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NCHRP W e b - O n l y D o c u m e n t 3 8 2 T r a f f i c S a f e t y C u l t u r e C O N D U C T O F R E S E A R C H R E P O R T Wesley Kumfer Seth LaJeunesse Stephen Heiny Alyson West Jonathon Weisenfeld Highway Safety Research Center The University of North Carolinaâ Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC Jay Otto Nicholas Ward Katherine Dively Bridget Hanson Center for Health and Safety Culture Montana State University Bozeman, MT Carolyn McAndrews University of WisconsinâMadison Madison, WI Steven Lavrenz Wayne State University Detroit, MI Gwyn Kash Social Motion Wilmington, NC Charles T. Brown Equitable Cities, LLC Somerset, NJ C o n d u c t o f R e s e a r c h R e p o r t f o r N C H R P P r o j e c t 1 7 - 9 6 S u b m i t t e d A u g u s t 2 0 2 3 © 2 0 2 3 b y t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s . N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s o f S c i e n c e s , E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d M e d i c i n e a n d t h e g r a p h i c a l l o g o a r e t r a d e m a r k s o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM S y s t e m a t i c , w e l l - d e s i g n e d , a n d i m p l e m e n t a b l e r e s e a r c h i s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e w a y t o s o l v e m a n y p r o b l e m s f a c i n g s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( D O T s ) a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d e n g i n e e r s . O f t e n , h i g h w a y p r o b l e m s a r e o f l o c a l o r r e g i o n a l i n t e r e s t a n d c a n b e s t b e s t u d i e d b y s t a t e D O T s i n d i v i d u a l l y o r i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i r s t a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d o t h e r s . H o w e v e r , t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g g r o w t h o f h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s i n g l y c o m p l e x p r o b l e m s o f w i d e i n t e r e s t t o h i g h w a y a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e s e p r o b l e m s a r e b e s t s t u d i e d t h r o u g h a c o o r d i n a t e d p r o g r a m o f c o o p e r a t i v e r e s e a r c h . R e c o g n i z i n g t h i s n e e d , t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n o f S t a t e H i g h w a y a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n O f f i c i a l s ( A A S H T O ) i n 1 9 6 2 i n i t i a t e d a n o b j e c t i v e n a t i o n a l h i g h w a y r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m u s i n g m o d e r n s c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i q u e s â t h e N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m ( N C H R P ) . N C H R P i s s u p p o r t e d o n a c o n t i n u i n g b a s i s b y f u n d s f r o m p a r t i c i p a t i n g m e m b e r s t a t e s o f A A S H T O a n d r e c e i v e s t h e f u l l c o o p e r a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t o f t h e F e d e r a l H i g h w a y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( F H W A ) , U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , u n d e r A g r e e m e n t N o . 6 9 3 J J 3 1 9 5 0 0 0 3 . COPYRIGHT INFORMATION A u t h o r s h e r e i n a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f t h e i r m a t e r i a l s a n d f o r o b t a i n i n g w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n s f r o m p u b l i s h e r s o r p e r s o n s w h o o w n t h e c o p y r i g h t t o a n y p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d o r c o p y r i g h t e d m a t e r i a l u s e d h e r e i n . C o o p e r a t i v e R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m s ( C R P ) g r a n t s p e r m i s s i o n t o r e p r o d u c e m a t e r i a l i n t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n f o r c l a s s r o o m a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t p u r p o s e s . P e r m i s s i o n i s g i v e n w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t n o n e o f t h e m a t e r i a l w i l l b e u s e d t o i m p l y T R B , A A S H T O , A P T A , F A A , F H W A , F T A , G H S A , o r N H T S A e n d o r s e m e n t o f a p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c t , m e t h o d , o r p r a c t i c e . I t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h o s e r e p r o d u c i n g t h e m a t e r i a l i n t h i s d o c u m e n t f o r e d u c a t i o n a l a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t u s e s w i l l g i v e a p p r o p r i a t e a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f t h e s o u r c e o f a n y r e p r i n t e d o r r e p r o d u c e d m a t e r i a l . F o r o t h e r u s e s o f t h e m a t e r i a l , r e q u e s t p e r m i s s i o n f r o m C R P . DISCLAIMER T h e o p i n i o n s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s e x p r e s s e d o r i m p l i e d i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e t h o s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h e r s w h o p e r f o r m e d t h e r e s e a r c h . T h e y a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h o s e o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d ; t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s o f S c i e n c e s , E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d M e d i c i n e ; t h e F H W A ; o r t h e p r o g r a m s p o n s o r s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d d o e s n o t d e v e l o p , i s s u e , o r p u b l i s h s t a n d a r d s o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d m a n a g e s a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s w h i c h p r o v i d e t h e s c i e n t i f i c f o u n d a t i o n t h a t m a y b e u s e d b y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d s p o n s o r s , i n d u s t r y a s s o c i a t i o n s , o r o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s a s t h e b a s i s f o r r e v i s e d p r a c t i c e s , p r o c e d u r e s , o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h B o a r d , t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m i e s , a n d t h e s p o n s o r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m d o n o t e n d o r s e p r o d u c t s o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s . T r a d e o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s â n a m e s a p p e a r h e r e i n s o l e l y b e c a u s e t h e y a r e c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l t o t h e o b j e c t o f t h e r e p o r t . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s d o c u m e n t w a s t a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s u b m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r ( s ) . T h i s m a t e r i a l h a s n o t b e e n e d i t e d b y T R B .
e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major program divisions of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to mobilize expertise, experience, and knowledge to anticipate and solve complex transportation-related challenges. e Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,500 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 382 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program David M. Jared, Senior Program Officer Mazen Alsharif, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer J. Weeks, Publishing Projects Manager NCHRP PROJECT 17-96 PANEL Field of TrafficâArea of Safety Michelle Lynne May, Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, OH (Chair) Sarah Abel, Toole Design Group, LLC, Silver Spring, MD Grady T. Carrick, Enforcement Engineering, Inc., Ponte Vedra, FL Stacy Jeleniewski, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Washington, DC Joseph F. Marek, Clackamas County, Oregon City, OR Alejandra L. Medina, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA Hadi H. Shirazi, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge, LA Susan C. Sillick, Helena, MT Cedric Ward, Maryland State Highway Administration, Hanover, MD Chimai N. Ngo, FHWA Liaison Kelly K. Hardy, AASHTO Liaison
iv Table of Contents Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Tables............................................................................................................................................. vi 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Literature Review Summary .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Overview of Traffic Safety Culture Literature .................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Definition of Traffic Safety Culture ............................................................................................. 4 2.1.2. Measurement of Traffic Safety Culture ...................................................................................... 5 2.1.3. Development of Traffic Safety Culture ....................................................................................... 6 2.1.4. Evaluation of Traffic Safety Culture ............................................................................................ 7 2.2. Relevant Theoretical Literature ......................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Traffic Safety Culture and the Safe System Approach ..................................................................... 11 2.4. Summary of Literature Review Gaps ............................................................................................... 14 3. Overview of Stakeholder Engagement Efforts ...................................................................................... 16 3.1. Workshop 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2. Workshop 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 18 3.3. Individual Stakeholder Interviews.................................................................................................... 21 3.4. Workshop 3 and Online Survey ........................................................................................................ 23 3.5. Full Set of Research Gaps Following Stakeholder Engagement ....................................................... 25 4. Research Roadmap Development and Summary ................................................................................. 27 4.1. Draft Research Need Statement Format ......................................................................................... 27 4.2. Definition Domain Draft Research Need Statements ...................................................................... 29 4.3. Measurement Domain Draft Research Need Statements ............................................................... 32 4.4. Development Domain Draft Research Need Statements ................................................................ 35 4.5. Evaluation Domain Draft Research Need Statements ..................................................................... 40 4.6. Framing of the Research Roadmap .................................................................................................. 42 4.7. Agency Applications of the Roadmap .............................................................................................. 46 4.8. Linking Gaps to RNS ......................................................................................................................... 48 5. Research Need Statements .................................................................................................................... 50 5.1. Research Need Statement Format ................................................................................................... 50 5.2. Definition Domain ............................................................................................................................ 53 5.3. Measurement Domain ..................................................................................................................... 63 5.4. Development Domain ...................................................................................................................... 71
v 5.5 Evaluation Domain ............................................................................................................................ 85 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 93 References .................................................................................................................................................. 94 NCHRP Web-Only Document 382 contains the Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 17-96 and accompanies NCHRP Research Report 1091: Traffic Safety Culture Research Roadmap. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1091 on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org).
vi Table of Figures Figure 1. Domains of a Research Roadmap .................................................................................................. 4 Figure 2. The Relationship between TSC and Safe System (National Safety Council, 2023) ...................... 12 Figure 3. FHWA's Safe System Approach Wheel (FHWA, 2023b) ............................................................... 13 Figure 4. Mental Modeling Systems Map Developed by Breakout Group 2 .............................................. 19 Figure 5. 5 Rs Diagram Produced by Breakout Group 1 ............................................................................. 22 Figure 6. General Social Ecological Model for TSC ...................................................................................... 43 Figure 7. Interrelationships of Proposed Research, TSC, and the Safe System Approach .......................... 45 Figure 8. Flowchart Demonstrating Example Agency (County DOT) Implementation of TSC Research Roadmap ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 Table of Tables Table 1. List of Published Definitions of TSC ................................................................................................. 4 Table 2. Summary of Sociological and Psychological Theories and Relevance to Traffic Safety Culture Research ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Table 3: Draft RNS Format .......................................................................................................................... 27 Table 4. Draft RNS 1 .................................................................................................................................... 29 Table 5. Draft RNS 2 .................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 6. Draft RNS 3 .................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 7. Draft RNS 4 .................................................................................................................................... 31 Table 8. Draft RNS 5 .................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 9. Draft RNS 6 .................................................................................................................................... 33 Table 10. Draft RNS 7 .................................................................................................................................. 33 Table 11. Draft RNS 8 .................................................................................................................................. 34 Table 12. Draft RNS 9 .................................................................................................................................. 35 Table 13. Draft RNS 10 ................................................................................................................................ 35 Table 14. Draft RNS 11 ................................................................................................................................ 36 Table 15. Draft RNS 12 ................................................................................................................................ 37 Table 16. Draft RNS 13 ................................................................................................................................ 37 Table 17. Draft RNS 14 ................................................................................................................................ 38 Table 18. Draft RNS 15 ................................................................................................................................ 39 Table 19. Draft RNS 16 ................................................................................................................................ 39 Table 20. Draft RNS 17 ................................................................................................................................ 40 Table 21. Draft RNS 18 ................................................................................................................................ 40 Table 22. Draft RNS 19 ................................................................................................................................ 41 Table 23. Draft RNS 20 ................................................................................................................................ 42 Table 24. Gaps in TSC Research and Related RNS ....................................................................................... 48 Table 25. Example RNS Format ................................................................................................................... 51 Table 26. RNS 1. Developing a Process to Establish Shared Traffic Safety Culture Goals .......................... 53 Table 27. RNS 2. Linking Intra-Agency Traffic Safety Culture Goals ........................................................... 56 Table 28. RNS 3. Developing Tools to Assess Organizational Traffic Safety Culture .................................. 59 Table 29. RNS 4. Guidance to Align Agenciesâ Goals, Policies, and Practices with Local Communitiesâ Existing and Desired Traffic Safety Cultures and Outcomes ....................................................................... 61 Table 30. RNS 5. Promoting Positive Traffic Safety Culture through Learning from Safer Traffic Safety Outliers ........................................................................................................................................................ 63
vii Table 31. RNS 6. Annual Traffic Safety Culture Measurement and Assessment Tool ................................ 65 Table 32. RNS 7. Integrating Traffic Safety Culture Indicators with Proactive Safety Performance Measures and Public Agency Traffic Safety Management ......................................................................... 67 Table 33. RNS 8. Building Community-Led Traffic Safety Culture Coalitions .............................................. 69 Table 34. RNS 9. Guidance on Planning and Implementation of Transformative Traffic Safety Culture ... 71 Table 35. RNS 10. Enduring Policies for Sustaining Traffic Safety Culture Efforts and Programs ............... 73 Table 36. RNS 11. Embedding Equity in Traffic Safety Culture ................................................................... 75 Table 37. RNS 12. Understanding Traffic Safety Culture-related Concerns Using Qualitative Approaches .................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Table 38. RNS 13. Agency Risk Management, Public Goals, and Pathways to a Safe System .................... 78 Table 39. RNS 14. Developing a Database of Standard Traffic Safety Culture Data ................................... 80 Table 40. RNS 15. Establishing a Traffic Safety Culture Leadership Network at the State Level ................ 82 Table 41. RNS 16. Workforce Development to Attract and Recruit Traffic Safety Culture Professionals .. 83 Table 42. RNS 17. Methods of Evaluating Organizational Traffic Safety Culture ....................................... 85 Table 43. RNS 18. Methods of Evaluating the Impact of Roadway Investments on Traffic Safety Culture 87 Table 44. RNS 19. Inventory Traffic Safety Culture Strategies and Develop Guidance for Strategy Implementation .......................................................................................................................................... 88 Table 45. RNS 20. Building a Long-term Monitoring Framework for Benchmarking Traffic Safety Culture Progress....................................................................................................................................................... 90
