National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Chapter 9 - Suggested Research
Page 95
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27536.
×
Page 95
Page 96
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27536.
×
Page 96
Page 97
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27536.
×
Page 97
Page 98
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27536.
×
Page 98

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

95   AASHTO (2011). AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, 2nd Edition, American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO (2020). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 9th Edition, American Association of State High- way and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO (2022). Manual on Subsurface Investigations, 2nd Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, District of Columbia. Aboim, C. and Roth, W.H. (1982). Bounding-Surface-Plasticity Theory Applied to Cyclic Loading of Sand, In: R. Dungar, G. Pande, and J. Studer (Eds.), International Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics, Zurich, Switzerland: A.A. Balkema, pp. 65–72. ASCE/SEI (2022). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE Standard ASCE/SEI 7-22, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia. Beaty, M.H. and Byrne, P.M. (1998). An Effective Stress Model for Predicting Liquefaction Behavior of Sand. In: P. Dakoulas, M. Yegian, and R. D. Holtz (Eds.), Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 75, Vol. 1, Proc. Specialty Conference, pp. 766–777. Beaty, M.H. and Byrne, P.M. (2011). UBCSAND Constitutive Model, Version 904aR, Documentation report on Itasca UDM Website. Bennett, M.J., McLaughlin, P.V., Sarmiento, J.S., and Youd, T.L. (1984). Geotechnical Investigation of Lique- faction Sites, Imperial Valley, California, Open-File Report 84-252, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California. Borja, R.I., Duvernay, B.G., and Lin, C.-H. (2002). Ground Response in Lotung: Total Stress Analyses and Para- metric Studies, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 128, No. 1, pp. 54–63. Boulanger, R.W. and Ziotopoulou, K. (2013a). Formulation of a Sand Plasticity Plane-Strain Model for Earth- quake Engineering Applications, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 53, pp. 254–267. Boulanger, R.W. and Ziotopoulou, K. (2013b). Calibration and Implementation of a Sand Plasticity Plane- Strain Model for Earthquake Engineering Applications, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 53, pp. 268–280. Boulanger, R.W. and Ziotopoulou, K. (2018). PM4SILT (Version 1): A Silt Plasticity Model for Earthquake Engi- neering Applications, Report No. UCD/CGM-18/01, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California. Boulanger, R.W., Ziotopoulou, K. and Oathes, T. (2022). Scripts That Produce Multiple PM4Sand Drivers for Different Loading Paths, Batch Files for Running Them in FLAC, and Post-Processing Codes for Plotting, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California. Bray, J.D. and Sancio, R.B. (2006). Assessment of the Liquefaction Susceptibility of Fine-Grained Soils, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 9, pp. 1165–1177. Chopra, A.K. (2017). Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall International Series in Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics (4th Edition). Cox, B.R. (2006). Development of a Direct Test Method for Dynamically Assessing the Liquefaction Resistance of Soils In-Situ, PhD Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Cox, B.R., Stokoe, K.H., and Rathje, E.M. (2009). An In-Situ Test Method for Evaluating the Coupled Pore Pres- sure Generation and Nonlinear Shear Modulus Behavior of Liquefiable Soils, Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 11–21. Dafalias, Y. and Popov, E. (1975). A Model of Nonlinearly Hardening Materials for Complex Loading, Acta Mechanica, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 173–192. References

96 Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines Dafalias, Y. and Popov, E. (1976). Plastic Internal Variables Formalism of Cyclic Plasticity, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 97, pp. 645–651. Dafalias, Y. (1986). Bounding Surface Plasticity. I: Mathematical Foundation and Hypoplasticity, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 112, No. 9, pp. 966–987. Darendeli, M.B. (2001). Development of a New Family of Normalized Modulus Reduction and Material Damp- ing Curves, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Dawson, E.M., and Mejia, L.H. (2012). Updates to a Practice-Oriented Liquefaction Model. Proc. GeoCongress 2012, Oakland, California, CD-ROM Paper. Dobry, R., Pierce, W., Dyvik, R., Thomas, G., and Ladd, R. (1985). Pore Pressure Model for Cyclic Straining of Sand, Research Report, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Dobry, R., El-Sekelly, W., and Abdoun, T. (2018). Calibration of Non-Linear Effective Stress Code for Seismic Analysis of Excess Pore Pressures and Liquefaction in the Free Field, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engi- neering, Vol. 107, pp. 374–389. Elgamal, A.-W., Zeghal, M., and Parra, E. (1995). Identification and Modeling of Earthquake Ground Response, Proc. 1st International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan. Elgamal, A., Lai, T., Yang, Z., and He, L. (2001). Dynamic Soil Properties, Seismic Downhole Arrays and Appli- cations in Practice, Proc. 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri. Elgamal, A., Yan, L., Yang, Z., and Conte, J.P. (2008). Three-Dimensional Seismic Response of Humboldt Bay Bridge Foundation-Ground System, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 7, pp. 1165–1176. EPRI. (1993). Guidelines for Site Specific Ground Motions, Technical Report TR-102293, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, Vols. 1–5. GRI. (2012). Cyclic Testing Data Report ODOT OR18: Newberg-Dundee Bypass, Technical Report, Prepared for ODOT Region 2 Bridge/Geo/Hydro Unit. Haag, E.D. (1985). Laboratory Investigation of Static and Dynamic Properties of Sandy Soils Subjected to the 1981 Westmoreland Earthquake. Geotechnical Eng. Report GR85-11, The Geotechnical Engineering Center, The University of Texas at Austin, pp. 247. Haag, E.D., Nazarian, S., and Stokoe, K.H., II. (1985). Seismic Investigation of Five Sites in Imperial Valley, California, after the 1981 Westmoreland Earthquake. Geotechnical Engineering Report GR85-11, Geo- technical Engineering Center, The University of Texas at Austin. Herrmann, L.R., Dafalias, Y.F. and Natale, J.S. (1982). Numerical Implementation of a Bounding Surface Soil Plasticity Model, Proc. International Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics, Zurich, Switzerland, 6 p. Hwang, S.K. and Stokoe, K.H. (1993). Dynamic Properties of Undisturbed Soil Samples from Treasure Island, California, Research Report, Geotechnical Engineering Center, Civil Engineering Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. IBC. (2021). International Building Code, International Code Council, Inc., Country Club Hills, Illinois. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2008). Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes, Monograph MNO-12, Earth- quake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, California, 235 p. Idriss, I.M. and Boulanger, R.W. (2010). SPT-Based Liquefaction Triggering Procedures, Research Report, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 259 p. Idriss, I.M., Dobry, R., and Sing, R. (1978). Nonlinear Behavior of Soft Clays During Cyclic Loading, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 104. Idriss, I.M. and Sun, J.I. (1992). User’s Manual for SHAKE91, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, California. Ishihara, K. (1996). Soil Behavior in Earthquake Geotechnics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 350 p. Itasca. (2016). FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), Version 8.0 – Constitutive Models, User’s Manual, Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Itasca. (2019). FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), Version 8.0, User’s Manual, Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Kavazanjian, E., Jr., Wang, J.-J. J., Martin, G.R., Shamsabadi, A., Lam, I., Dickenson, S.E., and Hung, C.J. (2011). LRFD Seismic Analysis and Design of Transportation Geotechnical Features and Structural Founda- tions, NHI COURSE NO. 130094; Reference Manual: Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 3, Technical Report FHWA-NHI-11-032, NHI, U.S. Department of Transportation, and FHWA, Washington, DC. Khosravifar, A., Dickenson, S., and Moug, D. (2022). Cyclic Porewater Pressure Generation in Intact Silty Soils, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 162, pp. 41–49. Khosravifar, A., Elgamal, A., Lu, J., and Li, J. (2018). A 3D Model for Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Trigger- ing and Post-Liquefaction Response, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 110, pp. 43–52. Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 653 p.

References 97   Kramer, S.L. (2009). Analysis of Turkey Flat Ground Motion Prediction Experiment – Lessons Learned and Implications for Practice, Report SMIP09, California Strong Motion Implementation Program. Krieg, R. (1975). A Practical Two Surface Plasticity Theory, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 42, pp. 641–646. Kwok, A.O., Stewart, J.P., and Hashash, Y.M. (2008). Nonlinear Ground-Response Analysis of Turkey Flat Shallow Stiff-Soil Site to Strong Ground Motion, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 331–343. Kwok, O.L.A., Stewart, J.P., Hashash, Y.M.A., Matasovic, N., Pyke, R.M., Wang, Z., and Yang, Z. (2006). Utilizing Nonlinear Seismic Ground Response Analysis for Turkey Flat Blind Predictions, Proc. 3rd International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Grenoble, France, Paper 50 Kwok, O.L.A., Stewart, J.P., Hashash, Y.M.A., Matasovic, N., Pyke, R., Wang, Z., and Yang, Z. (2007). Use of Exact Solutions of Wave Propagation Problems to Guide Implementation of Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis Procedures. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 133, No. 11, pp. 1385–1398. Laera, A. and Brinkgreve, R.B.J. (2015). Site Response Analysis and Liquefaction Evaluation, White Paper, Plaxis, Delft, The Netherlands, 42 p. Martin, G.R., Finn, W.D.L. and Seed, H.B. (1975). Fundamentals of Liquefaction Under Cyclic Loading, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 101, No. GT5, pp. 423–438. Martin, P.P. and Seed, H.B. (1979). Simplified Procedure for Effective Stress Analysis of Ground Response, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 105, No. GT6, pp. 739–759. Masing, G. (1926). Eigenspannungen und Verfestigung beim Messing, Proc. 2nd International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 332–335. Matasovic, N. and Vucetic, M. (1992). A Pore Pressure Model for Cyclic Straining of Clay, Soils and Foundations, Journal of the JSSMFE, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 156–173. Matasovic N. (1993). Seismic Response of Composite Horizontally Layered Soil Deposits, Ph.D. Dissertation, Civil Engineering Dept., University of California, Los Angeles, 483 p. Matasovic, N. and Vucetic, M. (1993). Cyclic Characterization of Liquefiable Sands, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 11, pp. 1805–1822. Matasovic, N. and Vucetic, M. (1995a). Generalized Cyclic Degradation-Pore Pressure Generation Model for Clays, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 1, pp. 33–42. Matasovic, N. and Vucetic, M. (1995b). Seismic Response of Soil Deposits Composed of Fully-Saturated Clay and Sand, Proc. 1st International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, Vol. 1, pp. 611–616. Matasovic, N. and Hashash, Y. (2011). NCHRP Synthesis 428: Practices and Procedures for Site-Specific Evaluation of Earthquake Ground Motions, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Matasovic, N. and Hashash Y.M.A. (2012). Site Response Analysis in Transportation Engineering Practice – A TRB Survey, Proc. GeoCongress 2012, Oakland, California, CD-ROM Paper, pp. 1789–1798. Matasovic, N. (2018). Spreadsheet for Development of the MKZ Constitutive Model Parameters, Downloadable from www.GeoMotions.com. McKenna, F. and Fenves, G.L. (2001). The OpenSees Command Language Manual, Pacific Earthquake Engineer- ing Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California. Mejia, L.H. and Dawson, E.M. (2006). Earthquake Deconvolution for FLAC, Proc. 4th International FLAC Symposium on Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics, Hart and Varona (Eds.) Paper: 04-10, 9 p. Menq, F.-Y. (2003). Dynamic Properties of Sandy and Gravelly Soils, PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin Texas, 390 p. Mróz, Z., Norris, V., and Zienkiewicz, O. (1979). Application of an Anisotropic Hardening Model in the Analysis of Elasto-Plastic Deformation of Soils, Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1–34. Newmark, N.M. and Rosenblueth, E. (1971). Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 639 p. Pestana, J. (1994). Unified Constitutive Model for Clays and Sands, ScD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Phillips, C. and Hashash, Y.M. (2009). Damping Formulation for Nonlinear 1D Site Response Analyses, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 1143–1158. Polito, C.P., Green, R.A., and Lee, J. (2008). Pore Pressure Generation Models for Sands and Silty Soils Sub- jected to Cyclic Loading, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 10, pp. 1490–1500. Potts, D.M. and Zdravković, L. (1999). Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering: Theory, Thomas Telford, London, United Kingdom. Pyke, R.M. (1979), Nonlinear Soil Models for Irregular Cyclic Loadings, ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engi- neering Division, Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 715–726.

98 Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines Ramirez, J., Barrero, A.R., Chen, L., Dashti, S., Ghofrani, A., Taiebat, M., and Arduino, P. (2018). Site Response in a Layered Liquefiable Deposit: Evaluation of Different Numerical Tools and Methodologies with Centrifuge Experimental Results, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 144, No. 10. Rayleigh, J.W.S. and Lindsay, R.B. (1945). The Theory of Sound, Dover Publications, New York, New York. Roscoe, K.H., Schofield, A., and Thurairajah, A. (1963). Yielding of Clays in States Wetter Than Critical, Geo- technique, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 211–240. Schnabel, P.B., Lysmer, J., and Seed, H.B. (1972). SHAKE: A Computer Program for Earthquake Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites. Report No. EERC 72 12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I. M. (1970). Analyses of Ground Motions at Union Bay, Seattle During Earthquakes and Distant Nuclear Blasts, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 125–136. Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1982). Ground Motions and Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes, EERI Mono- graph MNO-5, 134 p. Steidl, J.H. (2014). A Decade of Earthquake Monitoring at the Wildlife Liquefaction Array, October 1, 2004 – September 30, 2014, Technical Report, University of California, Santa Barbara, 11 p. (plus online updates). Stewart, J.P., Afshari, K., and Hashash, Y.M.A. (2014). Guidelines for Performing Hazard-Consistent One- Dimensional Ground Response Analysis for Ground Motion Prediction, PEER Report 2014/16, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Headquarters, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California. Stewart, J.P. and Afshari, K. (2021). Epistemic Uncertainty in Site Response as Derived from One-Dimensional Ground Response Analyses, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 147, No. 1, 13 p. Stewart, J.P. (2022a). SPT-based Liquefaction Triggering Case Histories,” Grain Size Distribution Chart with boundaries of Liquefiable Soils Generated by Dr. Onder Cetin; Personal communication between N. Matasovic and J.P. Stewart, October 2022. Stewart, J.P. (2022b). Review Comments and Discussion. Personal communication between N. Matasovic and J.P. Stewart, October 2022. Towhata, I. (2008). Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Springer-Verlag, GMBH, Berlin, Germany, 684 p. Tsuchida, H. (1970). Prediction and Countermeasure against the Liquefaction in Sand Deposits, Abstract, Seminar in the Port and Harbor Research Institute, pp. 3.1–3.33 (in Japanese). Vucetic, M. (1986). Pore Pressure Buildup and Liquefaction of Level Sandy Sites During Earthquakes, Ph.D. Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 616 p. Vucetic, M. (1990). Normalized Behavior of Clay Under Irregular Cyclic Loading, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 27, pp. 29–46. Vucetic, M. and Dobry, R. (1991). Effect of Soil Plasticity on Cyclic Response, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 89–107. Vucetic, M. (1994), “Cyclic Threshold Shear Strains in Soils,” ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 12, pp. 2208–2228. Vucetic, M., Lanzo, G., and Doroudian, M. (1998). Damping at Small Strains in Cyclic Simple Shear Test, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 7, pp. 585–594. Wang, Y. and Stokoe, K.H. (2022). Development of Constitutive Models for Linear and Nonlinear Shear Modulus and Material Damping of Uncemented Soils, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineer- ing, Vol. 148, No. 3, 16 p. Witthoeft, A.F. (2009). Modeling of Liquefaction Mitigation Using Bentonite, M.S. Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. Yamaguchi, A., Kazama, M., Toyota, H., Kitazume, M., and Sugano, T. (2002). Effects of the Stiffness of Soft Clay Layer on Strong Motion Response, Soils and Foundations, Vo. 42, No. 1, pp. 17–33. Yang, Y. and Kavazanjian, E., Jr. (2021). Numerical Evaluation of Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading with an Advanced Plasticity Model for Liquefiable Sand, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 149, 17 p. Youd, T.L., Bartholomew, H.A.J., and Proctor, J.S. (2004). Geotechnical Logs and Data from Permanently Instru- mented Field Sites: Garner Valley Downhole Array (GVDA) and Wildlife Liquefaction Array (WLA), Tech- nical Report, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Zeghal, M. and Elgamal, A. (1994). Analysis of Site Liquefaction Using Earthquake Records, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 6, pp. 996–1017.

Next: Abbreviations, Acronyms, Initialisms, and Symbols »
Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines Get This Book
×
 Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines
Buy Paperback | $42.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

One-dimensional (1D) equivalent-linear total-stress site response analysis (SRA) is the de facto standard for state department of transportation (DOT) highway facilities at locations where site-specific ground response analyses are conducted. However, many users and various DOTs have concerns about the applicability of equivalent-linear analyses for the cases where site-specific SRA is most relevant.

NCHRP Research Report 1092: Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Guidelines, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents guidelines for the selection and use of methods for 1D nonlinear seismic SRA with excess pore water pressure generation and dissipation.

Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 383: Seismic Site Response Analysis with Pore Water Pressure Generation: Resources for Evaluation.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!