 FIGURE F-12: SPEED THRESHOLD CROSSING. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 278 FIGURE F-13: MAAS TAZ. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280 FIGURE F-14 MAAS DEMAND RATIOS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 281 FIGURE F-15: MAAS NETWORK SLOW-DOWN RATIO. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 282 FIGURE F-16: MAAS POLICY ORIENTED PERFORMANCE MEASURE.-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 283 FIGURE F-17: DEMAND MANAGEMENT DEGREES-OF-FREEDOM. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 285 FIGURE F-18: RESILIENCY DRIVEN STRATEGY. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 286 FIGURE F-19: CORRIDOR RESILIENCE INDEX ADDED VALUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 287 FIGURE F-20: PERFORMANCE MEASURE OPPORTUNITIES (OD MATRIX). -------------------------------------------------------------------- 289 FIGURE F-21: PERFORMANCE MEASURE OPPORTUNITIES (NETWORK PATHWAY FLOW). --------------------------------------------------- 290
