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NCHRP Web-Only Document 395 Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Technologies on Traffic Incident Management Response Patrick Son Gannett Fleming Inc. Washington, DC Carrie S. Long Ashwini Karanth Laurie Matkowski Gannett Fleming Inc. Philadelphia, PA Todd Szymkowski Gannett Fleming Inc. Madison, WI Robert Brydia Margaret Fowler Beverly Storey Texas A&M Transportation Institute College Station, TX Pat Noyes Pat Noyes & Associates Boulder, CO Conduct of Research Report for NCHRP Project 20-102(16) Submitted August 2023 © 2023 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed, and implementable research is the most effective way to solve many problems facing state departments of transportation (DOTs) administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local or regional interest and can best be studied by state DOTs individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation results in increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. Recognizing this need, the leadership of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1962 initiated an objective national highway research program using modern scientific techniquesâthe National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). NCHRP is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of AASHTO and receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), United States Department of Transportation, under Agreement No. 693JJ31950003. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, NHTSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; the FHWA; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or specifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturersâ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Boardâs varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP WEB-ONLY DOCUMENT 395 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs, and Manager, National Cooperative Highway Research Program David Jared, Senior Program Officer Sheila A. Moore, Program Associate Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications Jennifer Correro, Assistant Editor NCHRP PROJECT 20-102(16) PANEL Field of Special Projects Joseph Sagal, Maryland Department of Transportation, Baltimore, MD (deceased) (Chair) Xuegang Ban, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Angela Roper Barnett, A Barnett Enterprises, Chandler, AZ Ashley Buechter, Missouri Department of Transportation, Jefferson City, MO Kevin Davis, California Highway Patrol, Sacramento, CA Jason Josey, Georgia Department of Transportation, Atlanta, GA Robert Patrick, Waymo, Mountain View, CA Eileen M. G. Singleton, Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Baltimore, MD Jack Sullivan, Emergency Responder Safety Institute, Chesterfield, VA Marquis Young, Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Milwaukee, WI James Austrich, FHWA Liaison
iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... v GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS .................................................................................................................................. vi SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 What Is TIM? .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 What Are CAVs? ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH APPROACH ................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 3. FINDINGS AND APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 16 Ties that Bind Us ............................................................................................................................................... 17 Interactions with CAV and TIM ................................................................................................................................ 19 Shared Challenges and Opportunities CAV Technology and TIM ............................................................................ 21 Networks, Organizations and Relationships ....................................................................................................... 23 Leading Organizations, Stakeholders, and Industry Networks ................................................................................ 23 Lessons Learned....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Effective Communication Products .................................................................................................................... 32 Product 1: Single-Page Flyer .................................................................................................................................... 32 Product 2: Online Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Repository ..................................................................... 34 Product 3: Input Form for Responders to Connect with CAV Companies/OEMs .................................................... 34 Product 4: CAV-Relevant Content for Responder Training ...................................................................................... 36 Product 5: Project Overview Infographic ................................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED RESEARCH ............................................................. 39 Summary of Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 39 Implementation Strategy .................................................................................................................................. 41 Single-Page Flyer ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 Online Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Repository ....................................................................................... 43 Online: Input Form for Responders to Connect with OEMs .................................................................................... 44 CAV-Relevant Content for Responder Training ....................................................................................................... 45 Implementation Activities for Communication Products ........................................................................................ 45 Communication Plan ............................................................................................................................................... 46 Addressing Implementation Challenges .................................................................................................................. 49 Recommendations for Additional Research ....................................................................................................... 50 Resources ......................................................................................................................................................... 51
v Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 TIM Team Disciplines ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Figure 2 Traffic Incident Management Timeline (Source: FHWA 2020) .......................................................................... 4 Figure 3 Connected Vehicles ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4 SAE Levels of Automation (Source: SAE International 2021) ............................................................................. 5 Figure 5 Intelligence Report Topics, adapted (Source: FHWA 2020) .............................................................................. 8 Figure 6 Sample Intelligence Report from the white paper produced for NCHRP Project 20-102(16) ............. 8 Figure 7 Outreach and Research Approach ............................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 8 Example of the single-page flyer ............................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 9 Example Standard Operating Procedures Repository....................................................................................... 34 Figure 11 Example Report Template for Online Response Form ................................................................................... 36 Figure 12 Example Training Content ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 14 Sample Single-page Flyer .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 15 Sample Online Standard Operating Procedures Repository ....................................................................... 43 Figure 16 Sample Online Input Form ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 17 Sample Content for Responder Training ............................................................................................................. 45 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Challenges of Traffic Incident Interactions with Connected and Automated Vehicles ......................... 10 Table 2 Task 3b Interview Questions ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 3 Interview Questions .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 4 Connected and Automated Vehicle Information Needs for Effective Traffic Incident Management and Response ................................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 5 Traffic Incident Management Categories and Roles ........................................................................................... 24 Table 6 Compiled Organizations List by Category and Communications Format .................................................. 25 Table 7 Recommended Products ................................................................................................................................................ 41 Table 8 Implementation Activities for Communication Products .................................................................................. 46 Table 9 Resources ............................................................................................................................................................................. 51 NCHRP Web-Only Document 395 contains the conduct of research report for NCHRP Project 20-102(16) and accompanies NCHRP Research Report 1104: Integrating Traffic Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities: A Guide for Communicating and Connecting. Readers can read or purchase NCHRP Research Report 1104 on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org).
vi GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 5G Fifth Generation Cellular AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACAT Advanced Collision Avoidance Technology ADS Automated Driving System AI Artificial Intelligence ATM Active Traffic Management AV Automated (not autonomous) Vehicle CACC Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control CAD Computer-Aided Dispatch CAV Connected and Automated Vehicle (also C/AV or CV/AV) CCTV Closed Circuit Television ConOps Concept of Operations CV Connected (or Commercial) Vehicle DMS Dynamic Message Sign DOT Department of Transportation DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication DSS Decision Support System EM Emergency Management EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC Emergency Operations Center ESF Emergency Support Function EV Electric Vehicle FCC Federal Communications Commission FHWA Federal Highway Administration GHSA Governorâs Highway Safety Association GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System HAR Highway Advisory Radio HMI Human-Machine Interface I2V Infrastructure to Vehicle ICS Incident Command System IT Information Technology ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems JDF Joint Dispatch Facility JOP Joint Operational Policy LRS Linear Referencing System LTE Long Term Evolution Cellular LTR Local Traffic Responsive MCHAR Multistate Collaborative on Highway Automation Readiness MDSS Maintenance Decision Support System ML Machine Learning MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NextGen Next Generation NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NIMS National Incident Management System
vii NTCIP National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol OBE On-Board Equipment OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer PCMS Portable Changeable Message Sign PEC Permits, Electrical, and Claims PSAP Public Service Answering Point RAD-IT Regional Architecture Development for Intelligent Transportation RDT&E Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation RITIS Regional Integrated Transportation Information System RSU Roadside Unit, e.g., for DSRC RTSMIP Real-Time System Management Information Program RWIS Road Weather Information System SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SSP Safety Service Patrol TMA Transportation Management Associations TMC Traffic Management Center TMDD Traffic Management Data Dictionary TRB Transportation Research Board TSMO Transportation Systems Management and Operations U.S. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation V2I Vehicle to Infrastructure (or I2V) V2V Vehicle to Vehicle V2X Vehicles to everything
