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1 APPENDIX A-1 Software General There are many site response analysis programs that operate in either the time domain or the frequency domain. These programs are available as public domain software, as commercial products, and/or through direct contact with the author(s). Research team gathered the available relevant information about this software, then critically reviewed and processed the information. Review included technical papers, reports, information posted online, interviews with the authors and modelers (personal communication), benchmarking studies (e.g., Kwok et al. 2007; Kramer, 2009), and miscellaneous digital information provided by others. Not all software could be used in this study. Therefore, research team worked with the NCHRP Panel to develop project-specific attributes of the software. Gathered and reviewed software was reviewed again, this time with a goal to select the five programs best adhered to the list of project-specific attributes. Several screening iterations and the final selection of the software for further use in this study are presented in this Appendix. Preliminary Screening (Reviewed Software) Table A-1 provides basic information about software (computer programs) that, following the initial screening, qualified for more detailed review. The screening criterion was, mostly, the availability of relevant information and software. Links are available for most programs that passed the initial screening criteria. Table A-1. Reviewed Site Response Analysis Software (Active Links are highlighted in âBlueâ) No. Software Reference / Comment 1 ABAQUS ABAQUS (2005). Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. Multi-physics engineering simulation software. 2 AMPLE Pestana and Nadim (2000). Not commercially available. 3 CHARSOIL One of the first suite response programs. Uniquely based upon âMethod of characteristics.â Total-stress. Liou et al. (1977). Not commercially available. 4 CyberQuake Modaressi and Foerster (2000). Used in France. Not commercially available. 5 Cyclic 1-D Developed at UCSD. Elgamal et al. (2004). Not commercially available. 6 DEEPSOIL Hashash et al. (2020), Hashash and Park (2001; 2002), Hashash et al. (2011). Equivalent- linear total-stress and nonlinear effective-stress site response analysis. Not commercially available. 7 DESRAMOD Vucetic (1986). Nonlinear effective-stress site response analysis. Not commercially available.
2 8 DESRAMUSC Developed at USC by Prof. Geoff Martin; Qiu (1997). Nonlinear effective-stress site response analysis. Not commercially available. 9 DGNL Mercerat and Glinsky (2015). Total-stress analysis based upon the discontinuous Galerkin Method. 10 D-MOD Matasovic (1993). Nonlinear effective-stress site response analysis. D-MOD2000 is a commercially available pre- and post-processor for D-MOD. 11 D-MOD2000 Matasovic (2006); Matasovic and Ordonez (2011). A commercially available pre- and post-processor for D-MOD. Nonlinear Effective-Stress SRA program. 12 Dyna 1D Prevost (1989). Not commercially available. 13 DYNAFLOW Prevost (2010). Not commercially available. 14 DynEQ Prevost (1989). Not commercially available. 15 DYSAC2 Muraleetharan et al. (1991). 2D nonlinear Effective-Stress SRA with structural elements. Not commercially available. 16 EERA Bardet et al. (2000). DOS-based equivalent-linear SRA software with Excel Interface. Not commercially available. 17 EPISPEC1D Iai et al. (1990). Used in the PRENOLIN study. Not commercially available. 18 FLAC Itasca (2005). 2D/3D effective-stress SRA software with UDM option. 19 FLIP Iai et al. (1990). Not commercially available. 20 FLUSH Lysmer et al. (1975). 2D total-stress SRA. Not commercially available. 21 GEFDyn Aubry and Modaressi (1996) 22 GEOASIA Nonlinear site response analysis program distributed by GEOASIA. Not commercially available. 23 GTS-MIDAS MIDASoft, Inc. Equivalent-linear site response analysis. 24 ICFEP Potts and Zdravkovic (1999); Kontoe (2006). Not commercially available. 25 LIQCA Referenced by others, Not commercially available. 26 LS-DYNA LSTC (1988). FEM analysis and multi-physics engineering simulation software. 27 MARDESRA Martin (1990), Dr. Geoff Martinâs version of DESRA. Personal Communication. Not commercially available. 28 MASH Martin, P.P. and Seed, H.B. (1978). Legacy effective-stress analysis. Distributed by NISEE @ Univ. of California, Berkeley. Not commercially available. 29 MASTODON I-SOIL constitutive model developed by Hashash is now incorporated in MASTODON. In Hashash opinion, MASTODON has a potential for wide use in engineering practice. 30 NERA Bardet et al. (2001); DOS-based nonlinear SRA software with Excel Interface. Not commercially available. 31 NL-DYAS Gerolymos and Gazetas (2006, 2005). Incorporates soil plasticity model. Not commercially available. 32 NOAH-2D Iai et al. (1992). Total-stress analysis with strain space plasticity model incorporated. Not commercially available. 33 ONDA Lo Presti et al. (2006). Nonlinear total-stress site response analysis limited to peak ground acceleration ranging from 0.15 to 0.25g. Not commercially available. 34 OpenSees Open System for Earthquake Engineering (OpenSees) by McKenna and Fenves (2001). Community-developed and maintained. 35 PLAXIS PLAXIS (2016) (Now Bentley Systems). 2D and 3D effective-stress SRA software with UDM option. 36 PROSHAKE EduPro Civil Systems (1999); Developed by Steve Kramer. Total-stress equivalent-linear analysis. 37 ProShakeNL Developed by Steve Kramer; Total-stress only. 38 PSNL Kramer (2010; 2011). Not commercially available. 39 QUAD4M Idriss et al. (1973); Hudson et al. (1994). Not commercially available.
3 40 QUAKE/W GSI (2006); Part of widely used Geo-Studio Suite. A 2D program that lacks effective- stress capability. NORSAND (total-stress model) is included. In October 2019, Geo-Slope was acquired by Seequent. Sequent is, reportedly working on including UBCSAND. 41 Real ESSI Simulator Software/hardware system for time domain, linear or nonlinear FEM analysis and simulation of dynamics of earthquake-soil-structure system interaction. 42 RS2 RS2 is a 2D FEM program developed by Rocscience, Inc. It incorporates NORSAND, a model intended for modeling static liquefaction. 43 SAF-DYNA Urzua (1995), Nonlinear total-stress analysis. Not commercially available. 44 SASSI2000 Distributed by NISEE @ Univ. of California, Berkeley. 45 SB2013 Matlab-based Graphical interface for OpenSees. Li (2013) Not commercially available. 46 SCOSSA Tropeano et al. (2016) 47 SeismoSoil Li and Assimaki (2010), and Shi and Asimaki (unpublished manuscript, 2016). 48 SHAKE Schnabel et al. (1972). Total-stress equivalent-linear analysis. Not available any more, but has a historical significance. 49 SHAKE91 Idriss and Sun (1992). Total-stress equivalent-linear analysis. Based upon SHAKE. Not commercially available. 50 SHAKE2000 Ordonez (2000). Total-stress equivalent-linear analysis. Commercially available pre- and post-processor for SHAKE. Exports soil profile into D-MOD2000. 51 SIREN Oasys (2006); Heidebrecht et al. (1990); Total-stress equivalent-linear analysis. An effective-stress model may become available in 2019. 52 SPECTRA Borja and Wu (1994). Nonlinear total-stress FEM analysis. Not commercially available. 53 STRATA Developed by Ellen Rathje and Albert Kotke; Linear elastic and equivalent-linear total-stress SHAKE-type analysis. Free download through PEER web site and through github; 54 SUMDES Wang (1990); Li et al. (1992). 1D nonlinear/time domain site response analysis software with a provision for multi-directional shaking. Not commercially available. 55 SUPER SASSI, SASSI, SASSI2000 Program for dynamic soil-structure interaction. Favorite by DOE. There are four large companies that developed their own version of SASSI. The original version (SASSI) is commercially available. 56 SWAP_3C Santisi d'Avila et al. (2012; 2013), Santisi d'Avila and Semblat (2014). Not commercially available. 57 TARA-2 Finn and Yogendrakumar (1987). 2D nonlinear effective-stress analysis. Not commercially available; used by Dr. Finn for his consulting work. 58 TESS Pyke (2000); 1D, nonlinear/time domain site response software. The effective-stress option was recently improved. Not commercially available. 59 TNO Diana Program for dynamic soil-structure interaction. Mostly used for tunneling and deep excavation applications. 60 UFSHAKE Urzua (1995), Personal Communication. Not commercially available. 61 VERSAT-1D 1D nonlinear SRA program with a provision to model liquefaction. Wu (2010). 62 VERSAT-S2D VERSAT-D2D 2D FEM program with a provision for SSI. Nonlinear hysteretic soil model and a choice of three porewater pressure models. Wu (2010). 63 VERSAT-P3D 3D FEM program with a provision for SSI. Nonlinear hysteretic soil model and a choice of three porewater pressure models. Wu (2010). 64 WAVES Hart and Wilson (1989). Nonlinear total-stress analysis. Not commercially available. 65 WinMOC Ray (2008). Nonlinear model based upon the Method of Characteristics. Includes multitude of soil stress-strain models. Not commercially available. 66 X-NCQ Delepere et al. (2009). One-dimensional finite element total-stress analysis. Not commercially available. Notes: (1) Only the latest and/or currently available version of the program is listed. (2) Only key references related to the programs are listed. These references are included in the âList of References.â (3) Many of the programs are available from multiple sources and in multiple versions. (4) Only year of the initial âPersonal Communicationâ is listed. (5) URL-s are not available for all programs listed in Table A-1.
4 UDM = User-defined constitutive model; CM = Constitutive Model; FEM = Finite Element Method; SRA = Site Response Analysis; USC = University of Southern California; DOE = Department of Energy; SSI = Soil-Structure-Interaction; 2D â Two-dimensional; 3D = Three-dimensional. A review of information directly and indirectly (hyperlinks) provided in Table A-1 reveals that there are many potentially usable nonlinear effective-stress site response analysis programs. However, additional, more detailed screening was required to assess which of listed programs had the desired attributes of this study. Secondary Screening (Candidate Programs and Selected Programs) Programs listed in Table A-1 were screened based upon screening criteria explained in Section 4. For convenience, Table 4.1 is reproduced below as Table A-2. Table A-2. Required Attributes for 1D Nonlinear Effective-Stress SRA Software Required Attribute Note 1. The software should be able to simulate a horizontally-layered soil deposit. 2. The software preferably should be able to perform both TSA and ESA within the same computational framework. 3. The software should be able to account for PWP dissipation. Undrained simulation, which PWP dissipation is not considered, might be sufficient is some conditions(1). 4. The software should have a provision for including soils other than âclean sand.â Most advanced constitutive models have been developed for âclean sand.â 5. The software should be commercially available. 6. Technical support should be available. 1. The software must be able to run in 1D mode. 2. It is not quite practical to use different programs for TSA and ESA. 3. PWP dissipation occurs simultaneously with PWP generation and continues after shaking has stopped. 4. Even though PWP is a phenomenon mostly associated with sand and this study is limited to âsand,â software should have a provision to model cyclic response of other soil types, including silty sands, silts, clays, and gravels. 5. This study is limited to commercially available software. 6. Since nonlinear Effective-Stress SRA is not a standard analysis, the technical support is required. Technical support is often fee-based. SRA = Site Response Analysis; TSA = Total-Stress Analysis; ESA = Effective-Stress Analysis. (1) These (undrained) conditions mainly occur for saturated soils with relatively low hydraulic conductivity, when the soils are excited with seismic motions. The rate of the dissipation of PWP in low hydraulic conductivity soils is relatively low; hence, the PWP dissipation occurs during a relatively long time. After applying the screening criteria presented in Table A-2 to the list of reviewed software listed in Table A-1, a set of candidate programs has been identified. This reduced set is presented in greater detail in Table A-3. Relevant, more detailed information about the candidate software included in Table A-3 (included hyperlinks) served as a basis for the selection of the FEM and Finite difference Method (FED) nonlinear effective-stress software used in this study.
5 Table A-3. The Reduced set of Software (Candidate Software) â Software Selected for use in this Study is highlighted in Bold Text (Active Links are highlighted in âBlueâ) Program Brief Description (Only CM-s identified in Section 5 as relevant are noted) ABAQUS Abaqus FEA (formerly ABAQUS) is a FEM analysis and multi-physics engineering simulation software. It features capabilities for: structural analysis, nonlinear analysis, contact analysis, coupled physics, complex materials, composite analysis, complex assemblies, fracture mechanics and failure analysis. UCSDSAND3 CCM implemented in ABAQUS. DEEPSOIL Simplified FEM (lumped mass formulation; based upon D-MOD). MKZ and GQ/H models are implemented. Used in both practice and research. D-MOD2000 Simplified FEM (lumped mass formulation). KZ and MKZ CM-s are implemented. Commercially available. Widely used in practice and research. FLAC FDM. This is a widely used program (both in practice and in research). It has as many UDM-s available as FLAC. LS-DYNA LS-DY-NA is a general-purpose finite element program capable of simulating complex âreal- worldâ problems. It is used by the automobile, aerospace, construction, military, manufacturing, and bioengineering industries. MAT-79, I-SOIL, and UCSDSAND3 CM-s have been implemented. OpenSees with OpenSeesPL OpenSees is an object-oriented, open-source software framework based on FEM. OpenSeesPL is a commercially available 1D pre- and post-processor for Open Sees. UCSDSAND3 and PM4SAND CM-s have been implemented to date. PLAXIS UBCSAND and PM4SAND CM-s have been implemented. Widely used in practice. VERSAT-1D Various flavors of VERSAT are used for effective-stress analysis of dams in the Vancouver, BC area. Professor Finn was involved with the development of the program. UDM-s = User-Defined Models (terminology used by Itasca/option in FLAC; similar options available in other software). UCSD = University of California, San Diego; CM = Constitutive Model; FEM = Finite Element Method; FED = Finite Difference Method. Programs ABAQUS and LS-DYNA are multi-purpose, powerful and complex programs used in many industries, including in civil engineering (for major infrastructure projects). However, these programs can be expensive. As of September 2019, programs MASTODON and DEEPSOIL were not commercially available and thus had to be eliminated from further consideration. Like ABAQUS and LS-DYNA, VERSAT-1D meets the requirements of this study listed in Table A-2. It is mostly used in Canada. The constraints of this study allowed for the selection of only four (4) programs (two 1D programs and two 2D/3D programs that can be used in 1D mode). The selected programs include two 1D FEM programs (D-MOD2000; lumped mass) and OpenSeesPL (distributed mass) and two 2D/3D programs (FLAC; FDM and PLAXIS; FEM). References ABAQUS (2005). ABAQUS - A General-Purpose Finite Element Code, Userâs Manual, Dassault Systèmes, France. Aubry, D. and Modaressi, A. (1996). GEFDYN, Manuel scientifique. LMSS-Mat, France. Bardet, J. P., Ichii, K., and Lin, C. H. (2000). EERA - A Computer Program for Equivalent-linear Earthquake site Response Analyses of Layered Soil Deposits, Userâs Manual, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
6 Bardet, J. P. and Tobita, T. (2001). NERA - A computer program for nonlinear earthquake site response analyses of layered soil deposits. Userâs Manual, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Borja, R. I. and Wu, W.-H. (1994). Vibration of foundations on incompressible soils with no elastic region. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 9, pp. 1570-1592. Delépine, N., Lenti, L., Bonnet, G., and Semblat, J. F. (2009). Nonlinear Viscoelastic Wave Propagation: An Extension of Nearly Constant Attenuation Models. ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Volume 135, Issue 11. EduPro. (1999). ProShake: Ground Response Analysis Program. User's Manual. EduPro Civil Systems, Inc. Redmond, Washington. Elgamal, A., Yang, Z., and Stepp, J. C. (2004). Seismic downhole arrays and applications in practice. Intl. workshop for site selection, installation, and operation of geotechnical strong- motion arrays. Finn, W. D. L. and Yogendrakumar, M. (1987). Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction. Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Wairakei, New Zealand. Gerolymos, N. and Gazetas, G. (2005). Constitutive model for 1-D cyclic soil behavior applied to seismic analysis of layered deposits. Soils and Foundations, 45(3), 147-159. Gerolymos, N. and Gazetas, G. (2006). Winkler model for lateral response of rigid caisson foundations in linear soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(5), 347-361. GSI (2006). QUAKE/W for Finite Element Dynamic Earthquake Analysis: Geo-Slope International Ltd., Calgary, Canada. Hart, J. D. and Wilson, E.L. (1989). Simplified Earthquake Analysis of Buildings Including Site Effects. The Earthquake Engineering Online Archive, NISEE e-Library, WAVES Software and Manuals. Hashash, Y. M. A. and Park, D. (2001). Nonlinear one-dimensional seismic ground motion propagation in the Mississippi embayment. Engineering Geology, 62(1-3), 185-206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00061-8 Hashash, Y. M. A. and Park, D. (2002). Viscous damping formulation and high-frequency motion propagation in nonlinear site response analysis. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22(7), 611-624. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00042-8. Hashash, Y. M. A., Groholski, D.R., Phillips, C. A., Park, D, and Musgrove, M. (2011). DEEPSOIL 4.0, User Manual and Tutorial, Board of Trustees of University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Hashash, Y.M.A., Musgrove, M.I., Harmon, J.A., Ilhan, O., Xing, G., Numanoglu, O., Groholski, D.R., Phillips, C.A., and Park, D. (2020). "DEEPSOIL 7, User Manual." Userâs Manual, Board of Trustees of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
7 Heidebrecht, A. C., Henderson, P., Naumoski, N., & Pappin, J. W. (1990). Seismic response and design for structures located on soft clay sites. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(3), 330â 341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/t90-044 Hudson, M., Idriss, I.M., and Beikae, M. (1994). QUAD4M - A Computer Program to Evaluate the Seismic Response of Soil Structures using Finite Element Procedures and Incorporating a Compliant Base, User's Manual. University of California, Davis. Iai, S., Matsunaga, Y. and Kameoka, T. (1992). Strain space plasticity model for cyclic mobility. Soils and Foundations, Vo. 32, No. 2, pp. 1-15. Idriss, I. M. and Sun, J. I. (1992). SHAKE91 â A computer program for conducting equivalent linear seismic response analysis of horizontally layered soils. Userâs Guide. University of California. Davis. Idriss, I. M., Mathur, J. M. and Seed, B.H. (1973). Earth dam-foundation interaction during earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 2(4), 313-323. Itasca (2005). FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua), Version 8.0, Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Kramer (2010; 2011). [Personal Communication with Youssef Hashash and Neven Matasovic, respectively]. Kramer, S. L. (2009). Analysis of Turkey Flat ground motion prediction experimentâLessons learned and implications for practice. California Strong Motion Implementation Program, SMIP09, 1. Kwok, O-L.A., Stewart, J.P., Hashash, Y.M.A., Matasovic, N., Pyke, R., Wang, Z., and Yang, Z. (2007). Use of Exact Solutions of Wave Propagation Problems to Guide Implementation of Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis Procedures. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 133, No. 11, pp. 1385-1398. Li (2013). User Manual for SB2013, 1D Site Response analysis, Userâs Manual, University California San Diego, San Diego, California. Li, W. and Assimaki, D. (2010). Site-and motion-dependent parametric uncertainty of site- response analyses in earthquake simulations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(3), 954-968. Li, X., Wang, Z., and Shen, C. (1992). SUMDES: A nonlinear procedure for response analysis of horizontally-layered sites subjected to multi-directional earthquake loading, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, 86 p. Liou, C. P., Streeter, V.L., and Richart, F.E. (1977). Numerical Model for Liquefaction. ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 103, No. GT6, pp. 589-597. Lo Presti, D.C.F., Lai, C.G., and Puci, I. (2006). ONDA: Computer Code for Nonlinear Seismic Response Analyses of Soil Deposits. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 223-236.
8 LSTC (1988). LS-Dyna: A general purpose transient dynamic finite element program capable of simulating complex real-world problems. Lysmer, J. U., Tsai, C., and Seed, H.B. (1975). FLUSH - a computer program for approximate 3-D analysis of soil-structure interaction problems, Earthquake Engineering Research Center. University of California Berkeley, California Macetat, E.D. and Galinsky, N. (2015). A Nodal Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Non-linear Soil Dynamics. Proc. 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand, 8 p. Martin, G. R. (1990). [Personal Communication with Dr. Neven Matasovic]. Martin, P.P. and Seed., H.B. (1978). MASH, A computer program for the non-linear analysis of vertically propagating shear waves in horizontally layered deposits. Retrieved from Berkeley, California. Matasovic, N. (1993). Seismic Response of Composite Horizontally-Layered Soil Deposits, PhD Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 449 p. Matasovic, N. (2006). D-MOD_2: a computer program for seismic response analysis of horizontally layered soil deposits, earthfill dams, and solid waste landfills. Userâs Manual, GeoMotions, LLC, Lacey, Washington. Matasovic, N. and Ordonez., G.A. (2011). D-MOD2000 â A Computer Program Package for Seismic Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered Soil Deposits, Earthfill Dams, and Solid Waste Landfills, Userâs Manual, GeoMotions, LLC, Lacey, Washington. Matasovic, N. and Vucetic, M. (1993). Cyclic characterization of liquefiable sands. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 119, No. 11, pp. 1805-1822. McKenna F. and Fenves G.L. (2001). The OpenSees Command Language Manual, Version 1.2., Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California. Mercerat, E. and Glinsky, N. (2015). A nodal discontinuous Galerkin method for non-linear soil dynamics. Proc. 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand. Modaressi, H. and Foerster., E (2000). CyberQuake Userâs Manual). BRGM, France. Muraleetharan, K., Mish, K., Yogachandran, C., and Arulanandan, K. (1991). User's manual for DYSAC2: Dynamic soil analysis code for 2-dimensional problems. Report, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Davis, California. Oasys. (2006). SIREN User Manual. A new program which provides the functionality for prediction of site response to a seismic event, Version 8.0, https://www.oasys-software.com/ Ordonez, G. A. (2000). SHAKE2000: A Computer Program for the 1-D Analysis of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Problems (Userâs Manual). Lacey, WA: GeoMotions, LLC, Lacey, WA. Pestana, J. M. a. Nadim, F. (2000). Nonlinear site response analysis of submerged slopes. University of California, Department of Civil Engineering.
9 Plaxis (2016). PLAXIS: Finite Element Package for Analysis of Geotechnical Structures, Plaxis B.V., Delft, The Netherlands (Now Bentley Systems). Potts, D.M. and ZdravkoviÄ, L. (1999). Finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering: theory. Thomas Telford, London, United Kingdom. Prévost, J. H. (2010). Dynaflow V 02, Release 10.A. Program Manual, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. Prevost, J. H. (1989). DYNA1D: a computer program for nonlinear seismic site response analysis technical documentation. Buffalo, N. Y: National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research. Pyke, R. M. (2000). TESS: A computer program for nonlinear ground response analyses. Retrieved from Lafayette, California: http://www.tagasoft.com/. Qiu, P. (1997). Earthquake induced nonlinear ground deformation analyses. (Ph.D.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Ray, R.P. (2008). Recent Improvements in MOC for Earthquake Response. Proc. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV, 1-10. Santisi dâAvila, M. P., Semblat, J. F., and Lenti, L. (2013). Strong ground motion in the 2011 Tohoku earthquake: A one-directional three-component modeling. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2B), 1394-1410. Santisi d'Avila, M. P., Lenti, L., and Semblat, J.-F. (2012). Modelling strong seismic ground motion: three-dimensional loading path versus wavefield polarization. Geophysical Journal International, 190(3), 1607-1624. Schnabel, P.B., Lysmer, J. and Seed, H.B. (1972). SHAKE: A Computer Program for Earthquake Response Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites. Report No. EERC 72 12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, California. Tropeano, G., Chiaradonna, A., d'Onofrio, A., and Silvestri, F. (2016). An innovative computer code for 1D seismic response analysis including shear strength of soils. Géotechnique, 66(2), 95-105. Urzua, A. (1995). [Personal Communication with Dr. Neven Matasovic]. Vucetic, M. (1986). Pore pressure buildup and liquefaction of level sandy sites during earthquakes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Wang, Z. L. (1990). Bounding surface hypoplasticity model for granular soils and its applications. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis, California. Wu, G. (2010). VERSAT. Userâs Manual, Wutec Geotechnical International, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.