National Academies Press: OpenBook

Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California (2023)

Chapter: Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles

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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
Page 51
Page 52
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
Page 54
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3: Imperiled Pollinator Profiles." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27060.
×
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3-1 Chapter 3 Imperiled Pollinator Profiles California is home to a diverse assemblage of pollinators. In this region, there are 20 pollinator species listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA), and one candidate species as of March 2022. However, there are many imperiled pollinators in this region that are not protected by the ESA. This section provides profiles of ESA-listed and -candidate pollinator species found in California, as well as imperiled pollinators that have the potential to be listed in the future based on NatureServe rankings and expert opinion (Table 3-1). The profiles of imperiled species not listed under the ESA include four imperiled bumble bees and three imperiled butterflies. This is not an exhaustive list of all declining pollinators in the region; the focus is on species in need of conservation that have a broad distribution and those that are more likely to affect departments of transportation (DOTs). An overview of the basic biology of bees, butterflies, and other insect pollinators can be found in Chapter 2. This section presents information on life history, distribution, threats, and habitat requirements for imperiled pollinators in this region. Information on known adult flight times (i.e., the breeding period) and larval active times (for butterflies and moths; larval bees live within nests) are included. The profiles also include a list of important plants that are used by each species as host plants or for pollen and/or nectar. Some of these plants are nonnative species or noxious weeds. These species are included in the profiles, as the information may be useful, but using them in revegetation efforts is not recommended (see Chapter 7 for more). Some basic conservation recommendations and information on the effects of roadside management on each species are also provided, when such information is available. Insects generally tend to be less well studied than vertebrates; therefore, very little is known about the biology and habitat requirements of some of these species. Other pollinator species may be better studied, but rigorous studies of the effects of different management practices on the species or their habitat may still be lacking. The best possible recommendations are made based on the available information. The profiles provide information on life cycles, host plants, habitat needs, and adult flight times that can be used to tailor maintenance and revegetation decisions (Chapters 6 and 7). General active times for adults and larvae are also provided. It should be noted that active times may shift regionally, such as with elevation or latitude, or from year to year with changes in climate. However, consultation with local experts, as well as biologists from state and federal agencies, is recommended to help DOTs develop meaningful management plans for species of interest in their areas, because the profiles cannot capture the site- specific nuances that should be considered. As the profiles indicate, habitat loss is a primary driver of species’ declines. Roads can be a source of habitat fragmentation (Box 5-3). However, with investments in high-quality revegetation (revegetation that prioritizes usage of native plants and high plant diversity, including an abundance of flowering plants that provide pollen and nectar or act as host plants for butterflies) where appropriate, roadsides can also provide an ideal opportunity to increase habitat connectivity for many species, including pollinators. It is important to note that although some of the species profiled in this section may be unlikely to use roadside habitat for breeding, individuals may still use roadside habitat for nectar or pollen

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-2 or as movement corridors. Therefore, it is worthwhile to invest in high-quality habitat restoration projects along roadsides near natural areas, preserves, and populations of imperiled species. Another common threat to many imperiled butterflies in the United States is noxious and invasive plants that displace required host plants. Here again, investing in high-quality habitat restoration using native plants can benefit imperiled pollinators, even if those pollinators are not using roadside habitat, by helping to slow the spread of invasive plants into key habitat areas. This section includes profiles of pollinator species that may not occur in roadside habitat, but may be found in other DOT land holdings, such as mitigation areas. Table 3-1. List of profiled imperiled pollinator species in the California region. Scientific Name  Common Name  Status#  ESA Listed Pollinator Species  Apodemia mormo langei  Lange’s metalmark butterfly  Endangered  Bombus franklini  Franklin’s bumble bee  Endangered  Callophrys mossii bayensis  San Bruno elfin butterfly  Endangered  Danaus plexippus   Monarch butterfly  Candidate  Desmocerus californicus dimorphus  Valley elderberry longhorn beetle  Threatened  Euphilotes battoides allyni  El Segundo blue butterfly  Endangered  Euphilotes enoptes smithi  Smith’s blue butterfly  Endangered  Euphydryas editha bayensis  Bay checkerspot butterfly  Threatened  Euphydryas editha quino   Quino checkerspot butterfly  Endangered  Euproserpinus euterpe  Kern primrose sphinx moth  Threatened  Glaucopsyche lygdamus  palosverdesensis  Palos Verdes blue butterfly  Endangered  Icaricia icarioides missionensis  Mission blue butterfly  Endangered  Lycaena hermes  Hermes copper  Threatened  Plebejus anna lotis  Lotis blue butterfly  Endangered  Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus  Carson wandering skipper  Endangered  Pyrgus ruralis lagunae  Laguna Mountains skipper  Endangered  Rhaphiomidas terminatus  Delhi sands flower‐loving fly  Endangered  Speyeria callippe callippe  Callippe silverspot butterfly  Endangered  Speyeria zerene behrensii  Behren’s silverspot butterfly  Endangered  Speyeria zerene hippolyta  Oregon silverspot butterfly  Threatened  Speyeria zerene myrtleae  Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly  Endangered 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-3 Scientific Name  Common Name  Status#  Declining Pollinator Species  Bombus crotchii  Crotch’s bumble bee  G2  Bombus fervidus  Yellow bumble bee  G3G4  Bombus occidentalis*  western bumble bee  G3  Bombus pensylvanicus*  American bumble bee  G3G4  Callophrys sheridanii ssp.  Desert green hairstreak  G5T3T4  Panoquina errans  Wandering skipper  G4G5  Plebulina emigdionis  San Emigdio blue  G1G2  * Species are under review or on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service workplan to be evaluated for listing under the ESA as of March 2022. # Status of pollinators is either the ESA status for listed species or is taken from NatureServe (accessed  March 2022) for species not listed under the ESA.    G1: Critically Imperiled. At very high risk of extinction due to extreme rarity (often five or fewer populations), very steep declines, or other factors.  G2: Imperiled. At high risk of extinction due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer), steep declines, or other factors.  G3: Vulnerable. At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range, relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors.  G4: Apparently Secure. Uncommon but not rare; some cause for long‐term concern due to declines or other factors.  G5: Secure. Common; widespread and abundant.  G#G#: Range Rank. A numeric range rank (e.g., G2G3) is used to indicate the range of uncertainty in the status of a species or community.  T#: Infraspecific Taxon (for subspecies or varieties). The status of infraspecific taxa is indicated by a “T‐rank” following the species’ global rank. For example, the global rank of a critically imperiled subspecies of an otherwise widespread and common species would be G5T1.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-4 3.1 Lange’s Metalmark Butterfly (Apodemia mormo  langei)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae    Adult Lange’s metalmark butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: Ken‐ichi Ueda/Flickr Creative Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March  2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This subspecies is endemic to California and currently only occurs in the Antioch Dunes, on the San Joaquin River in Contra Costa County. How to recognize: This butterfly is a subspecies of the Mormon metalmark (A. mormo). Upper sides of the wings are orangish-brown with a few scattered inner white spots; the reduction of the inner (discal) white spots distinguishes the subspecies. The outer half of the upper sides contains black margins and two rows of white spots. Undersides of the forewings are orange and brown; the hindwings are brown with white markings. Life cycle: Adults can be observed from early August to late September. Females lay eggs on host plants, but the eggs do not hatch until the rainy season arrives. After hatching, larvae shelter under litter and enter diapause for the winter. Larvae break diapause in the spring when their host plants start to grow. Larvae feed during the evenings and spend the day burrowed under the litter. This species is univoltine. Habitat needs: Habitat with their host plant Antioch Dunes naked-stem buckwheat (Eriogonum nudum var. psychicola). The host plant is also the primary nectar plant (Table 3-2).

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-5 Top reasons for decline, if known: Historical habitat loss from industrial and agricultural development, as well as upstream hydrological changes; habitat degradation from invasive plants, pollution, and illegal recreational use of habitat. General conservation recommendations: This subspecies is highly endangered and is now only known to occur at one site. Management to control invasive weeds is needed to help the host plant to increase. Management that protects the dune ecosystem, including the natural disturbance regimes, is needed. Roadside management recommendations: High-quality revegetation near this subspecies’ remaining habitat can help to reduce invasive weeds that can displace the host plant. If mowing in areas with Antioch Dunes naked-stem buckwheat near the known range, avoid mowing from August to September and use a higher mowing height (approximately 6 to 8 inches) to avoid harming larvae. Table 3-2. Plants used by Lange’s metalmark butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Notes  Larval Host Plants  Eriogonum nudum var.  psychicola  Antioch Dunes naked‐stem  buckwheat  Requires sandy, well‐drained  soils  Nectar Plants  Eriogonum nudum var.  psychicola  Antioch Dunes naked‐stem  buckwheat  The larval host plant is also  the primary nectar plant  3.1.1 References NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Recovery Plan for Three Endangered Species Endemic to Antioch Dunes, California: Lange’s metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo langei), Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii (Antioch Dunes evening-primrose), and Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum (Contra Costa wallflower). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 8, Pacific Southwest San Francisco Bay-Delta Fish and Wildlife Office. Sacramento, California. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2020. Lange’s metalmark butterfly (Apodemia mormo langei) 5-year review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife. 1976. Determination That Six Species of Butterflies are Endangered Species. Service Region 8, Pacific Southwest San Francisco Bay-Delta Fish and Wildlife Office, Sacramento, California. 41 Federal Register 22041.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-6 3.2 Franklin’s Bumble Bee (Bombus franklini)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Adult Franklin’s bumble bee (top left) and known historical distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Brenda White USFWS/Flicker Creative  Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Status: Endangered Distribution: California, Oregon; This species has always had a narrow geographic range, existing only in northern California and southern Oregon. Species has not been seen since 2006 and may be extinct. Where it occurs: Shrubland, grassland Flight time: This species is typically active on the landscape from late April to early October. Between October and early April, queens are overwintering in the ground. How to recognize: This bumble bee has yellow hair on the face. The thorax is predominantly yellow, with a black spot between the wings and a black band behind the wings. Segments one through four of the abdomen are black, segment five is pale yellow, and segment six is black. Body size: Large. Queens range from 22 to 24 millimeters (0.86 to 0.95 inch) and workers range from 10 to 17 millimeters (0.40 to 0.65 inch). Life cycle: Bumble bees live in annual colonies made up of queens, workers, and males. Queens emerge in the spring; after foraging, locating a nest site, and rearing the first batch of workers, they remain in the nest to lay eggs. Worker bees are responsible for collecting

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-7 food resources as well as maintaining and protecting the colony throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Male bees, whose only purpose is to mate with newly reared queens, emerge in late summer or early fall. In late fall, the founding queen, worker bees, and male bees die off, and the only member to overwinter is the newly mated queen. This queen will burrow into soil and hibernate until the following spring. Habitat needs: Availability of food and nesting resources are key features in determining the success of a bumble bee colony. It is critical to maintain a bloom of floral resources throughout the spring, summer, and fall to supply bumble bees with a diversity and abundance of food. Top reasons for decline, if known: There are multiple factors affecting bumble bee decline including habit loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, pathogens, and parasites, as well as the introduction of nonnative species. The greatest threat contributing to population decline of Franklin’s bumble bee has been the commercial rearing and shipping of bumble bees, which spread pathogens and parasites, and increased competition for resources. General conservation recommendations: Preserve, restore, and create high-quality habitat that includes suitable nesting, foraging, and overwintering sites throughout a species’ range. Assess and mitigate risk of pesticide use in or near suitable habitat to avoid treating flowers in bloom or contaminating nesting and overwintering sites. Avoid the introduction of managed honey bees and managed bumble bees to areas of natural habitat to protect and minimize disease exposure. Roadside management recommendations: Intensive mowing may deplete floral resources and potentially disturb species that have nested above ground in the roadside. Reduced mowing frequency would alleviate this problem. In areas likely to contain B. affinis, avoid mowing from April through October to avoid harming nests. Use a diversity of plants in revegetation to ensure multiple species are in bloom from spring through fall. Blanket spraying of herbicides can affect the health of bumble bees in the area by reducing floral resources. When managing for weeds in B. affinis habitat, replace weeds that provide pollen and nectar with flowering plants. Table 3-3. Plants used by bumble bees. Species Name by Bloom  Period  Common Name  Notes   Early  Clarkia unguiculata  Elegant clarkia  Pink; annual  Lupinus polyphyllus  Bigleaf lupine  Purple; perennial  Phacelia tanacetifolia  Lacy phacelia  Purple; annual  Salvia dorrii  Purple sage  Purple; perennial 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-8 Species Name by Bloom  Period  Common Name  Notes   Mid  Asclepias speciosa  Showy milkweed  Pink; perennial  Lupinus formosus  Summer lupine  White/blue/purple; perennial  Monarda punctata  Spotted bee balm  White/purple/pink; perennial  Rosa woodsii  Western wild rose  Pink; perennial  Late  Cirsium occidentale  Cobwebby thistle  White/pink/red; biennial  Helianthus nuttallii  Nuttall’s sunflower  Yellow; perennial  Solidago velutina  California/threenerve goldenrod  Yellow; perennial  Symphyotrichum chilense  California aster  White/purple; perennial    3.2.1 References Hatfield, R., S. Jepsen, E. Mader, S. H. Black, and M. Shepherd. 2012. Conserving bumble bees. Guidelines for Creating and Managing Habitat for America's Declining Pollinators. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. Thorp, R. W., S. Jepsen, S. F. Jordan, E. Evans, and S. H. Black. 2010. Petition to list Franklin’s bumble bee Bombus franklini (Frison), 1921 as an Endangered Species under the US Endangered Species Act. Available: https://xerces.org/sites/default/ files/2019-10/bombus-franklini-petition.pdf. Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, and S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wpzr9.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-9 3.3 San Bruno Elfin Butterfly (Callophrys mossii  bayensis)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult San Bruno elfin butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: icosahedron ‐ https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/6614544, CC BY 4.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=117129601. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed  March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: Coastal San Mateo County. How to recognize: This is a small species with a wingspan of less than 1 inch. Upper sides of the wings are brown and undersides of the wings are reddish brown and have an irregular whitish line running through the middle of the wings. Life cycle: Adults can be observed from February through April. Larvae feed on stonecrops (Sedum spathulifolium) until entering diapause in May or June. First instar larvae bore into the leaves to feed. Third instar larvae climb to the top of flowering stalks and feed on flowers. Diapause is spent in the litter or loose soil surrounding host plants. Larvae break diapause the following February or March. This species is largely sedentary, often moving less than 100 meters from host plants. This species is tended by ants. Habitat needs: Grassland and open scrub habitat on north-facing slopes along the fog belt in San Mateo County. They require habitat with stonecrop, the only known host plant. The

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-10 host plant is found in areas with shallow soils between 275 and 325 meters in elevation. They use nectar plants with small inflorescences that occur near host plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; invasive plants that displace the host plant; habitat degradation. General conservation recommendations: Protect the habitat where the remaining populations occur. Scrub encroachment may be a local issue but the thin, rocky soils are resistant to dense scrub cover. Roadside management recommendations: Most populations are far from roads and inaccessible. Mowing and road blading of dirt roads may temporarily reduce host plant abundance but may also provide disturbance needed for host plants to persist. Stonecrop can colonize north-facing roadcuts. If mowing is conducted in an area near this species’ habitat, avoid mowing from February through June and use a high mowing height (6 to 8 inches) to avoid diapausing larvae. Table 3-4. Plants used by San Bruno elfin butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Sedum spathulifolium  Stonecrop1  Nectar Plants  Apicaceae  Carrot family2  Asteraceae  Sunflower family2  Vaccinium ovatum  Huckleberry  Arctostaphylos montaraensis  Montara manzanita  1 Found in shallow soils between 275‐ and 325‐meter elevation; readily colonizes roadcuts  2 Prefers species with small inflorescences  3.3.1 References NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. San Bruno Elfin Butterfly (Callophrys mossii bayensis) and Mission Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Weiss, S.B., L. Naumovich, and C. Niederer. 2015. Assessment of the past 30 years of habitat management and covered species monitoring associated with the San Bruno Mountain habitat conservation plan. Prepared for the San Mateo County Parks Department.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-11 3.4 Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Breeding habitat  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Overwintering habitat  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult monarch (top left) and monarch distribution within the U.S. (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) for monarchs in California in the chart (bottom) for  both breeding and overwintering populations. Adult and larval active times vary regionally; see Figure 3‐1  for regionally specific suggested management windows. Photo credit: Stephanie McKnight/The Xerces  Society.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Candidate Distribution: As of 150 years ago, the monarch was restricted to southern Canada, the lower 48 states, Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America. In recent years the species has spread or been introduced to other areas, including Spain, Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand. Where it occurs: Monarchs overwinter in groves along the Pacific coast stretching from Mendocino County, California to Baja California, Mexico. During the breeding season, western monarchs can be found in terrestrial habitats throughout California, but they tend to avoid dense forest. How to recognize: Orange and black monarchs are larger than most butterflies with similar coloration. In contrast to the species that most closely resembles monarchs— viceroys—monarchs lack the black line crossing the middle of each hind wing. Behaviorally, monarchs tend to glide more than most other butterfly species.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-12 Life cycle: Western monarchs generally breed west of the Rocky Mountains and overwinter along the Pacific coast. However, there is some mixing between the western and eastern populations (which breed east of the Rocky Mountains and overwinter in central Mexico), with some western monarchs migrating to central Mexico. Monarchs have several generations a year, which spread out and move north and west from the overwintering sites. Adults and larvae can be found in the West throughout the breeding season. (See Figure 3-1 for adult flight times in breeding habitat in California.) In the fall, adult monarchs enter reproductive diapause and return to overwintering sites. Overwintering sites are found primarily along the coast, but a few small inland sites are known in Inyo and Kern Counties. Those individuals leave the overwintering grounds in spring to lay eggs on milkweeds, the larval host plant. While larvae specialize on milkweed, adults use a variety of plants for nectar (Table 3-5). Habitat needs: Breeding habitat. Although monarchs tend to avoid dense forests, they use most terrestrial and wetland ecosystems for breeding and migration, as long as those ecosystems have milkweeds and nectar sources. This includes roadsides: monarchs lay eggs on a variety of milkweed species on roadsides and in roadside ditches. Overwintering habitat. Monarchs use forested groves along the California coast. Most of these sites are within 1.5 miles of the coast. They require groves that provide protection from wind and storms. They also require overwintering sites with high humidity, absence of freezing temperatures, dappled sunlight, and nectar and water sources. Monarchs do not need milkweed at overwintering sites. Top reasons for decline, if known: Loss and degradation of overwintering and breeding habitat; loss of habitat via conversion to row-crop agriculture and urban development; use of herbicides that kill milkweeds and nectar sources; use of insecticides that kill monarchs or cause negative but sublethal effects. General conservation recommendations: Key conservation actions to support western monarchs in California include protecting, actively managing, and restoring overwintering sites. Breeding habitat in California should also be protected and restored. This includes planting of native milkweed (especially in the Central Valley) and nectar plants. Plants that bloom in the early spring and late fall may be especially important for supporting the migration. Avoid planting nonnative tropical milkweed, which leads to high concentrations of parasites and can cause overwintering monarchs to break reproductive diapause. Avoid planting milkweed at overwintering sites where it did not occur historically. Finally, reduced use of pesticides will benefit the conservation of this species. Roadside management recommendations: Mowing during the breeding season will likely kill many monarch eggs, larvae, and pupae. Spraying of herbicides may kill milkweed and nectar plants. Monarch butterfly larvae  Photo Credit: Ray Moranz/The Xerces  Society 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-13 Table 3-5. Plants used by western monarch butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Notes  Larval Host Plants  Asclepias speciosa  Showy milkweed  Commonly available  Asclepias fascicularis  Narrow‐leaved milkweed  Commonly available; wide  distribution in California  Asclepias eriocarpa  Woollypod milkweed Asclepias californica  California milkweed  Not yet commercially  available, but this early  emerging species may be  important for monarchs  leaving overwintering sites in  spring   Asclepias cordifolia  Heartleaf milkweed  Prefers rocky soil  Asclepias subulata  Desert milkweed Nectar Plants  Achillea millefolium  Yarrow Grindelia camporum  Gumplant Symphyotrichum chilense  Pacific aster Monardella villosa  Coyote mint Solidago spp.  Goldenrod Euthamia occidentalis  Western goldentop Dichelostemma capitatum  Bluedicks Baccharis spp.  Baccharis  Shrub 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-14 Taken from handout created by Monarch Joint Venture and The Xerces Society:  https://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/MowingForMonarchsUpdated.pdf.  Figure 3-1. Management timing windows for monarchs in the United States. Roadside milkweed guide:  Milkweeds of CA: https://xerces.org/publications/fact- sheets/roadside-habitat-for-monarchs-milkweeds-of-california 3.4.1 References Dilts, T. E., M. O. Steele, J. D. Engler, E. M. Pelton, S. J. Jepsen, S. J. McKnight, A. R. Taylor, C. E. Fallon, S. H. Black, E. E. Cruz, D. R. Craver, and M. L. Forister. 2019. “Host Plants and Climate Structure Habitat Associations of the Western Monarch Butterfly.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7:188. Espeset, A. E., J. G. Harrison, A. M. Shapiro, C. C. Nice, J. H. Thorne, D. P. Waetjen, J. A. Fordyce, and M. L. Forister. 2016. “Understanding a migratory species in a changing world: climatic effects and demographic declines in the western monarch revealed by four decades of intensive monitoring.” Oecologia 181(3):819–830. Pelton, E., S. Jepsen, C. Schultz, C. Fallon, and S. H. Black. 2016. State of the monarch butterfly overwintering sites in California. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. Available: https://www.xerces.org/sites/default/files/

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-15 2018-05/16-015_01_XercesSoc_State-of-Monarch-Overwintering-Sites-in- California_web.pdf. Pelton, E. M., C. B. Schultz, S. J. Jepsen, S. H. Black, and E. E. Crone. 2019. “Western Monarch Population Plummets: Status, Probable Causes, and Recommended Conservation Actions.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7:258. Satterfield, D. A., F. X. Villablanca, J. C. Maerz, and S. Altizer. 2016. “Migratory monarchs wintering in California experience low infection risk compared to monarchs breeding year-round on non-native milkweed.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 56(2):343– 352. Schultz, C. B., L. M. Brown, E. Pelton, and E. E. Crone. 2017. “Citizen science monitoring demonstrates dramatic declines of monarch butterflies in western North America.” Biological Conservation 214:343–346. The Xerces Society. 2017. Protecting California’s Butterfly Groves: Management Guidelines for Monarch Butterfly Overwintering Habitat. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. Available: https://xerces.org/sites/default/files/2018-05/17- 040_01_ProtectingCaliforniaButterflyGroves.pdf. The Xerces Society. 2018. Managing for monarchs in the west: best management practices for conserving the monarch butterfly and its habitat. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. Available: www.xerces.org.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-16 3.5 Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Desmocerus  californicus dimorphus)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Adult valley elderberry longhorn beetle (top left) and known U.S. distribution (top right). Adult active times  (i.e., breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Robin Agarwal/Flickr Creative  Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Status: Threatened Distribution: California Where it occurs: Found in the Central Valley from southern Shasta County to Fresno County. Found in riparian habitat where its host plants red and blue elderberry are found (Table 3-6). How to recognize: These beetles are 0.5 to 1 inch long. Males have a black head, thorax, and legs. Their wing covers (elytra) are reddish-orange with four dark green, oval spots. Females have metallic green elytra with red around the edges. Antennae in males are about as long as their bodies. Females have shorter antennae. Life cycle: Adults can be found from March through June. Females lay eggs on the bark of elderberry trees with stems at least 1 inch in diameter. Larvae burrow into the stems and feed on the wood. They take 2 years to reach pupation, although they reach pupation in 1 year in laboratory studies. Adults emerge in spring, leaving small, oval exit holes in the wood. These exit holes are often used in monitoring efforts for this species. Adults feed on leaves but may also feed on flowers and nectar. Habitat needs: This species requires riparian habitat with healthy elderberry shrubs. Sites with older shrubs and higher stem densities tend to be favored by the beetles.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-17 Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and degradation. Invasive species and pesticide use may also contribute to this species’ decline. General conservation recommendations: Protect and restore habitat for this species. Manage for healthy riparian communities that include elderberry and a diverse assemblage of native plants. Control invasive Argentine ants that are predators of the valley elderberry longhorn beetle. Reduce pesticide exposure, especially of insecticides from adjacent land. Revegetation focused on this species along roadside habitat should prioritize sites near natural areas, riparian areas, or sites with larger areas available for restoration. Roadside management recommendations: Road dust is listed as a concern in the species recovery plan because it may affect eggs and larvae of this species. However, subsequent research shows that this is unlikely to be a concern for this species. Other research commissioned by the California DOT indicates that the beetles are unlikely to be harmed by conditions associated with highways. Road construction may affect the beetles through noise, dust, and movement and so should be performed outside the active adult period (March to June) in areas where the species is present. Dust accumulation during droughts may indirectly affect the beetles by negatively affecting elderberry shrubs. Table 3-6. Plants used by valley elderberry longhorn beetle. Species Name  Common Name  Host Plant and Nectar Plants  Sambucus racemosa  Red elderberry  Sambucus nigra  Blue elderberry  3.5.1 References Essig Museum of Entomology. 2022. “Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle.” Available: https://essig.berkeley.edu/endangered/endangered_desmcali/. Talley, T. S., and M. Holyoak. 2009. The Effects of Highways and Highway Construction Activities on Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle Habitat. Prepared for the California Department of Transportation. Available: https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot- media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/f0016602- construction-impacts-valley-elderberry-longhorn-beetle.pdf. Talley, T. S., E. Fleishman, M. Holyoak, D. D. Murphy, and A. Ballard. 2007. “Rethinking a rare-species conservation strategy in an urban landscape: The case of the valley elderberry longhorn beetle.” Biological Conservation 135:21–32. Talley, T. S., M. Holyoak, and D. A. Piechnik. 2006. “The effects of dust on the federally threatened valley elderberry longhorn beetle.” Environmental Management 37:647–658. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No date. “Desmocerus californicus dimorphus: valley elderberry longhorn beetle.” Available: https://www.fws.gov/species/valley- elderberry-longhorn-beetle-desmocerus-californicus-dimorphus.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-18 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus). 5-year evaluation: summary and review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Revised recovery plan for valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus).   3.6 El Segundo Blue Butterfly (Euphilotes battoides  allyni)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult El Segundo blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: USFWS Pacific Southwest. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal areas in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara Counties. How to recognize: Like other butterflies in this family, the El Segundo blue butterfly is a small butterfly (wingspan of 0.75 to 1.25 inches). Upper sides of the wings are bright blue in males and brownish in females; both sexes have an orange band along the outer edge of the hindwing. The undersides of the wings are gray with bold squarish black markings. Life cycle: Adults live for up to 2 weeks and can be found from mid-June through early September. Larvae stay in the flowerhead of the host plant (coastal buckwheat, Eriogonum parvifolium) and feed on seeds. Larvae go through four instars, which takes about 1 month, and then enter the pupal stage. The pupal stage can last for a year or longer and is spent

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-19 buried in the sand or in leaf litter at the base of the host plant. Adults are sedentary and do not move far from host plants. The host plants are also the primary nectar source and commonly used for perching. Habitat needs: Coastal dunes containing coastal buckwheat, the host plant. Loose sand may be important, but this is not known for certain. Top reasons for decline, if known: Historical habitat loss from urban and commercial development; modern habitat degradation, especially from invasive plants. General conservation recommendations: Existing habitat should be protected and actively managed to maintain host plants. Management to reduce the abundance of invasive plants, especially ice plant, which displace the host plant (coastal buckwheat) is required. Habitat restoration should take place where feasible. This species has successfully recolonized restored habitat when the habitat is within 1 mile of an existing population. Roadside management recommendations: Roads border the recovery units for this species. Investing in revegetation using native species at these sites may help to control invasive plants within the recovery units. Avoid mowing or spraying coastal buckwheat found along roadsides near this species’ habitat. 3.6.1 References Black, S. H., and D. M. Vaughan. 2005. Species Profile: Euphilotes battoides allyni. In Shepherd, M. D., D. M. Vaughan, and S. H. Black (Eds). Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1 (May 2005). The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. Mattoni, R., T. Longcore, C. Zonneveld, and V. Novotny. 2001. Analysis of transect counts to monitor population size in endangered insects: The case of the El Segundo blue butterfly, Euphilotes bernardino allyni. Journal of Insect Conservation 5:197–206. NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery Plan for El Segundo Blue Butterfly (Euphilotes battoides allyni). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. El Segundo Blue Butterfly (Euphilotes battoides allyni) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-20 3.7 Smith’s Blue Butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smithi)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Smith’s blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: James Maughn/Flickr Creative Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal habitat in Monterey and northern San Luis Obispo Counties. How to recognize: This is a small butterfly, with a wingspan of less than 1 inch. The upper sides of the wings are bright blue with black edges in males and brownish with an orange stripe across the bottom of the hindwings in females. Undersides of the wings are grayish- tan with black spots and a band of orange spots near the margin of the hindwing. Other related species also have metallic spots on the hindwing, but Smith’s blue butterfly does not. Life cycle: Adults can be observed from early June through early September. Females oviposit eggs on the flowers of the host plant and eggs hatch 4 to 8 days later. Larvae feed on flowers and seeds for about a month before reaching the pupal stage. Larvae overwinter as pupae and emerge the next year during the adult flight period. Smith’s blue butterflies use buckwheats as host plants and for nectar (Table 3-7). Adults are highly sedentary, typically moving only a few hundred feet. Habitat needs: Coastal habitat, including coastal dunes, grasslands, scrubland, and chaparral with abundant host plants. The host plants (Eriogonum parvifolium and E.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-21 latifolium) require natural disturbances such as fire and erosion to persist. The two host plants are also the primary nectar plants, but this species will also take nectar from E. nudum. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and degradation from urban development. Current threats include invasive plants and altered disturbance and successional processes that threaten habitat quality, including climate change, drought, and large, high- intensity wildfires. General conservation recommendations: Protect existing habitat and manage to reduce invasive plant species, especially ice plant. Roads may increase habitat fragmentation and increase isolation of populations. Because of the butterflies’ low dispersal ability, connecting host plant patches with native host and nectar plants is important. Roadside management recommendations: Among other roads, California Highway 1 runs lengthwise along the preferred coastal scrub habitat of the Smith’s blue butterfly. More research is needed on the effects of roadside management on this species. If mowing occurs in an area near this species’ range, avoid mowing buckwheat host plants and try to avoid mowing from June through early October when adults and larvae are active. At other times of the year, use a higher mowing height. Investing in revegetation projects using native plants along roadsides near this species’ habitat may help reduce spread of invasive weeds into habitat. Table 3-7. Plants used by Smith’s blue butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Eriogonum latifolium  Coast buckwheat  Eriogonum parvifolium  Seacliff buckwheat  Nectar Plants  Eriogonum latifolium  Coast buckwheat  Eriogonum parvifolium  Seacliff buckwheat  Eriogonum nudum  Naked buckwheat  3.7.1 References NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Smith’s blue butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smithi). 5 year review: summary and evaluation.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-22 3.8 Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha  bayensis)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Bay checkerspot butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). Lighter shades  indicate uncertain but likely active times; Larvae break diapause in the fall when host plants reemerge with  fall rains (see Life Cycle for more). Photo credit: Josh Hull/USFWS.  Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed  March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as threatened Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties. How to recognize: This is a medium-sized butterfly. The wings have black bands along the wing veins with white, red, and yellow spots. Life cycle: Adults can be observed from February through early May. Eggs are laid during the adult flight period and take about 10 to 15 days to hatch. The larval stage lasts for 2 weeks and four instars before entering diapause for the remainder of the summer. Larvae break diapause in late fall, when rains begin and the host plants emerge. Habitat needs: Occurs in the Bay Area on outcrops of serpentine rock. This species requires habitat with variable topography and an abundance of host plants and nectar plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss from development, and habitat degradation. Loss of native host plants and nectar plants that are displaced by invasive

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-23 grasses is facilitated by nitrogen deposition and removal of grazing. Climate change can lead to disruption of phenological synchrony between the butterfly and hostplants, but is ameliorated by topographic diversity. General conservation recommendations: Protect habitat, including host and nectar plants. Manage for invasive grasses, which can be kept in check by managed grazing on large patches or timed mowing on small patches. Reintroduce populations in extirpated habitats. Potential impacts of roadside management: Increased nitrogen deposition in high traffic areas can accelerate the displacement of native plants by invasive species. Mowing and/or grazing may help keep invasive grasses in check so that host plants can persist. Mowing while larvae are in diapause (approximately July through October) and using a higher mowing height may help reduce damage to eggs, larvae, and adults. Table 3-8. Plants used by Bay checkerspot butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Plantago erecta  Dwarf plantain1  Castilleja densiflora  Owl’s clover2  Castilleja exserta  Purple owl’s clover2  Nectar Plants  Lasthenia californica  California goldfields  Layia platyglossa  Tidy tips  Allium serratum  Jeweled onion  Muilla maritima  Common muilla  Lomatium spp.  Desert parsley  1 Primary host plant  2 Secondary host plant  3.8.1 References Bonebrake, T. C., R. T. Navratil, C. L. Boggs, S. Fendorf, C. B. Field, and P. R. Ehrlich. 2011. “Native and Non-Native Community Assembly through Edaphic Manipulation: Implications for Habitat Creation and Restoration.” Restoration Ecology 19:709–716. Ehrlich, P. R., and I. Hanski, eds. 2004. On the wings of checkerspots: a model system for population biology. Oxford University Press.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-24 Murphy, D. D., K. E. Freas, and S. B. Weiss. 1990. “An environment‐metapopulation approach to population viability analysis for a threatened invertebrate.” Conservation Biology 4(1):41–51. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) 5-Year Review. Weiss, S. B. 1999. Cars, cows, and checkerspot butterflies: nitrogen deposition and management of nutrient‐poor grasslands for a threatened species. Conservation Biology 13(6):1476–1486. 3.9 Quino Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha  quino)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Quino checkerspot butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: USFWS Southwest Region/Flickr Creative Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov,  accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California, Mexico Where it occurs: In the United States, this species is found in Riverside and San Diego Counties. This species is found in scrubland habitat. How to recognize: This is a medium-sized butterfly, with a wingspan of 1.5 to 2.0 inches. The upper sides of the wings have a checkered pattern (like most checkerspot butterflies) in red, cream, and black. Undersides of the wing have a red and cream pattern. The abdomen has red stripes.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-25 Life cycle: Adults can be observed from late February through May. Females lay hundreds of eggs at the bases of host plants. The eggs hatch after about 2 weeks. Larvae form silken shelters around host plants, which they feed in until the plant has been consumed or dries out. Larvae enter diapause as third or fourth instar larvae until fall and winter rains lead to host plant emergence as early as January or February, depending on the year and amount of rainfall. The larvae then develop into adults or re-enter diapause. Larvae may remain in dormancy for several years. Larvae pupate in silken shelters near the soil surface. Habitat needs: The quino checkerspot butterfly uses scrubland habitat with large openings and bare ground between shrubs or small trees. Abundant host plants and nectar plants are needed. California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) may be an important shelter plant for diapausing larvae. This species prefers nectar plants with a platform-like shape to land on while feeding and flowers with short corolla tubes (Table 3-9). The larvae move no more than 1 meter from the host plant, so a high density of host plants is needed. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and fragmentation; invasive plant species; drought, which will increase with climate change. General conservation recommendations: Restore habitat and increase habitat quality by ensuring a diverse, abundant assemblage of host and nectar plants are available. Protect remaining habitat. Roadside management recommendations: More research is needed to understand how roadside management may affect this species. Avoid active management beyond the clear zone between January and June in areas where this species occurs near roadsides. Outside of this window, use a higher mowing height to reduce damage to diapausing larvae at the soil surface. Avoid spraying herbicide on host plants and nectar plants near areas where this species occurs (Table 3-9). Table 3-9. Plants used by quino checkerspot butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Antirrhinum coulterianum  Coulter’s snapdragon1  Castilleja exserta  Purple owl’s clover2  Collinsia concolor  Chinese houses  Cordylanthus rigidus  Stiffbranch bird’s beak2  Plantago erecta  Erect plantain  Plantago patagonica  Woolly plantain3 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-26 Species Name  Common Name  Nectar Plants  Lasthenia californica  California goldfields  Linanthus dianthoflorus  Fringed linanthus  Cryptantha sp.  Cat’s eyes  Plagiobothrys sp.  Popcorn flowers  Amsinckia sp.  Fiddlenecks  1 Preferred host plant  2 Use of this species as a host plant is rare  3 Important in drought years  3.9.1 References Faulkner, D., and M. Klein. 2012. Sensitive butterflies of San Diego County, California. Booklet provided for a workshop focusing on nine sensitive butterflies. Produced by F.L.I.T.E. Tours. 72 pp. Osborne, K. H., and R. A. Redak. 2000. Microhabitat Conditions Associated with the Distribution of Postdiapause Larvae of Euphydryas editha quino (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Parmesan, C., A. Williams-Anderson, M. Moskwik, A. S. Mikheyev, and M. C. Singer. 2015. “Endangered Quino checkerspot butterfly and climate change: Short-term success but long-term vulnerability?” Journal of Insect Conservation 19:185–204. Pratt, G. F. 2010. “A new larval food plant, Collinsia concolor, for the endangered Quino checkerspot, Euphydryas editha quino.” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 64:36– 37. Pratt, G. F., and J. F. Emmel. 2010. “Sites chosen by diapausing or quiescent stage quino checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha quino, (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) larvae.” Journal of Insect Conservation 14:107–114. Preston, K. L., R. A. Redak, M. F. Allen, and J. T. Rotenberry. 2012. “Changing distribution patterns of an endangered butterfly: Linking local extinction patterns and variable habitat relationships.” Biological Conservation 152:280–290.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-27 3.10 Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth (Euproserpinus euterpe)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult    Larvae  Adult Kern primrose sphinx moth (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). Lighter shades  indicate uncertain but likely active times. Larval times are not reported, but likely bracket adult flight times  (see Life Cycle for more). Photo credit: Paul G. Johnson. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Sphingidae Status: Federally listed as threatened Distribution: California Where it occurs: Populations have been recorded at Walker Basin in Kern County, the Carrizo Plain in San Luis Obispo County, and the Cuyama Valley in Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties. How to recognize: The Kern primrose sphinx moth is a medium-sized moth with light brown forewings. The hind wings are distinctively white with a broad black band at the rear margin. Life cycle: Adult flight times occur from late January through early April, with earlier flight times occurring at lower elevation sites (Carrizo Plain). Adults are active during the day. Larvae feed on flowers and new growth. Larvae create chambers a few inches beneath the soil where they pupate. Pupae may diapause for several years during unfavorable conditions. Habitat needs: Appropriate soil conditions are a key habitat requirement for this species. This species is found in sandy washes and requires areas with bare soil for basking, loose soil that larvae can burrow in for the pupal stage, and abundant host plants (Camissonia spp.).

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-28 Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; over-collection. General conservation recommendations: Habitat should be protected where populations still occur. Off-road vehicle use and overgrazing can harm this species by harming the host plant or by crushing any life stage of the moth, including the pupae, which are not deep in the soil. Roadside management recommendations: Moths sometimes bask on unimproved roads and can be run over. Soil compaction caused by road maintenance may make soils unsuitable, and driving on areas with pupating moths can kill the pupae. Avoid mowing host plants or spraying host plants with herbicide in areas where this species occurs. Time mowing and spraying to avoid adult flight season for this species, which occurs from late January through April. Some moderate disturbance may help to limit invasive plants which can outcompete the native host plants and reduce open spaces that the moths use for basking, but should be done carefully. Maintenance and other activities that cause disturbance in E. euterpe habitat should leave undisturbed areas to limit harm to moths. Undisturbed patches could be rotated among years. Table 3-10. Plants used by Kern primrose sphinx moth. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Camissonia contorta  Sun cup/evening primrose1  Camissonia campestris  Sun cup/field primrose2  Nectar Plants  Erodium spp.  Stork’s bill3  Nemophila spp.  Baby blue eyes4  Calandrinia ciliata  Red Maids  Gilia tricolor ssp. diffusa  Bird’s eye gilia  1 Primary host plant at Walker Basin  2 Primary host plant at Carrizo Plains and Cuyama Valley  3 This genus contains native and nonnative species; some nonnative species may be invasive  4 Important nectar plant at Walker Basin    3.10.1 References Jump, P. M., T. Longcore, and C. Rich. 2006. “Ecology and distribution of a newly discovered population of the federally threatened Euproserpinus euterpe (Sphingidae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 60:41–50.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-29 Rubinoff, D., M. San Jose, P. Johnson, R. Wells, K. Osborne, and J. J. Le Roux. 2015. “Ghosts of glaciers and the disjunct distribution of a threatened California moth (Euproserpinus euterpe).” Biological Conservation 184:278–289. Tuskes, P. M., and J. F. Emmel. 1981. “The life history and behavior of Euproserpinus euterpe (Sphingidae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 35. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Kern primrose sphinx moth (Euproserpinus euterpe): 5-Year Review. 3.11 Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly (Glaucopsyche lygdamus  palosverdesensis)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae    Adult Palos Verdes blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). Lighter shades  indicate uncertain but likely active times. Larval times are not reported, but likely bracket adult flight times  (see Life Cycle for more). Photo credit: Jane Hendron/USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March  2022.  Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal sage scrub communities in the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County. How to recognize: This is a small butterfly with a wingspan of 1 inch. The upper sides of the wings are blue with narrow black borders in males and mostly brownish-gray with some amount of blue on the inner parts of the wings in females. Undersides of the wings are gray with dark spots surrounded by white borders.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-30 Life cycle: Adult flight period occurs between early January and late May. Adults have a short lifespan, with an average of 4 days, and are relatively sedentary. Larvae go through 4 instars and feed on coast locoweed and deerweed, including the flowers and seedpods (Table 3-11). Larvae may be tended by ants. This species pupates in the soil underneath host plants. Habitat needs: Adults will use a variety of plants for nectar, especially those in the Asteraceae family. Presence of coast locoweed or deerweed is also required for larval development. The known host plants (Table 3-11) readily invade cleared areas following disturbance. Top reasons for decline, if known: Historical habitat losses and degradation were due to development, fire suppression, off-road vehicle use, and weed abatement practices, specifically rototilling. Modern habitat degradation comes from invasive plants crowding out larval host plants. General conservation recommendations: Protect existing habitat and manage to promote host plants and nectar plants. Restore habitat in the historical range where possible. Captive breeding of this species has begun and could be used to reintroduce individuals to restored habitat. Research is needed to assess best management practices to promote conservation of this species, including effects of roadside management practices. Roadside management recommendations: Activities that degrade habitat are likely to be detrimental to the species. When mowing near areas where this species occurs, try to avoid mowing from January through early July, and avoid mowing host plants. This will limit effects on adults and active larvae. Avoid spraying host plants and nectar plants with herbicides or performing mechanical disruption of root systems. Table 3-11. Plants used by Palos Verde blue butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Astragalus trichopodus var. lonchus  Coast locoweed  Acmispon glaber  Deerweed  Nectar Plants  Asteraceae  Aster family1  1 Known to use many plants in the aster family for nectar  3.11.1 References LaBar, C. C. 2012. “Investigating the role of herbicides in controlling invasive grasses in prairie habitats: effects on non-target butterflies.” Natural Areas Journal 32:177–189.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-31 Mattoni, R. 1992. Rediscovery of the endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly, Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Perkins and Emmel (Lycaenidae). The journal of research on the Lepidoptera 31:180–194. Mattoni, R., T. Longcore, Z. Krenova, and A. Lipman. 1998. Mass rearing the endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis: Lycaenidae). The journal of research on the Lepidoptera 37:55–67. NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly (Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis) 5-Year Review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Recovery Plan Amendment for Palos Verdes Blue Butterfly. 3.12 Mission Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides  missionensis)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae    Adult Mission blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: Patrick Kobernus/USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-32 Where it occurs: This species can be found in Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties. How to recognize: The mission blue butterfly is a small species with a wingspan of 1 to 1.5 inches. The upper sides of the wings are iridescent blue with a black and white border in males and dark brown with blue markings in females. Undersides of the wings are gray with two rows of black spots outlined in white. Life cycle: Adults can be observed from late March through early July. Eggs are laid singly on the host plant (lupines), and hatch after 6 to 10 days. First and second instar feed on the host plant, then enter diapause about 3 weeks after hatching. Diapausing larvae are usually found in the litter beneath host plants. Larvae break diapause the following February and resume feeding until pupation about 3 to 4 weeks later. This species is sometimes tended by ants. This species uses a few select species of lupines as host plants and a variety of plants as nectar sources (Table 3-12). Habitat needs: These butterflies occur in coastal grassland and coastal scrubland between 210 and 360 meters elevation with the required host plants (Table 3-12). The host plants do best in areas with some natural disturbance. Adults use a variety of plants as nectar sources but tend to be found close to host plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and degradation due to encroachment of coastal chaparral, shrubs, and nonnative grasses. General conservation recommendations: Protect habitat and control the spread of invasive plants in habitat. Prevent the spread of coastal scrubland habitat into grasslands used by this species. Roadside management recommendations: This species has been observed in roadside habitat. Mowing and road blading of dirt roads may reduce host plant abundance periodically, but may also provide disturbance needed for host plants to persist. Try not to conduct these activities from February through early August to avoid damaging adults and larvae and to avoid removing host plants and nectar plants when they are needed. Diapausing larvae are found at the base of plants from early August through February. Avoid spraying host plants and nectar plants with herbicides. Table 3-12. Plants used by mission blue butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Lupinus albifrons  Silver lupine1  Lupinus albifrons var. collinus  Silver bush lupine1  Lupinus formosus  Summer lupine1  Lupinus variicolor  Manycolored lupine1 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-33 Species Name  Common Name  Nectar Plants  Eriogonum spp.  Buckwheats  Heterotheca sessiliflora  Goldenaster  Dichelostemma spp.  Wild hyacinth  1 Requires some natural disturbance  3.12.1 References Lindzey, S., and E. F. Connor. 2011. “Monitoring the mission blue butterfly using immature stages.” Journal of Insect Conservation 15:765–773. Longcore, T., C. S. Lam, P. Kobernus, E. Polk, and J. P. Wilson. 2010. “Extracting useful data from imperfect monitoring schemes: endangered butterflies at San Bruno Mountain, San Mateo County, California (1982–2000) and implications for habitat management.” Journal of Insect Conservation 14:335–346. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. San Bruno Elfin Butterfly (Callophrys mossii bayensis) and Mission Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Recovery plan for San Bruno Elfin Butterfly (Callophrys mossii bayensis) and Mission Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides missionensis). Region 8, Sacramento, CA.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-34 3.13 Hermes Copper (Lycaena hermes)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Hermes copper (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding period;  blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more. Photo  credit: Michael Klein SR/USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Candidate for listing under the ESA Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal sage scrub and mixed chaparral communities containing the host plant (spiny redberry [Rhamnus crocea]) in San Diego County. How to recognize: This is a smaller butterfly, approximately 1 inch in length. The hindwings have a single tail. Upper sides of the wings are yellow-orange and brown. Undersides of the wings are yellow with black spots. Life cycle: Adults are present from mid-May through mid-July. Females lay eggs singly on the host plant, spiny redberry. Eggs are laid at the splitting of branches or at leaf bases. This species overwinters as eggs and hatch in the spring. Larvae have been observed from mid-March through May. The larvae take about 14 days to mature and 10 to 14 days to pupate. The larvae pupate on spiny redberry. This species is relatively sedentary, with adults always found close to the host plant. Habitat needs: This species is found at sites with mature host plants (spiny redberry) and its preferred nectar plant, California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). This species also

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-35 prefers open areas and has been found in open areas, like trails and dirt roads, adjacent to dense scrub habitat. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; climate change (especially increased wildfire). General conservation recommendations: Protect existing habitat and restore habitat where possible. Removal of spiny redberry and California buckwheat plants may negatively affect this species. Roadside management recommendations: This species occurs in habitat near dirt roads. Mortality may occur along roads due to the sporadic flight of this species. Increase abundance of spiny redberry and California buckwheat in habitat, including along trails and dirt roads and outside of the mowed safety zone to increase habitat abundance and connectivity. Under-highway corridors have been suggested to help minimize roadside mortality for this species. Avoid spraying spiny redberry with herbicide beyond the clear zone. When mowing or conducting other potentially damaging maintenance activities along roadsides near Hermes copper habitat, try to time activities between mid-July and beginning of March to avoid harming adults or larvae. Table 3-13. Plants used by Hermes copper. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Rhamnus crocea  Spiny redberry  Nectar Plants  Eriogonum fasciculatum  California buckwheat1  Adenostoma fasciculatum  Chamise  Eriophyllum confertiflorum  Golden yarrow  Helianthus gracilentus  Slender sunflower  Toxicodendron diversilobum  Pacific poison oak  Hirschfeldia incana  Shortpod mustard2  1 Most important nectar plant  2 Nonnative  3.13.1 References Faulkner, D., and M. Klein. 2012. Sensitive butterflies of San Diego County, California. Booklet provided for a workshop focusing on nine sensitive butterflies. Produced by F.L.I.T.E. Tours. 72 pp.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-36 Marschalek, D. A. 2004. Factors influencing population viability of hermes copper (Lycaena hermes). MS, San Diego State University. Marschalek, D. A., and D. H. Deutschman. 2008. “Hermes copper (Lycaena [Hermelycaena] hermes: Lycaenidae): life history and population estimation of a rare butterfly.” Journal of Insect Conservation 12:97–105. Marschalek, D. A., D. H. Deutschman, S. Strahm, and M. E. Berres. 2016. “Dynamic landscapes shape post-wildfire recolonisation and genetic structure of the endangered Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes) butterfly: Hermes copper recolonisation and genetics.” Ecological Entomology 41:327–337. Marschalek, D. A., J. A. Jesu, and M. E. Berres. 2013. “Impact of non-lethal genetic sampling on the survival, longevity and behaviour of the Hermes copper (Lycaena hermes) butterfly.” Insect Conservation and Diversity / Royal Entomological Society of London 6:658–662. Marschalek, D. A., and M. W. Klein. 2010. “Distribution, ecology, and conservation of Hermes copper (Lycaenidae: Lycaena [Hermelycaena] hermes).” Journal of Insect Conservation 14:721–730. 3.14 Lotis Blue Butterfly (Plebejus anna lotis)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Harlequin lotus, the host plant for the lotis blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution of the lotis blue  butterfly (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are  shown in the chart (bottom). Lighter shades indicate uncertain but likely active times.  Little is known  about this species.  The larvae probably diapause in winter and begin feeding in spring (see Life Cycle for  more). Photo credit: Peter D. Tillman from USA ‐ Harlequin lotus, Hosackia gracilis, CC BY‐SA 2.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=89950308. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed  March 2022   

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-37 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species historically occurred in coastal Mendocino and Sonoma Counties and possibly in Marin County. How to recognize: A small butterfly with a wingspan of 1 inch. As with other blue butterflies, the upper sides of male’s wings are bright blue with black and white borders. Upper sides of the wings in females are brown to bluish-brown, with a wavy band of orange near the hindwing margin. Undersides of the wings in males and females are grayish with black spots and a row of orange spots, sometimes faint, with black outlines near the wing margins. Life cycle: Very little is known about this species. Adult flight time probably runs from mid-April through early July. Larvae probably spend winter in diapause, then resume feeding in the spring when the host plants are available. Habitat needs: Probably occurs in wet meadows and sphagnum bogs. Probably uses coast trefoil (Lotus formosissimus) and possibly other plants in the Fabaceae family as host plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Unknown. General conservation recommendations: This species has not been observed since 1983. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists surveys for unknown populations of this species as a priority. If some are discovered, research into the life history of this species is needed, as well as efforts to protect habitat of discovered populations. Roadside management recommendations: Effects of roadside management on this species are likely to be minimal, as this species has not been observed since 1983. Should another population of this species be discovered, avoid mowing or applying herbicides to host plants along roadsides near known habitat. Table 3-14. Plants used by lotis blue butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Notes  Larval Host Plants  Lotus formosissimus  Coast trefoil  Probably an important host plant  Nectar Plants  Lupinus spp.  Lupines  May also be a host plant 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-38 3.14.1 References U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No date. “Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis.” Available: https://www.fws.gov/species/lotis-blue-lycaeides-argyrognomon-lotis U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Lotis blue butterfly (Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis). 5- year review: summary and evaluation. 3.15 Carson Wandering Skipper (Pseudocopaeodes eunus  obscurus)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Carson wandering skipper (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: Mace Vaughan. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Hesperiidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California, Nevada Where it occurs: The species is found in grassland habitat with alkaline soils where saltgrass, the larval host plant, occurs. Populations of the Carson wandering skipper have been found in Carson Valley, Nevada; the Honey Lake Basin in California and Nevada; Spanish Springs Valley, Nevada; and Warm Springs Valley, Nevada. Adults of this species have also been found nectaring on flowers along roadsides. How to recognize: A small brownish-orange butterfly that can easily blend in with its pale saltgrass habitat. The upper side is a dullish orange-brown; other subspecies of P. eunus are a bright yellow-orange on top. The upper side also has black veins and a black terminal line along the wing edge. The underside is a dull, pale orange with a cream ray running

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-39 from the wing base to the margin, and also has black veins. Adults hold their wings at 45- degree angles when perched. Life cycle: Adults are found during June and July, when they lay eggs on saltgrass. The larvae construct a nest at the base of saltgrass by rolling up leaves. They enter diapause and spend the winter and spring in these nests. The larvae finish feeding in early summer of the next year and pupate in May and June, before emerging as adults. Adult life span probably lasts 1 to 2 weeks. Habitat needs: The Carson wandering skipper is a larval specialist, using saltgrass (Distichlis spicata var. stricta) as a host plant. Adults drink nectar from a variety of plants (Table 3-15). Key habitat features may include microtopography, with berms and saltgrass hillocks providing important variation in topography that may reduce the effects of flooding on diapausing larvae. This species appears to prefer sites that are lower than 5,000 feet in elevation. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss due to development; habitat fragmentation; habitat degradation caused by invasive species and changes in surface water (especially springs) and groundwater management. General conservation recommendations: Avoid disturbing existing saltgrass habitat near known or extirpated populations. Plant known nectar plants and host plants. Control the invasive plant tall whitetop (Lepidium latifolium) where it occurs along roadsides. Increased habitat connectivity (such as by providing roadside habitat) will combat effects of habitat fragmentation and help this species persist. Roadside management recommendations: Mowing saltgrass could kill diapausing larvae. If saltgrass is in roadside habitat, use a high mowing height (approximately 8 inches) to avoid diapausing larvae. Carson wandering skippers have also been found nectaring on flowers in roadside habitat. Summer mowing when adults are flying during June and July could reduce availability of nectar plants; leave patches of flowering plants when possible. Avoid spraying saltgrass or nectar plants with herbicides. Table 3-15. Plants used by Carson wandering skipper. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Distichlis spicata var. stricta  Saltgrass1  Nectar Plants  Thelypodium crispum  Crisped thelypody  Sisymbrium altissimum  Tall tumblemustard2  Pyrrocoma racemosa  Clustered goldenweed  Cirsium arvense  Canada thistle2 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-40 Species Name  Common Name  Cirsium vulgare  Common thistle, bull thistle2  Lotus tenuis  Narrow‐leaved bird’s‐foot‐trefoil  Cleomella parviflora  Slender cleomella  Cleomella plocasperma  Twisted cleomella  Heliotropium curassivicum  Salt heliotrope  Potentilla sp.  Cinquefoils3  Sesuvium verrucosum  Western sea purslane  1 Does best when roots are inundated with water for a short time each spring  2 Nonnative species  3 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive    3.15.1 References Sanford, M. P. 2006. “Conservation of the Endangered Carson Wandering Skipper (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Austin and Emmel) in Western Great Basin Saltgrass Communities.” Natural Areas Journal 26:396–402. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No date. “Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus.” Available: https://www.fws.gov/species/carson-wandering-skipper-pseudocopaeodes-eunus- obscurus.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-41 3.16 Laguna Mountains Skipper (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae  Adult Laguna Mountains skipper (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: Tom Mendenhall ‐ Own work, Public Domain,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6707726. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March  2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Hesperiidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: Historically, this species occurred in meadow habitats in the Laguna Mountains and Palomar Mountain in San Diego County. It is now restricted to Palomar Mountain. How to recognize: A small butterfly with a wingspan of 1 inch. Wings are brown to gray with white, squarish markings resembling a checkerboard pattern. White markings on the upper side of the forewing form an “X” pattern. Life cycle: Adults can be seen from spring through summer, with peaks in April/May and June/July. Females oviposit on the host plant (Horkelia clevelandii) and usually choose plants that are found within a group of several host plants. Larvae use leaves of the host plant to create silken shelters about 3 to 5 inches above the ground; during development, they feed within these shelters. Some larvae enter diapause until the next spring, and some larvae develop into adults and emerge in the summer for a second brood. Larvae from the second brood enter diapause and emerge in the spring. Because some of the population have one generation a year and some have two, this species is considered to be partially bivoltine.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-42 Habitat needs: Mountain meadow habitat with abundant host plants where the vegetation density is less than 50 percent. This species prefers to oviposit in stands of the host plant. This species also seems to prefer moist soils and access to surface water. Adults use a variety of plants for nectar in the spring, but Cleveland’s horkelia (the larval host plant) is an important nectar source in the summer. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and ongoing habitat degradation caused by altered disturbance regimes, especially fire suppression, reduction in the water table, and overgrazing. General conservation recommendations: Protect habitat from loss and further degradation. Roadside management recommendations: This species is not often found along major roadways. Set mowing height above 6 inches to avoid destroying diapausing larvae if mowing in any area inhabited by this species. Avoid mowing from April through late summer to avoid removing host plants and nectar plants used by adults and larvae. Avoid spraying important plants (Table 3-16) with herbicides. Table 3-16. Plants used by Laguna Mountains skipper. Species Name  Common Name  Notes   Larval Host Plants  Horkelia clevelandii  Cleveland’s horkelia  Primary host plant; found in  areas with bare ground; fire  adapted and needs regular  burns  Potentilla glandulosa  Common cinquefoil  Has been documented using  this plant, but it probably  does not support populations  alone  Potentilla gracilis  Slender cinquefoil  Has been documented using  this plant, but it probably  does not support populations  alone  Nectar Plants  Horkelia clevelandii  Cleveland’s horkelia  The host plant is also an  important nectar plant,  especially in late summer  Pentachaeta spp.  Pygmy daisies    Lasthenia spp.  Goldfields    Ranunculus spp.  Buttercups   

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-43 Species Name  Common Name  Notes  Sidalcea spp.  Checkerblooms Lotus spp.  Trefoils  Important for second  generation  3.16.1 References Faulkner, D., and M. Klein. 2012. Sensitive butterflies of San Diego County, California. Booklet provided for a workshop focusing on nine sensitive butterflies. Produced by F.L.I.T.E. Tours. 72 pp. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Recovery plan for Laguna Mountains Skipper (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae). 3.17 Delhi Sands Flower‐Loving Fly (Rhaphiomidas  terminatus)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Adult Delhi sands flower‐loving fly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Moose Peterson/USFWS. Map Source:  ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022. 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-44 Order: Diptera Family: Mydidae Status: Endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties in areas with Delhi soils. How to recognize: The Delhi sands flower-loving fly is a larger fly, approximately 1 inch long. Like all flies, this species has two wings. Its mouth parts form a proboscis similar to that of butterflies that is used to sip nectar from flowers. Its abdomen is orange-brown with dark oval spots that give the appearance of stripes on the abdomen. Life cycle: Adults can be found from early July through September. Females lay eggs in loose, sandy soil and may prefer areas near telegraph weed (Heterotheca grandiflora). Larvae develop underground and emerge as adults in the summer. Adults are most active during the warmest parts of the day. Adults have been observed drinking nectar, and may therefore act as pollinators. Larvae may be predacious and feed on ants. A closely related species takes 3 years to pupate and this species may take multiple years to mature, as well. Much remains to be learned about the life history of this species. They have been observed taking nectar from California buckwheat (Eriogonum fascicularis). Habitat needs: This species is found in a region called the Colton Dunes where Delhi soils are found. The habitat is characterized by fine, loose soils and sparse vegetation. Vegetation cover where close relatives of this species is found is less than 50 percent and usually in the 10 to 20 percent range. The flies are most often found in undisturbed habitat and in areas where California buckwheat, telegraph weed, and croton (Croton californicus) are found, although this species has only been observed taking nectar from California buckwheat. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss to agriculture and development; less than 2 percent of this species’ original range remains. Further habitat loss and habitat degradation are threats to this species’ recovery, along with invasive plants and trampling from off-road vehicles. General conservation recommendations: Prevent further habitat loss and restore habitat where possible. There are few remaining patches of habitat that have not been lost to development. More research on this species’ habitat needs and life history is needed. Roadside management recommendations: Many of the remaining patches of habitat supporting populations of this species are bordered by roads. New road construction in this species’ habitat can degrade or destroy the habitat, causing populations to decline or become extinct. Control of invasive species near habitat may help further degradation of habitat. Much remains to be learned about how road maintenance activities may help or harm this species.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-45 Table 3-17. Plants used by Delhi sands flower-loving fly. Species Name  Common Name  Notes  Nectar Plants  Eriogonum fascicularis  California buckwheat  Flies have been observed  using this plant for nectar  Habitat Plants  Heterotheca grandiflora  Telegraph weed  This plant is often found in  sites with R. terminatus   Croton californicus  Croton  This plant is often found in  sites with R. terminatus   Cylindropuntia parryi  Brownspined pricklypear  This plant is an indicator of  high‐quality habitat where R.  terminatus may be found  Eriastrum sapphirinum  Sapphire woollystar  This plant is an indicator of  high‐quality habitat where R.  terminatus may be found  3.17.1 References Kingsley, K. J. 1996. “Behavior of the Delhi Sands Flower-Loving Fly (Diptera: Mydidae), a Little-Known Endangered Species.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89:883–891. Kingsley, K. J. 2002. “Population dynamics, resource use, and conservation needs of the delhi sands flower-loving fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis Cazier) (Diptera: Mydidae), an Endangered Species.” Journal of Insect Conservation 6:93–101. Rudi Mattoni, Kurt Medinger, Richard Rogers, Christopher D. Nagano. 1997. Final recovery plan for the Delhi sands flower-loving fly. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2008. Delhi Sands Flower-loving Fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis). 5-year review: summary and evaluation.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-46 3.18 Callippe Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria callippe  callippe)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Callippe silverspot (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in grassland and adjacent oak woodland habitat surrounding the San Francisco Bay area where the larval host plant, Viola pedunculata, is found. How to recognize: A medium-sized butterfly, with a wingspan of 2.2 inches. Upper sides of the wings are brown with black spots and lines. Undersides of the wings are orange- brown to tan, with black and silver spots. Callippe silverspots are strong fliers. Life cycle: Adults are present from mid-May through July. Eggs are laid on or near the senescing host plant, Viola pedunculata. First instar larvae eat their eggshell after hatching and then enter diapause until the next spring when their host plants break dormancy. Larvae go through six instars. Habitat needs: Intact grasslands with abundant host plants and nectar plants. This species may prefer habitat along ridgelines. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and degradation; invasive plants and loss of natural disturbance that maintain grassland habitat.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-47 General conservation recommendations: Protect and restore habitat. Reduce abundance of invasive plants that degrade habitat quality. Native coastal scrub succession may also reduce habitat availability. Disturbance is needed to maintain grassland habitat. Roadside management recommendations: Roads that pass near populations of this species include Highway 101 and Interstate 80. Mortality from vehicles may be a problem for this species. Avoid mowing beyond the clear zone while larvae and adults are active (approximately mid-March through July) to avoid removing important plants and damaging larvae. Avoid spraying important plants (Table 3-18) with herbicide. However, keeping the clear zone mowed while adults are active (mid-May through July) may help reduce mortality from vehicles. Table 3-18. Plants used by Callippe silverspot butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Viola pedunculata  Johnny jump up  Nectar Plants  Cirsium quercetorum  Alameda County thistle  Monaradella villosa  Coyote mint  Heterotheca villosa  Hairy false goldenaster  Eriogonum latifolium  Coast buckwheat  Scabiosa atropurpurea  Mourning bride  Aesculus californica  California buckeye  Carduus spp.  Thistles1  Silybum marianum  Blessed milk thistle1  Wyethia angustifolia  Mule ears  Horkelia californica  California horkelia  1 Nonnative  3.18.1 References Longcore, T., C. S. Lam, P. Kobernus, E. Polk, and J. P. Wilson. 2010. “Extracting useful data from imperfect monitoring schemes: endangered butterflies at San Bruno Mountain, San Mateo County, California (1982–2000) and implications for habitat management.” Journal of Insect Conservation 14:335–346.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-48 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Callippe silverspot butterfly: 5 year review. Wang, T. Y. 2007. A Survey of the Grasslands of the Northeast Ridge (Guadalupe Hills) as Habitat for the Mission Blue Butterfly (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) and the Callippe Silverspot (Speyeria callippe callippe). 3.19 Behren’s Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene  behrensii)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Behren’s silverspot (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: Asa Spade. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in early successional coastal prairies and coastal dunes in Mendocino and Sonoma Counties. How to recognize: Behren’s silverspot butterfly is a subspecies of the zerene fritillary (Speyeria zerene). Behren’s silverspot butterfly is a medium-sized species with a wingspan of 2.2 inches. Upper sides of the wing are brown with black markings, and undersides of the wings are orange-brown to tan with black markings and silver and black spots. Behren’s silverspot is larger than the Oregon silverspot and smaller than Myrtle’s silverspot. Behren’s silverspot looks similar to these other species but has a darker wing color.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-49 Life cycle: Adults can be found from early July through October. First instar larvae eat their eggshell after hatching and then enter diapause until the next spring when their host plants (Viola adunca) break dormancy. Larvae go through six instars. The pupal stage lasts for about 3 weeks and adult lifespan lasts for about 3 weeks, as well. Habitat needs: Behren’s silverspot occurs in coastal terrace prairie habitat west of the coastal range in Mendocino and Sonoma Counties. It may also use coastal dune habitat. Abundant host plants and nectar plants are required, and this species may use additional nectar plants to those listed here (Table 3-19). Vegetation that provides shelter may also be important if it is close to host and nectar plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; habitat degradation, especially invasive plants and altered disturbance regimes. General conservation recommendations: Protect habitat and maintain populations of host plants and nectar plants. Roadside management recommendations: This species can be found on roadside habitat, including Highway 1. Silverspots tend to “puddle” (visit wet mud/sand to obtain nutrients) and also visit mammal feces. They fly low and use roadside structures as flyways, subjecting them to being hit by cars. Planting nectar sources and host plants away from larger roads could reduce roadkill. Keeping the clear zone mowed during adult flight times (July through October) may also help to reduce roadkill. Beyond the clear zone, avoid mowing from spring through October, when adults and larvae are active, and avoid spraying important plants (Table 3-19) with herbicides. Table 3-19. Plants used by Behren’s silverspot butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Viola adunca  Early blue violet/western dog violet1  Nectar Plants  Lupinus arboreus  Yellow bush lupine  Cirsium spp.  Thistles2 1 The primary host plant; other species of violets may also be used  2 This species contains native and nonnative species; some nonnatives may be invasive  3.19.1 References U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2015. Recovery Plan for the Behren’s Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene behrensii).

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-50 3.20 Oregon Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene  hippolyta)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Oregon silverspot (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as threatened Distribution: California, Oregon (extirpated from Washington) Where it occurs: This species historically occurred along the coast from Washington to Northern California, but is now extirpated from Washington. This species occurs in grassland habitat, including coastal salt spray meadows, coastal dunes, and coastal montane grasslands. How to recognize: The Oregon silverspot butterfly is a subspecies of the zerene fritillary (Speyeria zerene). It is smaller than other subspecies and has darker coloration at the wing bases. This orange and black butterfly has a yellow submarginal band and silver spots on the undersides of the wings. Life cycle: Adults can be found from July through September. First instar larvae eat their eggshell after hatching and then enter diapause until the next spring, when their host plants break dormancy. Larvae go through six instars. Habitat needs: Open, low-growing (less than 10 inches) grasslands where the larval host plant, Viola adunca, is abundant. Oregon silverspot butterflies have been recorded to oviposit in patches with 20 to 100 violets per square meter. A diverse and abundant

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-51 assemblage of nectar plants (at least five plants per square meter) in close proximity to host plants is also needed. Oregon silverspots often use asters (Asteraceae) as nectar plants. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and habitat degradation; invasive plants displacing larval host plant. General conservation recommendations: Protect and enhance coastal grassland habitat where this species occurs. In habitat in or near coastal grasslands and other appropriate habitat, maintain open grasslands with high densities of Viola adunca and a diversity of nectar plants that will bloom from July through September. Roadside management recommendations: Occurs along roadsides and is known to use habitat along roadsides. Mortality along roadsides may be a problem. Four mitigation practices are being considered for this species in Oregon that may also be of use in California: barrier installation, creation or removal of earthen berms, installation of flashing speed-reduction signs, and habitat manipulation to draw butterflies away from the road, such as keeping habitat near roadways mowed during adult flight times. Table 3-20. Plants used by Oregon silverspot butterfly. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Viola adunca  Early blue violet/western dog violet1  Viola glabella  Yellow stream violets2  Viola langsdorfii  Aleutian violets2  Nectar Plants  Solidago canadensis  Canada goldenrod  Solidago spathulata  Dune goldenrod  Aster chilensis  California aster  Anaphalis margaritacea  Pearly everlasting  Cirsium edule  Dune thistle  Achillea millefolium  Common yarrow  1 The primary host plant  2 Oregon silverspot will sometimes use other violet species  3.20.1 References Bierzychudek, P., and K. Warner. 2015. “Modeling caterpillar movement to guide habitat enhancement for Speyeria zerene hippolyta, the Oregon silverspot butterfly.” Journal of Insect Conservation 19:45–54.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-52 McCorkle, D. V., and P. C. Hammond. 1988. “Biology of Speyeria zerene hippolyta (Nymphalidae) in a marine-modified environment.” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 42:184–195. Schultz, C. B., E. Henry, A. Carleton, T. Hicks, R. Thomas, A. Potter, M. Collins, M. Linders, C. Fimbel, S. Black, H. E. Anderson, G. Diehl, S. Hamman, R. Gilbert, J. Foster, D. Hays, D. Wilderman, R. Davenport, E. Steel, N. Page, P. L. Lilley, J. Heron, N. Kroeker, C. Webb, and B. Reader. 2011. “Conservation of Prairie-Oak Butterflies in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.” Northwest Science: Official Publication of the Northwest Scientific Association 85:361–388. Zielin, S., and Portland State University. Department of Environmental Science and Management. 2010. Exploring Mitigation Options to Reduce Vehicle-caused Mortality for the Oregon Silverspot Butterfly, Speyeria zerene hippolyta, along Highway 101 at the Siuslaw National Forest. 3.21 Myrtle’s Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene  myrtleae)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult Myrtle’s silverspot (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for more.  Photo credit: Geoff Smick/USFWS. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-53 Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal dune, coastal scrub, and coastal prairie habitats in Marin and Sonoma Counties. How to recognize: Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly is a subspecies of the zerene fritillary (Speyeria zerene). This is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan slightly more than 2 inches across. The upper sides of the wings are golden brown with black markings. The undersides of the wings are tan to reddish brown with black markings and black and silver spots. Life cycle: Adults can be found from mid-June to mid-September. Larvae enter diapause soon after hatching, and remain in diapause in fall through winter. Larvae emerge from diapause in the spring and feed on the host plant (Viola adunca) for 7 to 10 weeks before the pupal stage, which lasts approximately 2 weeks. This species is univoltine. Adults are generalist feeders on flowers of many species (Table 3-21). Habitat needs: There is little research on this species, but it is known to occupy coastal dune, scrubland, and prairie habitats that are protected from wind. Abundant populations of the host plant, Viola adunca, and a diverse assemblage of nectar plants (Table 3-21) are also required. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and habitat degradation; invasive plants. General conservation recommendations: Prevent further habitat loss and control invasive weeds that outcompete important host plant and nectar plants. Roadside management recommendations: Frequent mowing may reduce floral resources. Silverspots tend to “puddle” (visit wet mud/sand to obtain nutrients) and also visit mammal feces. They fly low and use roadside structures as flyways, subjecting them to being hit by cars. Planting nectar sources and host plants away from larger roads could reduce roadkill. Keeping the clear zone mowed during adult flight times (July through October) may also help to reduce roadkill. Beyond the clear zone, avoid mowing from spring through October, when adults and larvae are active, and avoid spraying important plants (Table 3-21) with herbicides. Table 3-21. Plants used by Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly. Species Name  Common name  Larval Host Plants  Viola adunca  Early blue violet/western dog violet  Nectar Plants  Monardella undulata  Western pennyroyal1  Grindelia spp.  Gumweed1  Erigeron glaucus  Seaside daisy1  Abronia latifolia  Yellow sand verbena1 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-54 Species Name  Common name  Cirsium vulgare  Bull thistle2  Carduus pycnocephalus  Italian thistle2  Wyethia spp.  Mule ears  Solidago californica  California goldenrod  Achillea millefollium  Common yarrow  Cammissonia cheiranthifolia ssp. cheiranthifolia  Beach primrose  Jaumea carnosa  March jaumea  Ericameria ericoides  California heathgoldenrod  Amsinckia spectablis var. spectablis  Seaside fiddleneck  Hypochaeris radicata  Hair cat’s ear  1 Most used  2 Nonnative  3.21.1 References Launer, A. E., D. D. Murphy, J. M. Hoekstra, and H. R. Sparrow. 1992. “The endangered Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly: present status and initial conservation planning.” The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 31:132–146. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Myrtle’s silverspot butterfly (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) 5-Year Review. 3.22 Bumble Bees: Crotch’s Bumble Bee (Bombus  crotchii), Yellow Bumble Bee (Bombus fervidus),  Western Bumble Bee (B. occidentalis), American  Bumble Bee (B. pensylvanicus)   Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Habitat Needs: Availability of food and nesting resources are key features in determining the success of a bumble bee colony. It is critical to maintain a bloom of floral resources throughout the spring, summer, and fall to supply bumble bees with a diversity and abundance of pollen and nectar, food for adults and larvae. Bumble bees nest above, on, or under the ground, utilizing pre-existing insulated cavities such as rock piles, areas of dense vegetation (e.g., bunch grasses), or old bird nests or mouse burrows. See Table 3-3 for a list of plants used by bumble bees.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-55 Top reasons for decline, if known: There are multiple factors affecting bumble bee decline including habitat loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, pathogens, and parasites, as well as the introduction of nonnative bee species. General conservation recommendations: Preserve, restore, and create high-quality habitat that include suitable nesting, foraging, and overwintering sites throughout a species’ range. Assess and mitigate risk of pesticide use in or near suitable habitat to avoid treating flowers in bloom or contaminating nesting and overwintering sites. Avoid the introduction of managed honey bees and managed bumble bees to areas of natural habitat to protect and minimize disease exposure. Roadside management recommendations: Intensive mowing may deplete floral resources and potentially disturb species that have nested above ground in the roadside. Reduced mowing frequency would alleviate this problem. In areas with aboveground nesting species, avoid mowing during the nesting season to avoid harming nests. Use a diversity of plants in revegetation to ensure multiple species are in bloom from spring through fall. Blanket spraying of herbicides can affect the health of bumble bees in the area by reducing floral resources. A recent study of roadside mortality of bumble bee queens in Sweden found that bumble bee queens used roadsides with both high plant diversity and low plant diversity in similar proportions when looking for nests. Queen mortality increased with traffic volume but was slightly lower along roadsides with higher quality vegetation. The authors recommend improving habitat quality along roadsides and keeping a mown buffer strip next to the road to reduce queen mortality. 3.22.1 Crotch’s Bumble Bee (Bombus crotchii) Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult    Adult Crotch’s bumble bee (top left) and known U.S. state‐level distribution (top right). Adult flight times  (i.e., breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Tora Rocha.   

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-56 Status: Imperiled (G2); petitioned in 2018 to be listed as endangered under California Endangered Species Act Distribution: California Where it occurs: Shrubland, grassland Flight Time: This species is an early emerger and typically active on the landscape from late February through mid-August. Between late August and early February, queens are overwintering in the ground. Nesting behavior: Nests underground. How to recognize: This bumble bee has black hair on the front of the face and the top of its head is yellow. The thorax is black with a yellow band in front of the wings. The first segment of the abdomen is black, segments two and three are yellow, segments four and five are black or orange, and segment six is black. Males may have different color patterns. Body size: Large. Queens range from 22 to 25 millimeters (0.87 to 0.98 inch) and workers range from 12 to 20 millimeters (0.47 to 0.80 inch). 3.22.2 Yellow Bumble Bee (Bombus fervidus)   Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Adult yellow bumble bee (top left) and known U.S. state‐level distribution (top right). Adult flight times  (i.e., breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Katie Lamke/The Xerces Society.      Status: Vulnerable to apparently secure (G3G4) Distribution: Widespread across the United States, except for south-central and southeastern states. Where it occurs: Grassland, urban, forest, shrubland Flight Time: This species is typically active on the landscape from May through September. Between late October and April, queens are overwintering in the ground. Nesting behavior: Nests on the surface or aboveground; occasionally nests underground.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-57 How to recognize: This bumble bee has black hair on the face; a yellow thorax with a narrow, black band between the wings; and a predominantly yellow abdomen with a black posterior end. Males may have different color patterns. Body size: Medium. Queens range from 18 to 21 millimeters (0.72 to 0.84 inch) and workers range from 11 to 17 millimeters (0.42 to 0.67 inch). 3.22.3 Western Bumble Bee (Bombus occidentalis) Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Adult western bumble bee (top left) and known U.S. state‐level distribution (top right). Adult flight times  (i.e., breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Rich Hatfield.    Status: Vulnerable (G3), under review; petitioned in 2018 to be listed as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act; petitioned in 2015 to be listed as endangered or threatened under the ESA Distribution: Western United States from the coast to mountain meadows out to the northwestern Great Plains. Population has shown sharp decline since the late 1990s west of the Sierra-Cascade ranges. Where it occurs: Urban, shrubland, grassland Flight Time: This species is typically active on the landscape from May through September. Between October and April, queens are overwintering in the ground. Nesting behavior: Usually nests underground. How to recognize: This bumble bee has mixed black and yellow hair on the face. The thorax has a yellow band in front of the wings and a black band or spot between the wings; behind the wings can be black, yellow, or mixed. Segment one of the abdomen is black, segments two and three are black or have some yellow, segments four and five are white or pale yellow, and segment six is black. Males may have different color patterns.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-58 Body size: Medium. Queens range from 20 to 21 millimeters (0.77 to 0.84 inch) and workers range from 9 to 15 millimeters (0.36 to 0.59 inch). 3.22.4 American Bumble Bee (Bombus pensylvanicus)   Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Adult American bumble bee (top left) and known U.S. state‐level distribution (top right). Adult flight times  (i.e., breeding period) are shown in the chart (bottom). Photo credit: Ray Moranz/The Xerces Society.    Status: Vulnerable to apparently secure (G3G4); under review for listing under the ESA. Distribution: Widespread in the United States; absent in much of the mountain West. Where it occurs: Grassland, urban Flight Time: This species is typically active on the landscape late March through October. Between late November and early March, queens are overwintering in the ground. Nesting behavior: Usually nests on the surface among long grass; occasionally nests underground. How to recognize: This bumblebee has black hair on the face; the thorax has a yellow band in front of the wings and a black band between the wings, and the band behind the wings may be black or yellow. The anterior half of the abdomen is yellow and the posterior half is black; the first segment is sometimes black or half black. Males may have different color patterns. Body size: Large. Queens range from 22 to 26 millimeters (0.87 to 1.01 inches) and workers range from 13 to 19 millimeters (0.52 to 0.76 inch).

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-59 3.22.5 References Dániel-Ferreira, J., Å. Berggren, R. Bommarco, J. Wissman, and E. Öckinger. 2022. Bumblebee queen mortality along roads increase with traffic. Biological conservation 272:109643. Hatfield, R., S. Jepsen, E. Mader, S. H. Black, and M. Shepherd. 2012. Conserving bumble bees. Guidelines for Creating and Managing Habitat for America’s Declining Pollinators. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR. Williams, P. H., R. W. Thorp, L. L. Richardson, and S. R. Colla. 2014. Bumble Bees of North America: An Identification Guide. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wpzr9. 3.23 Desert Green Hairstreak (Callophrys comstocki ssp.)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae  Adult desert green hairstreak (top left) and known state‐level distribution (top right). Adult flight times  (i.e., breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) for this region are shown in the chart  (bottom). Lighter shades indicate uncertain but likely active times. Some years, this species has partial  flights in June/July or August/September (see Life Cycle for more). Photo credit: Ken Kertell.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Secure, taxon vulnerable to apparently secure (G5T3T4) Distribution: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Utah Where it occurs: This species is found in remote desert canyons of the Great Basin and arid intermountain West. The subspecies C. s. interrupta is endemic to northern Nevada, while C. s. comstocki is found in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada, southeastern California, western Arizona, and southwestern Utah.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-60 How to recognize: This small hairstreak butterfly is gray from above and bright green to gray-green from below, with a row of small white dots edged in black present on each hindwing. In C. s. interrupta, this line may be present or mostly absent; in C. s. comstocki, this line is almost always continuous across the entire hind wing. Life cycle: In the Great Basin, adults are active from April through June while in the Mojave Desert adults fly from March to early May, and in some years may have additional partial flights in June/July and/or August/September, usually dependent on elevation. Males perch and wait for females in gulch bottoms, and females lay eggs singly on buckwheat hostplants. This species overwinters in the pupal stage in litter at the base of the plant. Habitat needs: The desert green hairstreak is found in sagebrush scrub and pinyon- juniper woodlands of the Great Basin. Larvae depend on various species of buckwheats (Eriogonum) while adults feed on flower nectar from a variety of species. Top reasons for decline, if known: The biggest threat to this species is likely degradation of habitat by invasive vegetation—particularly cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)—and the increased frequency and intensity of wildfires associated with it. General conservation recommendations: Manage the spread of invasive plants like cheatgrass to the extent possible, and mitigate the impacts of fire on this species. Roadside management recommendations: The subspecies C. s. interrupta has historically been found along roadsides in multiple locations in central Nevada. Development or roadside maintenance that results in the spread of invasive plants or the eradication of native buckwheat host plants could be detrimental to this species. Reduce mowing frequency beyond the clear zone. When possible, time mowing in areas with this species to late fall through early spring when the butterflies are in the pupal stage. Because they pupate in litter at the base of host plants, this will reduce mortality effects of mowing. Table 3-22. Plants used by desert green hairstreak. Species Name  Common Name  Larval Host Plants  Eriogonum heermannii  Heermann’s buckwheat1  Eriogonum racemosum  Redroot buckwheat  Eriogonum umbellatum  Sulphur‐flower buckwheat  Eriogonum wrightii  Bastardsage 

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-61 Species Name  Common Name  Nectar Plants  Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi  kinnikinnick  Cerastium arvense strictum  Field chickweed  Claytonia rosea  Western springbeauty  Eriogonum umbellatum  Sulphur‐flower buckwheat  Mahonia repens  Creeping barberry  Noccaea fendleri  Fendler’s pennycress  Salix spp.  Willow   Thlaspi arvense  Field pennycress2 1 Suspected in California  2 Nonnative  3.23.1 References Lotts, K., and T. Naberhaus, coordinators. 2017. Butterflies and moths of North America. Available: www.butterfliesandmoths.org (Version 09292020). NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: September 29, 2020. Opler, P. A., and A. B. Wright. 1999. A Field Guide to Western Butterflies. Second edition. Peterson Field Guides. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. Scott, J. A. 1986. The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. Vaughan, D. M., and M. D. Shepherd. 2005. Species Profile: Callophrys comstocki. In Shepherd, M. D., D. M. Vaughan, and S. H. Black (Eds). Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1 (May 2005). Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-62 3.24 Wandering Skipper (Panoquina errans)    Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult                                                                                                Larvae                                                                                                Adult wandering skipper (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e., breeding  period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). Adult flight times for this  species in Baja, CA occur from November‐December (see Life Cycle for more). Photo credit: Tom  Benson/Flickr Creative Commons. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.    Order: Lepidoptera Family: Hesperiidae Status: Apparently secure to secure (G4G5); petitioned for listing under the ESA but was not listed Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species is found from Santa Barbara to Baja in coastal salt marshes containing the host plant, salt grass (Distichlis spicata). How to recognize: A small butterfly with brownish wings. Upper sides of the forewings have small whitish markings. Undersides of the wings are brown with whitish markings on fore- and hindwings. Life cycle: Adult flight time occurs from July through September in California or from November through December in Baja California. Eggs are laid on or near the host plant, and the larvae are nocturnal feeders. This species uses salt grass as a host plant and will drink nectar from many different species of flowers. Habitat needs: Coastal salt marsh habitat with host plants and nectar plants. Sometimes found at the mouth of rivers. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; 90 percent of coastal salt marshes in this species’ range are gone.

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-63 General conservation recommendations: Restore saltgrass habitat and protect remaining habitat. Avoid pesticide use, especially insecticides, near known populations. Roadside management recommendations: There is little research on the effects of roadside management on this species, although there are often roads adjacent to salt grass habitat patches. General actions that may benefit this species include avoiding spraying roadsides near salt grass habitat with herbicides and using a higher mowing height to avoid harming larvae. Avoid mowing when adults are active (July through September) to avoid damaging individuals and reducing availability of host plants and nectar plants. 3.24.1 References Faulkner, D., and M. Klein. 2012. Sensitive butterflies of San Diego County, California. Booklet provided for a workshop focusing on nine sensitive butterflies. Produced by F.L.I.T.E. Tours. 72 pp. NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: November 9, 2020. 3.25 San Emigdio Blue (Plebulina emigdionis)  Jan  Feb  Mar  April  May  June  July  Aug  Sept  Oct  Nov  Dec  Adult  Larvae  Adult San Emigdio blue butterfly (top left) and known distribution (top right). Adult flight times (i.e.,  breeding period; blue) and larvae active periods (green) are shown in the chart (bottom). See Life Cycle for  more. Photo credit: Lucie Bruce. Map Source: ecos.fws.gov, accessed March 2022.  Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Critically imperiled to imperiled (G1G2); petitioned for listing under the ESA but was not listed Distribution: California

Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles  3-64 Where it occurs: This species can be found in montane deserts in Southern California from the San Joaquin Valley and Mojave Desert south to Victorville. Recent sightings are all from Kern County. How to recognize: A small butterfly with a wingspan reaching just over 1 inch. Upper sides of the wings are blue with faint orange margins on the forewings and stronger orange markings on the hindwings in males. Female wing upper sides are orange-brown with black along the margin in females. Undersides of the wings for both males and females are grayish with black spots; spots along the edge of the hindwing are capped with orange. Life cycle: Adults have three flights per year occurring from April through September. Larvae are present during most of this time and are tended by ants (Formica francoeuri). This species overwinters as larvae, probably at the base of host plants. The host plant is fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Nectar plants are not reported. Habitat needs: Found in shadscale scrub communities along dry riverbeds, intermittent streams, and adjacent streamside habitat. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and habitat degradation; changes in local hydrology; herbicide and pesticide use on rangelands; grazing; recreational vehicle use; invasive species. General conservation recommendations: Protect habitat where populations are known to occur. Avoid pesticide use, especially insecticides, near known populations. The host plant is fairly common. More research is needed for this species. Roadside management recommendations: The abundance of the host plant suggests this species could occur along roadsides. Broadcast spraying of herbicides may reduce the abundance of floral resources for this species. Development of new roads in their habitat can harm populations. Off-road vehicle use and spread of invasive species near and around roads in their habitat can also harm this species. Where this species occurs, avoid mowing beyond the clear zone between April and September, as this may reduce floral resources and harm individuals. Outside of this window, set a mowing height to approximately 6-8 inches to avoid diapausing larvae at the base of plants. 3.25.1 References Audubon California. 1998. “San Emigdio Blue Butterfly – Plebejus emigdionis.” Available: http://www.kern.audubon.org/SEBLUE.htm. NatureServe. 2020. NatureServe Explorer (web application). NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available: https://explorer.natureserve.org/. Accessed: October 29, 2020. U.S. Forest Service and Washington Office Enterprise Program. 2019. Persistence analysis for species of conservation concern. Inyo National Forest, Region 5 Regional Office.

Next: Chapter 4: Native Pollinators and the Federal Endangered Species Act: Compliance Strategies for State Departments of Transportation »
Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California Get This Book
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Transportation agencies can make a difference for imperiled pollinators by managing existing roadside vegetation and designing new revegetation plantings with habitat needs in mind. This can generate public support for the agency and help to mitigate the negative ecological effects of roads.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 362: Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is part of a 16-volume series, with each volume focused on a specific region of the United States, and is intended to provide relevant guidance to rights-of-way owners and operators for roadside vegetation management practices that support pollinators, as well as strategies that are compliant with the federal Endangered Species Act.

Supplemental to the document are a Dataset of California Accessory Materials, a Communications Toolbox, a Conduct of Research Report, and a Video.

All the other volumes are available on the webpage for NCHRP Web-Only Document 362: Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 1: Alaska.

The other volumes are:

Volume 1: Alaska

Volume 3: Florida

Volume 4: Great Basin

Volume 5: Great Lakes

Volume 6: Hawaii

Volume 7: Inland Northwest

Volume 8: Maritime Northwest

Volume 9: Mid-Atlantic

Volume 10: Midwest

Volume 11: Northeast

Volume 12: Northern Plains

Volume 13: Rocky Mountains

Volume 14: Southeast

Volume 15: Southern Plains

Volume 16: Southwest

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