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N C H R P W e b - O n l y D o c u m e n t 3 7 5 I n c o r p o r a t i n g N o n d e s t r u c t i v e T e s t i n g i n Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e o f H i g h w a y P a v e m e n t C o n s t r u c t i o n C O N D U C T O F R E S E A R C H R E P O R T H a r o l d L . V o n Q u i n t u s S h r e e R a o P r a v e e n G o p i s e t t i A R A , I n c . C h a m p a i g n , I L C h e t a n a R a o R a o R e s e a r c h a n d C o n s u l t i n g L L C V i e n n a , V A C o n d u c t o f R e s e a r c h R e p o r t f o r N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 0 - 1 0 8 S u b m i t t e d M a y 2 0 2 3 © 2 0 2 3 b y t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s . N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s o f S c i e n c e s , E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d M e d i c i n e a n d t h e g r a p h i c a l l o g o a r e t r a d e m a r k s o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S y s t e m a t i c , w e l l - d e s i g n e d , a n d i m p l e m e n t a b l e r e s e a r c h i s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e w a y t o s o l v e m a n y p r o b l e m s f a c i n g s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( D O T s ) a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d e n g i n e e r s . O f t e n , h i g h w a y p r o b l e m s a r e o f l o c a l o r r e g i o n a l i n t e r e s t a n d c a n b e s t b e s t u d i e d b y s t a t e D O T s i n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i r s t a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d o t h e r s . H o w e v e r , t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g g r o w t h o f h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s i n g l y c o m p l e x p r o b l e m s o f w i d e i n t e r e s t t o h i g h w a y a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e s e p r o b l e m s a r e b e s t s t u d i e d t h r o u g h a c o o r d i n a t e d p r o g r a m o f c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h . R e c o g n i z i n g t h i s n e e d , t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S t a t e H i g h w a y a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n O f f i c i a l s ( A A S H T O ) i n 1 9 6 2 i n i t i a t e d a n o b j e c t i v e n a t i o n a l h i g h w a y r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m u s i n g m o d e r n s c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i q u e s â t h e N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m ( N C H R P ) . N C H R P i s s u p p o r t e d o n a c o n t i n u i n g b a s i s b y f u n d s f r o m p a r t i c i p a t i n g m e m b e r s t a t e s o f A A S H T O a n d r e c e i v e s t h e f u l l c o o p e r a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t o f t h e F e d e r a l H i g h w a y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( F H W A ) , U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , u n d e r A g r e e m e n t N o . 6 9 3 J J 3 1 9 5 0 0 0 3 . C O P Y R I G H T I N F O R M A T I O N A u t h o r s h e r e i n a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e i r m a t e r i a l s a n d f o r o b t a i n i n g w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n s f r o m p u b l i s h e r s o r p e r s o n s w h o o w n t h e c o p y r i g h t t o a n y p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d o r c o p y r i g h t e d m a t e r i a l u s e d h e r e i n . C o o p e r a t i v e R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m s ( C R P ) g r a n t s p e r m i s s i o n t o r e p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n f o r c l a s s r o o m a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t p u r p o s e s . P e r m i s s i o n i s g i v e n w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t n o n e o f t h e m a t e r i a l w i l l b e u s e d t o i m p l y T R B , A A S H T O , A P T A , F A A , F H W A , F T A , G H S A , o r N H T S A e n d o r s e m e n t o f a p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c t , m e t h o d , o r p r a c t i c e . I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h o s e r e p r o d u c i n g t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h i s d o c u m e n t f o r e d u c a t i o n a l a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t u s e s w i l l g i v e a p p r o p r i a t e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f t h e s o u r c e o f a n y r e p r i n t e d o r r e p r o d u c e d m a t e r i a l . F o r o t h e r u s e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l , r e q u e s t p e r m i s s i o n f r o m C R P . D I S C L A I M E R T h e o p i n i o n s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s e x p r e s s e d o r i m p l i e d i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e t h o s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h e r s w h o p e r f o r m e d t h e r e s e a r c h . T h e y a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h o s e o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d ; t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s o f S c i e n c e s , E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d M e d i c i n e ; t h e F H W A ; o r t h e p r o g r a m s p o n s o r s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d d o e s n o t d e v e l o p , i s s u e , o r p u b l i s h s t a n d a r d s o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d m a n a g e s a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s w h i c h p r o v i d e t h e s c i e n t i f i c f o u n d a t i o n t h a t m a y b e u s e d b y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d s p o n s o r s , i n d u s t r y a s s o c i a t i o n s , o r o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s a s t h e b a s i s f o r r e v i s e d p r a c t i c e s , p r o c e d u r e s , o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s , a n d t h e s p o n s o r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m d o n o t e n d o r s e p r o d u c t s o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s . T r a d e o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s â n a m e s a p p e a r h e r e i n s o l e l y b e c a u s e t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l t o t h e o b j e c t o f t h e r e p o r t . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t w a s t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s u b m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r ( s ) . T h i s m a t e r i a l h a s n o t b e e n e d i t e d b y T R B .
e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 375 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Inam Jawed, Senior Program Officer Mireya Kuskie, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer J. Weeks, Publishing Projects Manager NCHRP PROJECT 10-108 PANEL Field of Materials and ConstructionâArea of Specs, Procedures, and Practices Richard L. Bradbury, Maine Department of Transportation, Scarborough, ME (Chair) Chelsea E. Bennett, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN Tara L. Cavalline, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, Charlotte, NC Ervin L. Dukatz, Jr., Flyereld Consulting, LLC, La Crosse, WI Enad Mahmoud, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, TX Tommy E. Nantung, Indiana Department of Transportation, West Lafayette, IN Robert Otto Rasmussen, The Transtec Group, Inc., Austin, TX Timothy E. Stallard, Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI Zhihui Sun, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY Matthew Corrigan, FHWA Liaison Casey Soneira, AASHTO Liaison AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research described herein was performed under NCHRP Project 10-108 by the Transportation Sector of Applied Research Associates (ARA), Inc. Mr. Harold L. Von Quintus served as the Principal Investigator on the project and Dr. Chetana Rao of Rao Research and Consulting (RRC) was the Co-Principal Investigator. Mr. Von Quintus and Dr. Rao were assisted by Dr. Hadi Nabizadeh and Dr. Praveen Gopisetti of ARA as project engineers, and by Dr. Shree Rao of ARA as a subject matter expert on specific NDT devices and quality assurance. Three subject matter experts provided the project team with a review of the Manual and its associated appendices. The three subject matter experts are listed below: ⢠Mr. Richard Giessel with Alaska Department of Transportation (DOT) provided review and comments on implementing the Density Profiling System. ⢠Mr. Shane Buchanan with CRH Materials to provide opinions and data related to unbound layers and aggregates for use in Portland cement concrete (PCC) and asphalt mixtures. ⢠Ms. Maria Knake, with AASHTO to provide opinions on preparing a Standard Practice that can be easily adopted by AASHTO, and how the documents are best written to obtain concurrence and use through AASHTO and State DOTs.
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... xii PART I â INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Problem Statement ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Research Objective ................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Nondestructive Testing Defined ............................................................................ 4 1.5 Suggestions for Preparing the Manual .................................................................. 4 1.6 Process Control, QC, and Acceptance Tests for QA ............................................. 5 1.7 Scope of Work ....................................................................................................... 5 1.8 Deliverables/Products ............................................................................................ 8 1.9 Scope of Report ..................................................................................................... 8 PART II â SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ........................................................................10 CHAPTER 2 MATERIAL/LAYER PROPERTIES AND FEATURES FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE ........................................................................................10 2.1 Quality Characteristics and QA Programs .......................................................... 10 2.2 Material Properties and Layer Features Impacting Performance ........................ 10 2.3 Portland Cement Concrete Materials and Mixtures ............................................ 13 2.4 Asphalt Materials and Mixtures .......................................................................... 13 2.5 Unbound Aggregate Base and Embankment Soils .............................................. 14 CHAPTER 3 ASSESSING QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS FOR QA ..............18 3.1 Sampling Plans for QC and Acceptance ............................................................. 18 3.2 Process Control, QC, and Acceptance ................................................................. 18 3.3 Challenges/Issues with Existing Tests for QC and Acceptance .......................... 19 CHAPTER 4 NDT TECHNOLOGIES WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO QA ..........................................................................................21 4.1 NDT Methods and Test Standards ...................................................................... 21 4.2 Acoustic Emission Technology ........................................................................... 24 4.3 Deflection-Based Technology for Unbound Pavement Layers ........................... 24 4.3.1 Falling Weight Deflectometer ..................................................................28 4.3.2 Light Weight or Portable Deflectometer ..................................................28 4.4 Impact Devices and Technology for Unbound Layers ........................................ 28 4.4.1 DCP ..........................................................................................................29 4.4.2 Clegg Impact Soil Tester ..........................................................................29 4.5 Electro-Mechanical Technology for the Stiffness of Unbound Layers ............... 29 4.6 Ground Penetrating Radar Technology for Density of Asphalt Layers .............. 30 4.7 Impact-Echo Technology for PCC Material Stiffness ........................................ 30 4.8 Impulse Response Technology for PCC Layer Stiffness .................................... 31 4.9 Infrared Thermography Technology for Identifying Segregation in Asphalt Layers .................................................................................................................. 32
v 4.10 Intelligent Compaction Technology for Stiffness of Unbound Layers ............... 33 4.11 Magnetic Imaging or Tomography Technology for PCC and Asphalt Layer Thickness and Dowel Bar Alignment and Rebar Depth ..................................... 33 4.12 Maturity-Based Strength Estimation for PCC Mixtures ..................................... 34 4.13 Non-Nuclear Densometer Technology for Density Measurement of Asphalt Layers .................................................................................................................. 35 4.14 Ultrasonic/Seismic Technology for Pavement Layers ........................................ 36 CHAPTER 5 NDT TECHNOLOGIES FOR PCC MATERIAL/LAYER PROPERTIES...........................................................................................................38 5.1 Flexural Strength and Early Opening Strength ................................................... 38 5.1.1 Standard Test and Precision .....................................................................38 5.1.2 NDT Tests to Estimate Flexural Strength ................................................39 5.2 Compressive Strength and Early Opening Strength ............................................ 41 5.2.1 Standard Test and Precision .....................................................................41 5.2.2 NDT Tests to Estimate Compressive Strength .........................................41 5.3 Modulus of Elasticity .......................................................................................... 42 5.3.1 Standard Test and Precision .....................................................................42 5.3.2 NDT Tests to Estimate Elastic Modulus ..................................................43 5.4 Concrete Permeability and Resistivity ................................................................ 43 5.4.1 Standard Test and Precision .....................................................................44 5.4.2 NDT Tests for Concrete Resistivity .........................................................44 5.5 PCC Thickness/Detection of Delamination ........................................................ 47 5.5.1 Standard Test and Precision .....................................................................47 5.5.2 NDT Tests to Estimate PCC Thickness ...................................................47 5.6 Dowel Bar Alignment ......................................................................................... 47 5.6.1 General Overview ....................................................................................47 5.6.2 NDT Tests to Assess Dowel Bar Alignment ............................................48 5.7 Initial Smoothness ............................................................................................... 48 5.7.1 General Overview ....................................................................................48 5.7.2 Standard Tests to Measure Smoothness ...................................................49 5.8 Consolidation/Honeycombing ............................................................................. 50 5.9 Texture/Depth of Tining ...................................................................................... 51 5.10 Joint Saw Cut ....................................................................................................... 51 5.11 Summary of PCC Material/Layer Properties and NDT Tests for QA ................ 52 CHAPTER 6 NDT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ASPHALT MATERIAL/LAYER PROPERTIES...........................................................................................................54 6.1 Asphalt Binder Stiffness ...................................................................................... 54 6.1.1 Duomorph Asphalt Rheology Tester ........................................................55 6.1.2 Asphalt Quality Tester .............................................................................58 6.2 Asphalt Uniformity and Density ......................................................................... 59 6.2.1 Paver Mounted Thermal Profiling for Temperature Differentials ...........60 6.2.2 Density Measurement on Asphalt Mat Using Non-Nuclear Densometers .............................................................................................61 6.2.3 Density using GPR ...................................................................................62 6.3 Asphalt Mixture Modulus ................................................................................... 63 6.3.1 Seismic Technology, PSPA......................................................................64
vi 6.3.2 Deflection-Based Technology, FWD .......................................................65 6.3.3 Intelligent Compaction Technology .........................................................65 6.4 Asphalt Mat Thickness ........................................................................................ 67 6.5 Asphalt Mat Delamination (Loss of Bond) ......................................................... 69 6.6 Initial IRI ............................................................................................................. 70 6.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 71 CHAPTER 7 NDT TECHNOLOGIES FOR AGGREGATE BASE AND EMBANKMENT MATERIAL/LAYER PROPERTIES .....................................73 7.1 Overview of Unbound Layer Properties for QA ................................................. 73 7.2 Resilient Modulus of Unbound Materials ........................................................... 74 7.3 Moisture Content ................................................................................................. 78 7.4 Density and Compaction ..................................................................................... 79 7.5 Modulus and Compaction ................................................................................... 83 7.6 Summary ............................................................................................................. 84 PART III â DATA INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION................................86 CHAPTER 8 NDT METHODS FOR USE IN QA ....................................................86 8.1 Material/Layer Properties and Features .............................................................. 86 8.2 NDT Technologies Suggested to Be Excluded from Use in QA Programs ........ 87 8.3 Factors included in the Analysis of NDT Technologies ..................................... 88 8.4 Analysis of NDT Technologies ........................................................................... 91 8.4.1 Utility Analysis ........................................................................................91 8.4.2 SWOT-Barrier Analysis ...........................................................................91 8.4.3 Summary of Analyses ..............................................................................92 High Utility NDT Technologies ...................................................................... 92 Emerging NDT Technologies with Gaps towards Implementation ................ 96 CHAPTER 9 DEPLOYMENT OF NDT TECHNOLOGIES IN QA ......................98 PART IV â CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................102 CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................102 10.1 Manual: Standard Practice for Incorporating NDT in Quality Assurance of Highway Pavement Construction ...................................................................... 102 10.2 Standard Practices for Individual NDT Technologies: Process/Quality Control and Acceptance .................................................................................................. 103 10.3 Implementation Plan to Deploy Manual and NDT Technologies for Process/Quality Control and Acceptance of Highway Pavement Construction 104 REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................105 APPENDIX A. NDT TECHNOLOGIES FOR MATERIAL/LAYER PROPERTY ESTIMATION: TABULAR SUMMARIES ........................................................117 A.1 PCC Material/Layer Properties and Features .................................................... 117 A.1.1 Flexural Strength ....................................................................................117 A.1.2 Compressive Strength/Early Opening Strength Estimation ...................119 A.1.3 Elastic Modulus ......................................................................................122 A.1.4 Permeability ...........................................................................................124 A.1.5 PCC Thickness/Detection of Delamination ...........................................125 A.1.6 Dowel Bar Alignment ............................................................................127
vii A.1.7 PCC Smoothness ....................................................................................128 A.1.8 Texture/Depth of Tining .........................................................................130 A.2 Asphalt Materials/Layer Properties and Features ............................................. 130 A.2.1 Asphalt Binder Stiffness .........................................................................130 A.2.2 Mat Density, Aggregate Segregation and Temperature Differentials ....131 A.2.3 Asphalt Mixture Modulus ......................................................................133 A.2.4 Asphalt Mat Thickness ...........................................................................136 A.3 Unbound Granular and Subgrade Materials ...................................................... 137 A.3.1 Unbound Layer Resilient Modulus ........................................................137 A.3.2 Moisture Content ....................................................................................140 A.3.3 Density of Unbound Layers ...................................................................143 APPENDIX B. NDT METHODS FOR USE IN QA: TABULAR SUMMARIES ...144 B.1 Utility Analysis .................................................................................................. 144 B.2 SWOT-Barrier Analysis .................................................................................... 151 APPENDIX C. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN .............................................................157 C.1 Purpose and Objective of Implementation Plan ................................................ 157 C.2 Scope of Implementation Plan .......................................................................... 157 C.3 NDT Technologies for Process Control, QC, and/or Acceptance ..................... 157 C.4 Path to ImplementationKey Topics and Steps .............................................. 158 C.4.1 Prepare Organizational Structure for Implementation and Adoption ....158 C.4.2 Assign a Champion for Implementation ................................................159 C.4.3 Create a Communication Plan ................................................................160 C.4.4 Conduct SWOT AnalysisNDT Technology and Organization Specific ...................................................................................................160 C.4.5 Develop NDT Response/Layer Property Database and Data Management Program ..................................................................................................161 C.4.6 Establish Educational/Specifications Committee ...................................161 C.4.6.1 Prepare and Update Precision and Bias Statement ....................... 161 C.4.6.2 Determine/Update Acceptance Limits: ........................................ 162 C.4.6.3 Review/Confirm Calibration Procedure of NDT Response and AQC: ..................................................................................... 162 C.4.6.4 Review/Confirm Validation Procedures: ..................................... 162 C.4.6.5 Establish, Execute, and Maintain Independent Assurance Program: ....................................................................................... 163 C.4.7 Create/Maintain Training Program: Understanding the Outcome â NDT Response Variable and Its Use in QA Programs ....................................163 C.4.8 Build Confidence within Industry ..........................................................165 C.4.9 Establish/Maintain Qualification/Certification Program for NDT Technology ....................................................................................167 C.5 Components of the Implementation Plan .......................................................... 168 C.5.1 Prepare a Vision StatementWhat is Expected from Using the Technology. ............................................................................................168 C.5.2 Prepare a Mission StatementHow the Technology is Implemented. .169 C.5.3 Define and List the Goal(s)What are the Reasons for using the Technology. ............................................................................................169
viii C.5.4 Define and List the Expected OutcomesWhat the Technology will Deliver. ...................................................................................................169 C.5.5 Identify and Engage the Target Audience and Supporting Organizations ..........................................................................................169 C.5.6 Prepare Schedule: A Timeline and Milestone of Events ........................170 C.5.7 Attend and Deliver Results at Technical Conferences: National and Local Conferences ............................................................................................170 C.5.8 Define Challenges, Key Messages, and Tools .......................................171 C.5.9 Define Communication Strategies and Tactics ......................................171 C.5.9.1 Strategies for Implementation ...................................................... 171 C.5.9.2 Tactics for Implementation .......................................................... 172 C.6 Measure and Report Success of Implementation Plan ...................................... 173 NCHRP Web-Only Document 375 contains the Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 10-108 and accompanies NCHRP Research Report 1082: Incorporating Nondestructive Testing in Quality Assurance of Highway Pavement Construction: Manual. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1082 on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org).
ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Five Stages for Implementing and/or Deploying Innovative Technologies. .......7 Figure 2. Time temperature factor calculated as area under the time-temperature curve for Nurse-Saul function................................................................................................34 Figure 3. Comparison of lab measured and NDT-estimated flexural strength (Yuan et al., 2006) ............................................................................................................................40 Figure 4. Comparison of lab measured and NDT-estimated flexural strength (Yuan et al., 2006) ............................................................................................................................40 Figure 5. Comparison of backcalculated Elastic and laboratory-measured PCC Elastic moduli. .........................................................................................................................43 Figure 6. Conventional RCPT, NDT surface resistivity and NDT bulk resistivity tests (Gudimetla et al., 2016) ...............................................................................................45 Figure 7. Comparison of relationships between RCPT and surface resistivity at 56 Days (from Gudimettla and Crawford, 2016) .......................................................................46 Figure 8. IRI measured at 4 years after paving correlated to initial IRI from a State DOT database. .......................................................................................................................49 Figure 9. Field-ready prototype of DART binder testing device, schematic showing embedded sensor in binder can, sample being tested, and device ...............................55 Figure 10. Fingerprint matching Samples A-C and F-H with PG 64-22 reference based on strain ratio (left) and phase shift (right) (Rao et al., 2017) .....................................56 Figure 11. Fingerprint comparisons to identify a non-compliant 67-22 binder sample from State 1 based on strain ratio (left) and phase shift (right) (Rao et al., 2017) ......58 Figure 12. Asphalt Quality Test System Prototype ..........................................................59 Figure 13. Example of deflection and recovery measured for a sample (left) and Example of results showing the maximum deflection and percent recovery for different binder types (right) ..................................................................................................................59 Figure 14. Relationship between temperature and core density (left graph) and Density differentials versus temperature differentials (right graph) (Sebesta et al., 2013) .......61 Figure 15. Calibrating GPR to predict in-place air voids (left graph) and Density differentials versus dielectric differentials (right graph) (Sebesta et al., 2013) ...........63 Figure 16. Comparison of backcalculated asphalt moduli and laboratory-dynamic modulus for the Georgia LTPP Seasonal Monitoring Pavement (SMP) project (Von Quintus, et al., 2015). ...................................................................................................66 Figure 17. Comparison of the asphalt layer backcalculated elastic moduli and laboratory- dynamic moduli from the LTPP Iowa Special Pavement Study (SPS)-1 project (Von Quintus, et al., 2015). ...................................................................................................66 Figure 18. IC Stiffness Index versus Density of the Asphalt Mat; Highways for Life Demonstration Project (after Von Quintus and Mallela, 2012). ..................................67 Figure 19. Use of a modulus-based specification integrating NDT testing for QA and linked to design performance targets ...........................................................................76 Figure 20. Comparison of target and field moduli with an LWD .....................................77 Figure 21. Comparison of the correlations observed in density measurements between nuclear density gauge and the NDT devices - CASE (left) and eGauge (right). .........81 Figure 22. Comparison of the correlations observed in moisture measurements between nuclear density gauge and the NDT devices - CASE (left) and eGauge (right). .........81
x Figure 23. Correlations in wet and dry density measurements between nuclear density gauge and the NDT devices - CASE (top) and eGauge (bottom) at high (left) and low (right) compactive efforts. ...........................................................................................82 Figure 24. Correlations in density estimates â by soil type. .............................................82 Figure 25. Framework for using Intelligent Compaction in QA specification .................84 Figure 26. Preliminary Organizational Structure for Deploying NDT Technologies within a QA Program ..............................................................................................................99 Figure 27. Flow Diagram of the Contractor/State DOT Responsibilities and Use of NDT Technologies within a QA Program ..........................................................................159 Figure 28. Generalized Flow Diagram for Implementing NDT Technologies for Process Control .......................................................................................................................166 Figure 29. Generalized Flow Diagram for Implementing NDT Technologies to Determine Compliance with the Specifications ...........................................................................167
xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Material Properties, Design Features, and Construction Quality Elements Included in QA Programs that have an Impact on Pavement Performance .................11 Table 2. Material Properties used in QA Indicative of Pavementâs Ability to Resist Traffic and Environmental Loads ................................................................................12 Table 3. PCC Material/Layer Properties and Features Related to Rigid Pavement Performance .................................................................................................................15 Table 4. Asphalt Material/Layer Properties and Features Related to Asphalt Pavement Performance .................................................................................................................16 Table 5. Unbound Material/Layer Properties Related to Performance for Rigid and Asphalt Pavement Performance ...................................................................................17 Table 6. ASTM/AASHTO/International NDT Test Standards ..........................................21 Table 7. Summary of NDT Technologies with Potential Application in QA Programs ..25 Table 8. Chloride penetration classification from surface resistivity testing ....................45 Table 9. Summary of NDT test methods for each PCC QA parameter. ...........................53 Table 10. Recommendations for Asphalt density testing from NCHRP 10-65 (Von Quintus et al., 2009). ....................................................................................................62 Table 11. Recommendations for Asphalt mixture modulus testing from NCHRP 10-65 (Von Quintus et al., 2009)............................................................................................64 Table 12. Summary of results of thickness measurements for Asphalt sections (Edwards et al., 2011) ..................................................................................................................68 Table 13. Thickness measurement comparisons before and after calibration (Edwards et al., 2011) ......................................................................................................................69 Table 14. Recommended Devices for (Celaya et al., 2010) .............................................70 Table 15. Summary of NDT Technologies for each Asphalt Layer QA Parameter .........72 Table 16. NDT device and technology variability analysis for fine-grained soils from field testing under NCHRP 10-65 (Von Quintus et al., 2009) .....................................74 Table 17. NDT device and technology variability analysis for aggregate base materials from field tests under NCHRP 10-65 (Von Quintus et al., 2009)................................74 Table 18. Summary of NDT Technologies for each Unbound Layer QA Parameter .......85 Table 19. Material/Layer Properties and Features Included or With Potential to be Included in QA Programs and Assessed In Place through NDT Technologies ...........86 Table 20. NDT Technologies for Process Control or QC ................................................100 Table 21. NDT Technologies for Acceptance .................................................................101 Table 22. Target Audiences for the Manual and Standard Practices. ..............................170
xii ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AAD Average absolute deviation AE Acoustic emissions ACI American Concrete Institute ACPA American Concrete Pavement Association ANN Artificial neural network AQC Acceptance quality characteristic ASNT American Society for Nondestructive Testing ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials BBR Bending beam rheometer BMD Balanced mixture design CAA Coarse aggregate angularity COV Coefficient of variation CTE Coefficient of thermal expansion CRCP Continuously reinforced concrete pavement DART Duomorph asphalt rheology tester DCP Dynamic cone penetrometer DOT Department of Transportation DPS Density profiling system DSR Dynamic shear rheometer EDG Electrical density gauge EMAT Electromagnetic-acoustic transducer ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center FAA Federal Aviation Administration FF Formation Factor FHWA Federal Highway Administration FWD Falling weight deflectometer GPR Ground penetrating radar GSI GOMACO smoothness index IA Independent assurance IC Intelligent compaction IE Impact echo IPRF Innovative Pavement Research Foundation IR Infrared IRI International roughness index JPCP Jointed plain concrete pavement LNDG Low nuclear density gauge LTPP Long term pavement performance LWD Lightweight deflectometer MIT Magnetic imaging tools NCAT National Center for Asphalt Technology NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NDE Nondestructive evaluation NDT Nondestructive testing
xiii NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NTE Normalized transmission energy PAV Pressure aging vessel PCC Portland cement concrete PD Percent defective PFWD Portable falling weight deflectometer PG Performance grade PI Profile index PMED Pavement ME Design® PMTP Paver mounted thermal profiler PQI Pavement quality indicator PRS Performance related specifications PSPA Portable seismic pavement analyzer PWL Percent within limits QA Quality assurance QC Quality control RCPT Rapid chloride penetrability test (also Rapid chloride permeability test) RTFO Rolling thin film oven RTP Real time profiler RTS Real time smoothness SASW Spectral analysis of surface waves SDG Soil density gauge SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program SPA Seismic pavement analyzer SWOT Strength-weakness-opportunity-threat TDR Time domain reflectometry TRB Transportation Research Board USAF United States Air Force USW Ultrasonic surface waves VFA Voids filled with asphalt VMA Voids in mineral aggregate
